Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.5923/j.re.20221202.01
E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, D. Olagbegi, M. Crisler, C. Romorno, M. Alsarari, P. Isokpehi, A. Hines, G. Hirse, G. S. Ochai, E. Nwagboso, S. Fageir, S. Leggett, J. Offiah, S. Emeakpor
{"title":"Analyzing Water Resources Management Issues Along the US Midwest Region","authors":"E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, D. Olagbegi, M. Crisler, C. Romorno, M. Alsarari, P. Isokpehi, A. Hines, G. Hirse, G. S. Ochai, E. Nwagboso, S. Fageir, S. Leggett, J. Offiah, S. Emeakpor","doi":"10.5923/j.re.20221202.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/j.re.20221202.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78132599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-03DOI: 10.5923/j.re.20211101.03
E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, D. Olagbegi, M. Crisler, C. Romorno, M. Alsarari, P. Isokpehi, M. Alrefai, S. Ochai, E. Nwagboso, S. Fageir, S. Leggett
The yearly dose of havoc unleashed from the overwhelming forces of changing climatic parameters on coastal communities does not differentiate among boundaries when inflicting damages of any kind. For that, in the last several years, climate risks continue to plague the southern portion of Texas. Give its location, the South Texas’ region, and adjourning areas along the Gulf of Mexico as a hub for speculative capital and natural resource extraction face exposures from the menace of tropical storms of immense scales. The ferocious pressures from heavy storms in these settings are such that, they often leave in their wake indelible footprint on the surrounding ecology. This comes with extreme impacts on both the natural and built-up environments particularly around big cities holding vital infrastructure crucial in economic development and productive capacity of petroleum and natural resource assets of South Texas. While the situation is further compounded by the region’s propensity to natural disasters and the fragile coastal ecosystem close to enormous network of large-scale energy infrastructure made up of oil and gas fields, refineries, and pipelines. The presence of petrochemical complexes, thriving natural resource base, transportation corridors, burgeoning urban centers, and neighborhoods often at the receiving end of recurrent climate hazards over time, increases the inherent risks, due to environmental, physical, and socio-economic and policy factors located within the larger regional ecosystem. Yet, current studies in climate change have done very little in assessing the situation in south Texas region with the latest advances in geospatial information technology under a mix scale orientation. Considering these voids in research, this paper assesses changing climate impacts in the South Texas region using secondary data analyzed with descriptive statistics and (GIS) Geographic Information System under a mix scale method. With emphasis on the issues, trends, impacts, factors, and mitigation measures. The results revealed widespread occurrence of climatic hazards in the study area with visible impacts in the form of heavy floods from storms leading to environmental damages. This involves also risks to petroleum amenities and displacement of citizens and the loss of properties. The GIS mapping of the trends pinpointed clusters of heavy presence of stressors and degraded amenities dispersed across space over time with linkages to socio-economic, physical, and ecological elements. To remedy the situation, the paper proffered numerous solutions ranging from the adoption of effective policy, growth management, monitoring, the design of a regional climate information systems and education of the public.
