Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.RE.20120201.03
J. Saliu, K. Bawa-Allah
Toxicological effects of sub lethal concentrations of lead and zinc salts (Pb(NO3)2 and ZnCl2) on the antioxi- dant enzymes of post juvenile Clarias gariepinus in laboratory bioassays was investigated, using the liver. Oxidative stress enzymes and substrates (Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Catalase (CAT) ) showed irregular activities during the first two weeks of the experiment, but a significant variation (p<0.05) from levels detected in controls after 28 days in fishes exposed to both metals. Increased levels of GST-GSH and reduced levels of SOD and CAT occurred in fishes exposed to ZnCl2 as compared to control while there were no variations in the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA). In fishes exposed to Pb(NO3)2 however, GST-GSH, SOD, CAT and MDA all reduced when compared to control. There is need for more research on the oxidative defense response of Clarias gariepinus to persistent levels of high concentrations of heavy metals .There is also a need for comparison of existing field and laboratory studies so as to fully exploit the bio markers of oxidative stress as indicators of environmental pollution in tropical fresh water systems.
{"title":"Toxicological Effects of Lead and Zinc on the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Post Juvenile Clarias gariepinus","authors":"J. Saliu, K. Bawa-Allah","doi":"10.5923/J.RE.20120201.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.RE.20120201.03","url":null,"abstract":"Toxicological effects of sub lethal concentrations of lead and zinc salts (Pb(NO3)2 and ZnCl2) on the antioxi- dant enzymes of post juvenile Clarias gariepinus in laboratory bioassays was investigated, using the liver. Oxidative stress enzymes and substrates (Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Catalase (CAT) ) showed irregular activities during the first two weeks of the experiment, but a significant variation (p<0.05) from levels detected in controls after 28 days in fishes exposed to both metals. Increased levels of GST-GSH and reduced levels of SOD and CAT occurred in fishes exposed to ZnCl2 as compared to control while there were no variations in the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA). In fishes exposed to Pb(NO3)2 however, GST-GSH, SOD, CAT and MDA all reduced when compared to control. There is need for more research on the oxidative defense response of Clarias gariepinus to persistent levels of high concentrations of heavy metals .There is also a need for comparison of existing field and laboratory studies so as to fully exploit the bio markers of oxidative stress as indicators of environmental pollution in tropical fresh water systems.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"15 1","pages":"21-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85567696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.RE.20120204.07
P. K. Ghosal, T. Chakraborty
Phosphate rocks (PRs) are suitable for direct application as a possible alternative to more expensive soluble phosphate fertilizers in agricultural fields. But the ability of the PRs to release phosphates in the plant available forms depends on the particle size and chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the PRs as well as the properties of the soil in which they are applied. So an experiment was conducted with four sources of phosphatic fertilizers namely Triple super phosphate (TSP – 21.75%P)), Partially acidulated phosphate rock (PAPR – 12.97%P)), Morocco rock phosphate (MORP – 14.87%P)) and Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP – 8.12%P) whose solubility were tested in six different extractants namely 2% Citric acid, 0.002N Hydrochloric acid, N-Ammonium citrate, Bray-2P extractant, Olsens’s extractant and Morgan’s reagent under seven periods of incubation (1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 15 and 30 days), with and without soil. The results revealed that release of P were increased on addition of soil irrespective of fertilizers or extractants used. TSP released maximum P (3.05% - 3.27% with soil, 2.11% - 2.22% without soil) by the 7th day of incubation. The partially acidulated source was found to release P, higher than rock phosphates but lower than TSP, for the initial periods of incubation (1-3 days) (1.31%-1.34% with soil, 0.46% without soil) with an increase in the later periods (7th day onward) (1.27%-1.92% with soil, 0.55%-0.66% without soil). The PRs released maximum P after the 7th day of incubation. Among the different solvents, maximum release of phosphorus was observed by 2% citric acid followed by Bray 2P and Olsen’s extractants.