{"title":"Assessing the Risks from Changing Climate in South Texas Region","authors":"E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, D. Olagbegi, M. Crisler, C. Romorno, M. Alsarari, P. Isokpehi, M. Alrefai, S. Ochai, E. Nwagboso, S. Fageir, S. Leggett","doi":"10.5923/j.re.20211101.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/j.re.20211101.03","url":null,"abstract":"The yearly dose of havoc unleashed from the overwhelming forces of changing climatic parameters on coastal communities does not differentiate among boundaries when inflicting damages of any kind. For that, in the last several years, climate risks continue to plague the southern portion of Texas. Give its location, the South Texas’ region, and adjourning areas along the Gulf of Mexico as a hub for speculative capital and natural resource extraction face exposures from the menace of tropical storms of immense scales. The ferocious pressures from heavy storms in these settings are such that, they often leave in their wake indelible footprint on the surrounding ecology. This comes with extreme impacts on both the natural and built-up environments particularly around big cities holding vital infrastructure crucial in economic development and productive capacity of petroleum and natural resource assets of South Texas. While the situation is further compounded by the region’s propensity to natural disasters and the fragile coastal ecosystem close to enormous network of large-scale energy infrastructure made up of oil and gas fields, refineries, and pipelines. The presence of petrochemical complexes, thriving natural resource base, transportation corridors, burgeoning urban centers, and neighborhoods often at the receiving end of recurrent climate hazards over time, increases the inherent risks, due to environmental, physical, and socio-economic and policy factors located within the larger regional ecosystem. Yet, current studies in climate change have done very little in assessing the situation in south Texas region with the latest advances in geospatial information technology under a mix scale orientation. Considering these voids in research, this paper assesses changing climate impacts in the South Texas region using secondary data analyzed with descriptive statistics and (GIS) Geographic Information System under a mix scale method. With emphasis on the issues, trends, impacts, factors, and mitigation measures. The results revealed widespread occurrence of climatic hazards in the study area with visible impacts in the form of heavy floods from storms leading to environmental damages. This involves also risks to petroleum amenities and displacement of citizens and the loss of properties. The GIS mapping of the trends pinpointed clusters of heavy presence of stressors and degraded amenities dispersed across space over time with linkages to socio-economic, physical, and ecological elements. To remedy the situation, the paper proffered numerous solutions ranging from the adoption of effective policy, growth management, monitoring, the design of a regional climate information systems and education of the public.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81987055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-07DOI: 10.5923/j.re.20201003.01
S. Thennakoon, K. Renuka, M. Amarasekara, J. Jayawardhane
Chilli ( Capsicum annum L.) is an important spice crop grown in Sri Lanka. Deficiency of micronutrients, especially Mn, Zn and Cu reported in chilli growing areas has affected adversely on chilli production. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar application of Mn, Zn and Cu on growth and yield of chilli grown in Reddish Brown Earth soils (Rhodustalfs), in dry zone, Sri Lanka. Seven treatments were tested in a greenhouse as pot experiment. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were added into all seven treatments. Manganese Zn and Cu were added separately as foliar application for three treatments. One treatment had all three elements and control treatment had only N, P and K but no any added elements. Since all micronutrients were added as their sulfate form, last two treatments had S with N, P and K to assess the effect of S on plant growth. Copper with N, P, K added treatment showed significantly higher growth and yield compared to other treatments. It showed about 25% yield increment compared to control treatment. Therefore, it can be concluded that application of Cu is beneficial to obtain a better yield in chilli in Reddish Brown Earth Soils (Rhodustalfs). However, further field studies are needed to confirm findings.
辣椒(Capsicum annum L.)是斯里兰卡重要的香料作物。据报道，辣椒产区微量营养元素特别是锰、锌和铜的缺乏对辣椒生产产生了不利影响。为此，研究了在斯里兰卡干旱地区红棕壤(Rhodustalfs)土壤上施用锰、锌和铜对辣椒生长和产量的影响。在温室盆栽试验中对7个处理进行了试验。7个处理均添加氮、磷、钾。3个处理分别叶面施用锰、锌和铜。其中一个处理全部添加了3种元素，而对照处理只添加了N、P、K，不添加任何元素。由于所有微量元素均以硫酸盐形式添加，最后两种处理均以氮、磷、钾为主，以评价S对植物生长的影响。氮、磷、钾加铜处理的生长和产量显著高于其他处理。与对照处理相比，产量增加约25%。综上所述，铜的施用有利于红棕壤辣椒产量的提高。然而，需要进一步的实地研究来证实这些发现。
{"title":"Effect of Foliar Application of Manganese, Zinc and Copper on Growth and Yield of Chilli (Capsicum annum. L)","authors":"S. Thennakoon, K. Renuka, M. Amarasekara, J. Jayawardhane","doi":"10.5923/j.re.20201003.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/j.re.20201003.01","url":null,"abstract":"Chilli ( Capsicum annum L.) is an important spice crop grown in Sri Lanka. Deficiency of micronutrients, especially Mn, Zn and Cu reported in chilli growing areas has affected adversely on chilli production. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar application of Mn, Zn and Cu on growth and yield of chilli grown in Reddish Brown Earth soils (Rhodustalfs), in dry zone, Sri Lanka. Seven treatments were tested in a greenhouse as pot experiment. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were added into all seven treatments. Manganese Zn and Cu were added separately as foliar application for three treatments. One treatment had all three elements and control treatment had only N, P and K but no any added elements. Since all micronutrients were added as their sulfate form, last two treatments had S with N, P and K to assess the effect of S on plant growth. Copper with N, P, K added treatment showed significantly higher growth and yield compared to other treatments. It showed about 25% yield increment compared to control treatment. Therefore, it can be concluded that application of Cu is beneficial to obtain a better yield in chilli in Reddish Brown Earth Soils (Rhodustalfs). However, further field studies are needed to confirm findings.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74064336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.RE.20160606.01
H. Corrêa, R. Alves, Marco Antonio Gaya de Figueiredo, C. Furtado
In a world where we discuss sustainability as the central axis of development, it is essential that a country like Brazil takes responsibility to adopt new technologies that contribute to the this sector. Taking advantage of the need that the country has to ally economic growth with social inclusion and maintenance of natural resources, the adoption of technologies that reduce the emission of greenhouse gases is promising. In this sense, stimulate the hevea culture appears to be an important allied in the fight to the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, since it allows its uptake by the trees. The retaken of this vegetal exploitation in Brazil (specially by the State of Rio de Janeiro), taking the social inclusion as a guiding policy, can be crucial to the fight against poverty and unemployment. This exploitation will allow to create conditions for small farmers to participate in the production chain of natural rubber, raw material extracted from rubber trees.
{"title":"Hevea Culture - A Potential Economic Growth for the State of Rio de Janeiro","authors":"H. Corrêa, R. Alves, Marco Antonio Gaya de Figueiredo, C. Furtado","doi":"10.5923/J.RE.20160606.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.RE.20160606.01","url":null,"abstract":"In a world where we discuss sustainability as the central axis of development, it is essential that a country like Brazil takes responsibility to adopt new technologies that contribute to the this sector. Taking advantage of the need that the country has to ally economic growth with social inclusion and maintenance of natural resources, the adoption of technologies that reduce the emission of greenhouse gases is promising. In this sense, stimulate the hevea culture appears to be an important allied in the fight to the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, since it allows its uptake by the trees. The retaken of this vegetal exploitation in Brazil (specially by the State of Rio de Janeiro), taking the social inclusion as a guiding policy, can be crucial to the fight against poverty and unemployment. This exploitation will allow to create conditions for small farmers to participate in the production chain of natural rubber, raw material extracted from rubber trees.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"23 1","pages":"109-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73137148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.RE.20130306.04
A. Hepelwa
To understand variables that link the welfare, livelihood and the watershed is crucial when instituting the integrated watershed management. This requires having indicators to show changes of the condition of the welfare, livelihoods and watershed resources. However, the combination of livelihoods and welfare of the local communities who depend largely on watershed resources for income, food, energy and shelter have not been adequately considered elsewhere. This results to the imbalance between the human development and the conservation priorities when implementing watershed management policies. The aim of this paper is to present the technical efficiency indicator (TEI) constructed from socioeconomic and watershed related variables. The stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) is employed to construct the TEI. The novelty in the current study is its ability to combine socioeconomic and biophysical information to obtain a sustainability indicator of both the natural resource supporting people’s livelihoods and the welfare of people. The construction of TEI fills the knowledge gap on how to achieve the mutual balance between human development and conservation objectives in the natural resource management arena. Study findings are that there is significant household dependence on the watershed resources. This implies that watershed resources have a greater role to play on the welfare of the communities due to existing direct relationship between crop cultivation and the watershed environment. Therefore there is a need to take into account the sustainability of the watershed resources when setting up development policy in the study area.