{"title":"Comparative Solubility Study of Four Phosphatic Fertilizers in Different Solvents and the Effect of Soil","authors":"P. K. Ghosal, T. Chakraborty","doi":"10.5923/J.RE.20120204.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.RE.20120204.07","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphate rocks (PRs) are suitable for direct application as a possible alternative to more expensive soluble phosphate fertilizers in agricultural fields. But the ability of the PRs to release phosphates in the plant available forms depends on the particle size and chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the PRs as well as the properties of the soil in which they are applied. So an experiment was conducted with four sources of phosphatic fertilizers namely Triple super phosphate (TSP – 21.75%P)), Partially acidulated phosphate rock (PAPR – 12.97%P)), Morocco rock phosphate (MORP – 14.87%P)) and Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP – 8.12%P) whose solubility were tested in six different extractants namely 2% Citric acid, 0.002N Hydrochloric acid, N-Ammonium citrate, Bray-2P extractant, Olsens’s extractant and Morgan’s reagent under seven periods of incubation (1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 15 and 30 days), with and without soil. The results revealed that release of P were increased on addition of soil irrespective of fertilizers or extractants used. TSP released maximum P (3.05% - 3.27% with soil, 2.11% - 2.22% without soil) by the 7th day of incubation. The partially acidulated source was found to release P, higher than rock phosphates but lower than TSP, for the initial periods of incubation (1-3 days) (1.31%-1.34% with soil, 0.46% without soil) with an increase in the later periods (7th day onward) (1.27%-1.92% with soil, 0.55%-0.66% without soil). The PRs released maximum P after the 7th day of incubation. Among the different solvents, maximum release of phosphorus was observed by 2% citric acid followed by Bray 2P and Olsen’s extractants.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"14 1","pages":"175-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87412179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.RE.20120201.07
S. Jimoh, T. O. Amusa, I. Azeez
The study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and utilization of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) plant species in Omo and Shasha Forest Reserves, Southwestern Nigeria. Data were obtained through the use of structured questionnaires administered to households in forest communities. To complement information from the household survey, focus group discussions (FGDs) were also carried out in each of the sampled communities. In-depth interview (IDI) of forestry staff was further used to supplement the information collected. A simple random sampling technique was employed for the study. In Omo Forest Reserve (OFR), a total of seventy five species distributed in forty three families were recorded, while fifty six species in thirty one families were documented in Shasha Forest Reserve (SFR). Local end-uses of NTFPs include food and food supplements, snacks/sweeteners, wrapping leaves, soup and spices, beverages, dental care supplies, washing tools, roofing/construction materials, medicine and traditional rites items. While access to these resources is important to guarantee the socio-economic well being of the forest dwellers and communities, their sustainable management has not been taken seriously by policy makers thereby contributing to reduction of biodiversity and gradual but irretrievable loss of indigenous knowledge on the uses of most species. To ensure the sustainable utilization of NTFPs in these and similar tropical forest environments therefore, a number of conservation approaches are proposed.
{"title":"Prevalence, Utilization and Conservation Strategies for Non-Timber Forest Products in South western Zone of Nigeria","authors":"S. Jimoh, T. O. Amusa, I. Azeez","doi":"10.5923/J.RE.20120201.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.RE.20120201.07","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and utilization of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) plant species in Omo and Shasha Forest Reserves, Southwestern Nigeria. Data were obtained through the use of structured questionnaires administered to households in forest communities. To complement information from the household survey, focus group discussions (FGDs) were also carried out in each of the sampled communities. In-depth interview (IDI) of forestry staff was further used to supplement the information collected. A simple random sampling technique was employed for the study. In Omo Forest Reserve (OFR), a total of seventy five species distributed in forty three families were recorded, while fifty six species in thirty one families were documented in Shasha Forest Reserve (SFR). Local end-uses of NTFPs include food and food supplements, snacks/sweeteners, wrapping leaves, soup and spices, beverages, dental care supplies, washing tools, roofing/construction materials, medicine and traditional rites items. While access to these resources is important to guarantee the socio-economic well being of the forest dwellers and communities, their sustainable management has not been taken seriously by policy makers thereby contributing to reduction of biodiversity and gradual but irretrievable loss of indigenous knowledge on the uses of most species. To ensure the sustainable utilization of NTFPs in these and similar tropical forest environments therefore, a number of conservation approaches are proposed.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"42 1","pages":"46-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84262191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.RE.20120204.01
M. Khurana, Pritpal Singh
Paucity of quality fresh water for agriculture has made waste water (WW) application a popular option. Available data on chemical co mposition of different waste water, their effect on soil fert ility, soil heavy-metal content, crop yield and quality parameters and maximu m permissible limits (MPL) of different International environ ment protection agencies and governments of different countries has been summarized. Chemical composition of WW varied remarkably with respect to their heavy-metal content, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), biolog ical o xidation demand (BOD), chemical oxidation demand (COD), alkalinity and hardness. Field application of all types of waste water significantly increases soil OC percentage, soil EC, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total and DTPA-ext ractable heavy-metal/ micro -nutrient content, available macro-nutrient (N, P and K) content with significant decreases in calciu m carbonate content of surface soil. However, high content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium strengthens its high fertigation/ manural value for field crops. Significantly higher heavy-metal accumu lation in soils irrigated with WW than ground water has been observed in surface layer than the lower depths of soil profile. Since crop genotypes and even crop cultivars within genotypes respond differently to waste water irrigation, their selection becomes mo re important under such situations. More importantly, carbon sequestration through WW irrigation could sustain long-term soil fert ility. Periodic monitoring of chemical composition of waste water, soil and crop produce is however, suggested for safe and long term use of waste water.
{"title":"Waste Water Use in Crop Production: A Review","authors":"M. Khurana, Pritpal Singh","doi":"10.5923/J.RE.20120204.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.RE.20120204.01","url":null,"abstract":"Paucity of quality fresh water for agriculture has made waste water (WW) application a popular option. Available data on chemical co mposition of different waste water, their effect on soil fert ility, soil heavy-metal content, crop yield and quality parameters and maximu m permissible limits (MPL) of different International environ ment protection agencies and governments of different countries has been summarized. Chemical composition of WW varied remarkably with respect to their heavy-metal content, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), biolog ical o xidation demand (BOD), chemical oxidation demand (COD), alkalinity and hardness. Field application of all types of waste water significantly increases soil OC percentage, soil EC, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total and DTPA-ext ractable heavy-metal/ micro -nutrient content, available macro-nutrient (N, P and K) content with significant decreases in calciu m carbonate content of surface soil. However, high content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium strengthens its high fertigation/ manural value for field crops. Significantly higher heavy-metal accumu lation in soils irrigated with WW than ground water has been observed in surface layer than the lower depths of soil profile. Since crop genotypes and even crop cultivars within genotypes respond differently to waste water irrigation, their selection becomes mo re important under such situations. More importantly, carbon sequestration through WW irrigation could sustain long-term soil fert ility. Periodic monitoring of chemical composition of waste water, soil and crop produce is however, suggested for safe and long term use of waste water.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"36 1","pages":"116-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89953609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.RE.20120201.09
Surendra Roy, Piyush Gupta, T. Renaldy
Huge amount of mill tailings at Kolar Gold Fields are creating environmental problems. In this study, an at- tempt was made to assess the impacts of mill tailings on agriculture lands and to identify suitable species for its reclamation. For this, soils collected from different agriculture lands were mixed with tailings in different proportions and tomato (Ly- copersicon esculentum) was planted in soils and mixtures. For selection of suitable species, native species were planted only in tailings. Physico-chemical properties varied in soils, tailings and mixtures. pH and electrical conductivity of soils increased with an increase of tailings content. Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium in soil-tailings showed symptoms of deficiency in tomato plants except calcium and sulphur. Correlation among iron, manganese, zinc and copper indicated common source of their occurrence. These elements decreased with increase of pH and sand percentage, and increased with the increase of clay content. Iron, manganese, copper in tomato fruits were within the limit whereas zinc was observed toxic beyond 30% of mill tailings. Soil/tomato plant transfer coefficients distinguished the concentrations of micronutrients in tomato fruits and soil-tailings mixture. Growth status of native species revealed that Babool, Gulmohar, Neem and Euca- lyptus are suitable for dump reclamation.