{"title":"Technical Efficiency as a Sustainability Indicator in Continuum of Integrated Natural Resources Management","authors":"A. Hepelwa","doi":"10.5923/J.RE.20130306.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.RE.20130306.04","url":null,"abstract":"To understand variables that link the welfare, livelihood and the watershed is crucial when instituting the integrated watershed management. This requires having indicators to show changes of the condition of the welfare, livelihoods and watershed resources. However, the combination of livelihoods and welfare of the local communities who depend largely on watershed resources for income, food, energy and shelter have not been adequately considered elsewhere. This results to the imbalance between the human development and the conservation priorities when implementing watershed management policies. The aim of this paper is to present the technical efficiency indicator (TEI) constructed from socioeconomic and watershed related variables. The stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) is employed to construct the TEI. The novelty in the current study is its ability to combine socioeconomic and biophysical information to obtain a sustainability indicator of both the natural resource supporting people’s livelihoods and the welfare of people. The construction of TEI fills the knowledge gap on how to achieve the mutual balance between human development and conservation objectives in the natural resource management arena. Study findings are that there is significant household dependence on the watershed resources. This implies that watershed resources have a greater role to play on the welfare of the communities due to existing direct relationship between crop cultivation and the watershed environment. Therefore there is a need to take into account the sustainability of the watershed resources when setting up development policy in the study area.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"45 1","pages":"194-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88090359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. L. Michael, Z. Z. Noor, N. H. Zardari, M. F. Meza
Deforestation has an impact on the quality of water flo wing through the watershed and alters the discharge, chemical and physical properties of water. This paper presents the effect of deforestation on water quality, in particular on physical and chemical characteristics of water and evaluates the community based watershed management s chemes in Buyhang micro watershed. The quality of water is assessed on the basis of laboratory analysis of various parameters by using weekly grab samp ling technique fro m three alternative land uses and in depth assessment of farmers' needs, priorities, an d conservation practices. The farmers' primary concerns are food security and sustained productivity. Soil erosion is not seen as a problem in the Cienda commun ity and currently still seems to reflect stable conditions. The perception and appreciation of people towards the function of forest ecosystems is limited. People are continuously changing the forest area for abaca plantations, rice fields, and other agricultural crops in very steep slopes. There is only 0.97 ha of refo restation activity in the watershed. Most people judge the quality of water by its aesthetic properties of colour, taste, odour and turbidity. Except the agricultural water samp les, the other two samp les appeared colourless through visual observations. The water fro m undisturbed forest area is palatable and all are free o f odour. The pH values of the water samples ranged with in standard values. Total hardness was trace except one sample fro m agricultural land. Turbidity was found to be less and ranging from 5 to 22 FTU. Sediment is recorded fro m agricultural water samples and higher during peak flow. The highest concentrations of PO4 - were measured fro m the forest water samples. The mean Ca ++ concentrations ranged from 10 to 11.6 mg/ L. There is no significant difference between the three water samples in Mg ++ concentration. Total K + was also found below 6.6 mg/L. Na concentrations were ranging from 6.5 to 8.7 mg/ L. Generally, the results from this study show no significant difference between waters from forest and deforested area in terms of chemical analysis but clear contrast in physical properties. The nutrient concentration of water fro m the forested site is relatively higher and untypical in the case of n itrate concentratio ns than deforested and agricultural water samples.