{"title":"Impacts of Gold Mill Tailings Dumps on Agriculture Lands and its Ecological Restoration at Kolar Gold Fields, India","authors":"Surendra Roy, Piyush Gupta, T. Renaldy","doi":"10.5923/J.RE.20120201.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.RE.20120201.09","url":null,"abstract":"Huge amount of mill tailings at Kolar Gold Fields are creating environmental problems. In this study, an at- tempt was made to assess the impacts of mill tailings on agriculture lands and to identify suitable species for its reclamation. For this, soils collected from different agriculture lands were mixed with tailings in different proportions and tomato (Ly- copersicon esculentum) was planted in soils and mixtures. For selection of suitable species, native species were planted only in tailings. Physico-chemical properties varied in soils, tailings and mixtures. pH and electrical conductivity of soils increased with an increase of tailings content. Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium in soil-tailings showed symptoms of deficiency in tomato plants except calcium and sulphur. Correlation among iron, manganese, zinc and copper indicated common source of their occurrence. These elements decreased with increase of pH and sand percentage, and increased with the increase of clay content. Iron, manganese, copper in tomato fruits were within the limit whereas zinc was observed toxic beyond 30% of mill tailings. Soil/tomato plant transfer coefficients distinguished the concentrations of micronutrients in tomato fruits and soil-tailings mixture. Growth status of native species revealed that Babool, Gulmohar, Neem and Euca- lyptus are suitable for dump reclamation.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"29 1","pages":"67-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84185838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.RE.20120201.05
T. Ideriah, S. David-Omiema, D. Ogbonna
The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb in water and sediment collected along Abonnema shoreline were determined using GBC Avanta flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer version 2.02. The metal concentrations in water ranged from 0.05). The shoreline was considered critically contaminated as the concentrations of Cr, Zn and Cu exceeded permissible limits set by Rivers State ministry of environment, Federal Envi- ronmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization and therefore pose serious environmental concern. Low pH, high commercial activities, wastes, tidal and wave actions influenced the concentrations of metals in the area. Regular monitoring and evaluation of the water, sediment and sea foods were recommended.
{"title":"Distribution of Heavy Metals in Water and Sediment along Abonnema Shoreline, Nigeria","authors":"T. Ideriah, S. David-Omiema, D. Ogbonna","doi":"10.5923/J.RE.20120201.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.RE.20120201.05","url":null,"abstract":"The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb in water and sediment collected along Abonnema shoreline were determined using GBC Avanta flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer version 2.02. The metal concentrations in water ranged from 0.05). The shoreline was considered critically contaminated as the concentrations of Cr, Zn and Cu exceeded permissible limits set by Rivers State ministry of environment, Federal Envi- ronmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization and therefore pose serious environmental concern. Low pH, high commercial activities, wastes, tidal and wave actions influenced the concentrations of metals in the area. Regular monitoring and evaluation of the water, sediment and sea foods were recommended.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"33-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91057426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.RE.20120201.06
U. Mammadova
Soil study was carried out in Pirgulu State Nature Preserve of Azerbaijan. In the preserve field studies were mainly realized for soils under woodland area. Due to the hectare, sections of soil have been done for taking soil samples. These samples were analyzed in lab condition, then according to the analysis results, current state of the preserve was determined. Finally new and first soil map of Pirgulu State Nature Preserve of Azerbaijan was established.
{"title":"Soil Study of Woodland in Pirgulu State Nature Preserve of Azerbaijan","authors":"U. Mammadova","doi":"10.5923/J.RE.20120201.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.RE.20120201.06","url":null,"abstract":"Soil study was carried out in Pirgulu State Nature Preserve of Azerbaijan. In the preserve field studies were mainly realized for soils under woodland area. Due to the hectare, sections of soil have been done for taking soil samples. These samples were analyzed in lab condition, then according to the analysis results, current state of the preserve was determined. Finally new and first soil map of Pirgulu State Nature Preserve of Azerbaijan was established.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"127 1","pages":"41-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76732391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.RE.20120201.02
K. Mousavi, G. A. Roshani, S. G. Jalali, A. Shahrdami
Alder (Alnus Subcordata) allocates itself to the 7.6 percent of Iran's northern forests and after the Beech, Hornbeam and Oak, is the fourth commercial tree of Iran. This tree is aborigine of northern parts of Iran and with itself and in a mixed form with the other tree species, forms a various forest community. The Alder is a pioneer species, establishes in an open area of the forest, because it likes more lightness to producing a huge quantity of seeds yearly. It is playing an active role in nitrogen fixation in which can improves soil fertility also. The importance of the Alder is related to its role in regeneration processes of ruined forests and using them for re-plantation. The studied area was a part of Tonekabon's forest, covered with species like hornbeam, The Alder and Maple. In this study, the quantitative situation of the Alder's regeneration in the dif- ferent cover crowns (30-40, 50-60 and 70-80 per cent), slope percentages (0-20, 30-50 per cent) and slope direction (Northern, Southern, Eastern & Western directions) were studied in a factorial experiment using complete randomized block design with four replications. In 72 chosen plots, the quantitative situation and regeneration establishments of the trees having height of more than 1.3 meter or less than 1.3 meter were studied, and the collected data being analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that, the Alder regeneration in the most humid places (north) and least slope (0-20%) consisted of more frequency in comparison with the western and eastern slope directions with more slope (30-50%). In addition, with decrease in cover crown percentage, the frequencies of the Alder's saplings were also being increased.
{"title":"The Effects of Cover Crown, Percentage and Slope Aspect on the Quantitative Distribution of the Alder's Saplings in Forests of North of Iran","authors":"K. Mousavi, G. A. Roshani, S. G. Jalali, A. Shahrdami","doi":"10.5923/J.RE.20120201.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.RE.20120201.02","url":null,"abstract":"Alder (Alnus Subcordata) allocates itself to the 7.6 percent of Iran's northern forests and after the Beech, Hornbeam and Oak, is the fourth commercial tree of Iran. This tree is aborigine of northern parts of Iran and with itself and in a mixed form with the other tree species, forms a various forest community. The Alder is a pioneer species, establishes in an open area of the forest, because it likes more lightness to producing a huge quantity of seeds yearly. It is playing an active role in nitrogen fixation in which can improves soil fertility also. The importance of the Alder is related to its role in regeneration processes of ruined forests and using them for re-plantation. The studied area was a part of Tonekabon's forest, covered with species like hornbeam, The Alder and Maple. In this study, the quantitative situation of the Alder's regeneration in the dif- ferent cover crowns (30-40, 50-60 and 70-80 per cent), slope percentages (0-20, 30-50 per cent) and slope direction (Northern, Southern, Eastern & Western directions) were studied in a factorial experiment using complete randomized block design with four replications. In 72 chosen plots, the quantitative situation and regeneration establishments of the trees having height of more than 1.3 meter or less than 1.3 meter were studied, and the collected data being analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that, the Alder regeneration in the most humid places (north) and least slope (0-20%) consisted of more frequency in comparison with the western and eastern slope directions with more slope (30-50%). In addition, with decrease in cover crown percentage, the frequencies of the Alder's saplings were also being increased.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"23 1","pages":"17-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89824228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.RE.20120201.01
E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, Daphine Foster, Chandra Richardson, Sudha Yeramilli
This research assesses the vulnerability of coastal areas in the South eastern states of Mississippi and Louisi- ana using climate risk information. Emphasis is on the issues, and evaluation of the trends. In terms of methods, the paper uses GIS and descriptive statistics to map the trends. In the last several years, climate change impact continues to be felt in the Southeast especially the coastal zones. It has been predicted by scientists that many people could be affected by the impact of climate change risks in the Southeast coastal zones mostly from storms, high and extreme temperatures and oth- ers. As one of the most sensitive and vulnerable systems, coastal zones' areas of concern include sea level rise, land loss, frequency of maritime storms, flooding and responses to sea level rise. Addressing the challenges associated with the threats of climate change in coastal areas of Mississippi and Louisiana, requires periodic assessment of the risks using geo- graphic information systems. Without access to sufficient climate risk information management tools to measure the pre- cise vulnerability of coastal zones areas, the ability of emergency managers and cities to mitigate the dangers posed to in- frastructure, human lives and the economy will be diminished. The results show a spatial diffusion and a growing risk in vulnerable coastal areas in the two states. Utilizing climate risk data and GIS techniques to analyze the dangers faced in coastal cities helps minimize their vulnerability. The paper suggests the need for constant assessment and mapping of the risks.