{"title":"Analytical Hierarchy Process Application in Urban Sustainability Indicators Prioritization","authors":"F. L. Michael, Z. Z. Noor, N. H. Zardari, M. F. Meza","doi":"10.5923/S.RE.201309.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/S.RE.201309.01","url":null,"abstract":"Deforestation has an impact on the quality of water flo wing through the watershed and alters the discharge, chemical and physical properties of water. This paper presents the effect of deforestation on water quality, in particular on physical and chemical characteristics of water and evaluates the community based watershed management s chemes in Buyhang micro watershed. The quality of water is assessed on the basis of laboratory analysis of various parameters by using weekly grab samp ling technique fro m three alternative land uses and in depth assessment of farmers' needs, priorities, an d conservation practices. The farmers' primary concerns are food security and sustained productivity. Soil erosion is not seen as a problem in the Cienda commun ity and currently still seems to reflect stable conditions. The perception and appreciation of people towards the function of forest ecosystems is limited. People are continuously changing the forest area for abaca plantations, rice fields, and other agricultural crops in very steep slopes. There is only 0.97 ha of refo restation activity in the watershed. Most people judge the quality of water by its aesthetic properties of colour, taste, odour and turbidity. Except the agricultural water samp les, the other two samp les appeared colourless through visual observations. The water fro m undisturbed forest area is palatable and all are free o f odour. The pH values of the water samples ranged with in standard values. Total hardness was trace except one sample fro m agricultural land. Turbidity was found to be less and ranging from 5 to 22 FTU. Sediment is recorded fro m agricultural water samples and higher during peak flow. The highest concentrations of PO4 - were measured fro m the forest water samples. The mean Ca ++ concentrations ranged from 10 to 11.6 mg/ L. There is no significant difference between the three water samples in Mg ++ concentration. Total K + was also found below 6.6 mg/L. Na concentrations were ranging from 6.5 to 8.7 mg/ L. Generally, the results from this study show no significant difference between waters from forest and deforested area in terms of chemical analysis but clear contrast in physical properties. The nutrient concentration of water fro m the forested site is relatively higher and untypical in the case of n itrate concentratio ns than deforested and agricultural water samples.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81955949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.RE.20120206.06
S. Khayat, A. Marei, Basel Natsheh, N. Abu-Khalaf
This study aims at investigating the mechanisms of pollutants transport based on geological formations. The study classifies two sub-aquifers groups. The first group are wells which dogged within Senonian Abu Dis format ion, and are mostly used extensively for municipal purposes. The second group are wells dogged with the most top Jerusalem-Hebron formation o f Tu ronian age and mostly used frequently for irrigation purposes. The first group shows a high deteriorated water quality with ionic mo lar ratios bears the ratios fro m Wastewater stagnant in adjacent Zomar stream. The stream bed lays directly over Jerusalem formation wh ich pro motes the pollutant transport directly to the uptake zone. Ho wever, the effect of such stagnant become less in dilut ion time of winter. Septic tanks surrounded these wells are constructed within the top 5 meters of Senonian formation, which mean that the leakage fro m septic tanks is not that ease to significantly affect the groundwater quality. The second group are mostly subjected to direct rainfall infiltration this can be indicated through the higher Sodiu m values which are related to the ion exchange through limestone profile. The results emphasize the need for further procedures to mit igate the pollutants plume migration fro m Wadi to the surrounded environment.
{"title":"Mechanisms of Groundwater Pollutants Transport in Tulkarm Area / Palestine","authors":"S. Khayat, A. Marei, Basel Natsheh, N. Abu-Khalaf","doi":"10.5923/J.RE.20120206.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.RE.20120206.06","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims at investigating the mechanisms of pollutants transport based on geological formations. The study classifies two sub-aquifers groups. The first group are wells which dogged within Senonian Abu Dis format ion, and are mostly used extensively for municipal purposes. The second group are wells dogged with the most top Jerusalem-Hebron formation o f Tu ronian age and mostly used frequently for irrigation purposes. The first group shows a high deteriorated water quality with ionic mo lar ratios bears the ratios fro m Wastewater stagnant in adjacent Zomar stream. The stream bed lays directly over Jerusalem formation wh ich pro motes the pollutant transport directly to the uptake zone. Ho wever, the effect of such stagnant become less in dilut ion time of winter. Septic tanks surrounded these wells are constructed within the top 5 meters of Senonian formation, which mean that the leakage fro m septic tanks is not that ease to significantly affect the groundwater quality. The second group are mostly subjected to direct rainfall infiltration this can be indicated through the higher Sodiu m values which are related to the ion exchange through limestone profile. The results emphasize the need for further procedures to mit igate the pollutants plume migration fro m Wadi to the surrounded environment.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"10 1","pages":"281-290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85540539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.RE.20120206.08
S. Fathy, F. Hamid, M. Shreadah, L. Mohamed, Mohamed G. El-Gazar
This paper presents water quality analysis of three sites located in the coastal area of Alexandria, Egypt. Principal co mponent analysis (PCA) approach was used to develop water quality index (WQI). PCA results revealed that Nubaria and Umou m drains were the most highly polluted samp ling sites and supposed to be hotspots of environ mental pollutants due to industrial, agricultural and do mestic wastes disposed and eluted compared to Kilo 21 d rain which could be considered the control site for the present study. The findings with the help o f principal co mponents suggested are being of great importance in establishing guidelines for the ad ministration of water sources and the improvement of water quality in these areas.
{"title":"Application of Principal Component Analysis for Developing Water Quality Index for Selected Coastal Areas of Alexandria Egypt","authors":"S. Fathy, F. Hamid, M. Shreadah, L. Mohamed, Mohamed G. El-Gazar","doi":"10.5923/J.RE.20120206.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.RE.20120206.08","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents water quality analysis of three sites located in the coastal area of Alexandria, Egypt. Principal co mponent analysis (PCA) approach was used to develop water quality index (WQI). PCA results revealed that Nubaria and Umou m drains were the most highly polluted samp ling sites and supposed to be hotspots of environ mental pollutants due to industrial, agricultural and do mestic wastes disposed and eluted compared to Kilo 21 d rain which could be considered the control site for the present study. The findings with the help o f principal co mponents suggested are being of great importance in establishing guidelines for the ad ministration of water sources and the improvement of water quality in these areas.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"7 1","pages":"297-305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82684970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.RE.20120205.07
M. Yamashita*, Hiroyuki Aimoto
The present study examined the efficacy of the use of bio-ethanol as an environmental protection measure by conducting quantitative assessment of the amount of CO2 emitted in its lifecycle, including the process of growing plants used as materials for bio-ethanol production. As a conclusion, it was suggested that the use of bio-ethanol does not reduce CO2 emissions, as it stands now, because a large amount of energy is required to produce it, i.e., bio-ethanol production consumes fossil fuels in a large quantity and emits a massive amount of CO2. Actually, the use of bio-ethanol varieties made from corn or wood as an alternative fuel to gasoline increased CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the production and use of bio-ethanol was less cost-effective than other CO2 reduction measures. This means that, in terms of both its effectiveness and economic efficiency, bio-ethanol would not contribute to promoting Japan's "Biomass Nippon Strategy" and accomplishing its primary goal, the "prevention of global warming".
{"title":"Can Bio-Ethanol be Regarded as Carbon Neutral? Assessment of the Effect of Reducing Oil Use","authors":"M. Yamashita*, Hiroyuki Aimoto","doi":"10.5923/J.RE.20120205.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.RE.20120205.07","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examined the efficacy of the use of bio-ethanol as an environmental protection measure by conducting quantitative assessment of the amount of CO2 emitted in its lifecycle, including the process of growing plants used as materials for bio-ethanol production. As a conclusion, it was suggested that the use of bio-ethanol does not reduce CO2 emissions, as it stands now, because a large amount of energy is required to produce it, i.e., bio-ethanol production consumes fossil fuels in a large quantity and emits a massive amount of CO2. Actually, the use of bio-ethanol varieties made from corn or wood as an alternative fuel to gasoline increased CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the production and use of bio-ethanol was less cost-effective than other CO2 reduction measures. This means that, in terms of both its effectiveness and economic efficiency, bio-ethanol would not contribute to promoting Japan's \"Biomass Nippon Strategy\" and accomplishing its primary goal, the \"prevention of global warming\".","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"93 1","pages":"240-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83848138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emphasizing the importance of food and water security, this study aimed at studying and analysing food and water security situation in the Arab World with special emphasis on Sudan. The Study employed descriptive statistics using secondary data collected fro m various sources. Results obtained indicated that food consumption gap in the Arab World increased by 24% in 2010 co mpared to 1973. Results obtained indicated that the per capita available water in the Arab World decreased from 3430 m 3 in 1960 to 1250m 3 in 2000 to 876 m 3 in 2010. A further decline in per capita available water to 667m 3 in 2025 and 500m 3 in 2050 is expected. These figures reflects a threatening