{"title":"Using GIS and Climate Risks Information to Analyze the Vulnerability of Coastal Counties in Louisiana and Mississippi","authors":"E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, Daphine Foster, Chandra Richardson, Sudha Yeramilli","doi":"10.5923/J.RE.20120201.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.RE.20120201.01","url":null,"abstract":"This research assesses the vulnerability of coastal areas in the South eastern states of Mississippi and Louisi- ana using climate risk information. Emphasis is on the issues, and evaluation of the trends. In terms of methods, the paper uses GIS and descriptive statistics to map the trends. In the last several years, climate change impact continues to be felt in the Southeast especially the coastal zones. It has been predicted by scientists that many people could be affected by the impact of climate change risks in the Southeast coastal zones mostly from storms, high and extreme temperatures and oth- ers. As one of the most sensitive and vulnerable systems, coastal zones' areas of concern include sea level rise, land loss, frequency of maritime storms, flooding and responses to sea level rise. Addressing the challenges associated with the threats of climate change in coastal areas of Mississippi and Louisiana, requires periodic assessment of the risks using geo- graphic information systems. Without access to sufficient climate risk information management tools to measure the pre- cise vulnerability of coastal zones areas, the ability of emergency managers and cities to mitigate the dangers posed to in- frastructure, human lives and the economy will be diminished. The results show a spatial diffusion and a growing risk in vulnerable coastal areas in the two states. Utilizing climate risk data and GIS techniques to analyze the dangers faced in coastal cities helps minimize their vulnerability. The paper suggests the need for constant assessment and mapping of the risks.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"39 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88862766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-09DOI: 10.5923/J.RE.20120203.01
O. Ehi-EromoseleC., O. OkieiW.
The levels of heavy metal contamination in surface, ground and tap waters collected in some part of Lagos metropolis were determined using Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (DPASV). The samples were analysed for their contents of lead, copper and cadmium and were also compared with the WHO (2008) specified contaminant levels for drinking water. The results obtained showed that all the well water and borehole water samples investigated contain high concentration of these heavy metals. Lead and cadmium concentrations were found to be above the WHO maximum ac- ceptable concentration (MAC). However, none of the samples had copper concentration above the WHO MAC for copper. On the whole samples analysed, only the sample collected from Odo-Iyaalaro stream, Ojota showed no pollution of lead. Other samples showed pollution of all of the metals analysed. In general, the results show an indication of pollution hazards given the toxicity of these metals and mostly when the water sources studied represent the major sources of water for the teeming populace. DPASV results of the samples investigated were found to be comparable with results of same samples obtained from independent work carried out by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.
{"title":"Heavy Metal Assessment of Ground, Surface and Tap Water Samples in Lagos Metropolis Using Anodic Stripping Voltammetry","authors":"O. Ehi-EromoseleC., O. OkieiW.","doi":"10.5923/J.RE.20120203.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.RE.20120203.01","url":null,"abstract":"The levels of heavy metal contamination in surface, ground and tap waters collected in some part of Lagos metropolis were determined using Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (DPASV). The samples were analysed for their contents of lead, copper and cadmium and were also compared with the WHO (2008) specified contaminant levels for drinking water. The results obtained showed that all the well water and borehole water samples investigated contain high concentration of these heavy metals. Lead and cadmium concentrations were found to be above the WHO maximum ac- ceptable concentration (MAC). However, none of the samples had copper concentration above the WHO MAC for copper. On the whole samples analysed, only the sample collected from Odo-Iyaalaro stream, Ojota showed no pollution of lead. Other samples showed pollution of all of the metals analysed. In general, the results show an indication of pollution hazards given the toxicity of these metals and mostly when the water sources studied represent the major sources of water for the teeming populace. DPASV results of the samples investigated were found to be comparable with results of same samples obtained from independent work carried out by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.","PeriodicalId":21136,"journal":{"name":"Resources and Environment","volume":"15 1","pages":"82-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74257682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：