situation for water and food security in the Arab World during the current century bearing in mind that the water poverty line is estimated at 1000m 3 .The separation of Sudan into two countries has adversely affected the per capita available water in the democratic republic of Sudan. Results of the study proved that the self-sufficiency rat io of cereals in Sudan was less than 100% for most of the seasons during the period 1986/87-2006/ 07 indicat ing that production of cereal crops is below the consumption requirements of Sudanese people. The shift in consumption habits towards wheat in Sudan coupled with low co mparat ive advantage resulted in low wheat self-sufficiency ratio during the period 1986/87-2007/ 08. Th is lo w self -sufficiency rat io in wheat gives an indication that the shortage in available food is mainly attributed to the significant consumption gap in wheat. Results indicated that wheat imports are real burden on Sudanese economy absorbing most of the foreign exchange generated fro m exports of Agricultural sector. Results obtained indicated that water productivity of Sorghu m, Wheat and Groundnut grown in Gezira scheme in Sudan was very low compared to the average international water productivity. Based on the results of the study we recommend the allocation ofsubstantial financial resources to enhance food production, investment in water projects and efficient use of water with special consideration of health threats associated with the implementation of water pro jects. Develop ment of along-termwater and food production plan for the Arab countries based on the principles of cooperation and equitable distribution is highly reco mmended.
{"title":"Food and Water Security in the Arab World and Sudan: Status and Threats","authors":"Nagat Elmulthum, Lubna Mohamed Musa, Hanan OsmanAli","doi":"10.5923/J.RE.20120206.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.RE.20120206.03","url":null,"abstract":"Emphasizing the importance of food and water security, this study aimed at studying and analysing food and water security situation in the Arab World with special emphasis on Sudan. The Study employed descriptive statistics using secondary data collected fro m various sources. Results obtained indicated that food consumption gap in the Arab World increased by 24% in 2010 co mpared to 1973. Results obtained indicated that the per capita available water in the Arab World decreased from 3430 m 3 in 1960 to 1250m 3 in 2000 to 876 m 3 in 2010. A further decline in per capita available water to 667m 3 in 2025 and 500m 3 in 2050 is expected. These figures reflects a threatening situation for water and food security in the Arab World during the current century bearing in mind that the water poverty line is estimated at 1000m 3 .The separation of Sudan into two countries has adversely affected the per capita available water in the democratic republic of Sudan. Results of the study proved that the self-sufficiency rat io of cereals in Sudan was less than 100% for most of the seasons during the period 1986/87-2006/ 07 indicat ing that production of cereal crops is below the consumption requirements of Sudanese people. The shift in consumption habits towards wheat in Sudan coupled with low co mparat ive advantage resulted in low wheat self-sufficiency ratio during the period 1986/87-2007/ 08. Th is lo w self -sufficiency rat io in wheat gives an indication that the shortage in available food is mainly attributed to the significant consumption gap in wheat. Results indicated that wheat imports are real burden on Sudanese economy absorbing most of the foreign exchange generated fro m exports of Agricultural sector. Results obtained indicated that water productivity of Sorghu m, Wheat and Groundnut grown in Gezira scheme in Sudan was very low compared to the average international water productivity. Based on the results of the study we recommend the allocation ofsubstantial financial resources to enhance food production, investment in water projects and efficient use of water with special consideration of health threats associated with the implementation of water pro jects. Develop ment of along-termwater and food production plan for the Arab countries based on the principles of cooperation and equitable distribution is highly reco mmended.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"18 1","pages":"265-270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78976820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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