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Introduction: Secretory immunoglobulinA (sIgA) is a dominant immunoglobulinin the saliva. It is the firstline of defense against microorganisms.

Aim of the study: Analysis of secretoryimmunoglobulin A concentrationin non-stimulated and stimulatedsaliva. Assessment of sIgA concentrationin relation to the status of cigarettesmoking of the investigated.

Material and methods: Survey and biochemical studies of saliva wereconducted in the group of 109 people(smokers and non-smokers) aged20-54. The smokers smoked from5 to more than 20 cigarettes daily.The investigation material was nonstimulatedand stimulated saliva collectedfrom patients on the same daybetween 9.30 and 11.30 a.m, 1.5-2hafter meal. Directly after non-stimulatedand stimulated saliva collectionSalivette tubes were placed in the icecontainer with the temperature of 4oC,then centrifuged at the temperatureof 4oC for 12 minutes at 3000 r/min.The obtained supernatant was storedat the temperature of -75ºC until theassays were performed. sIgA concentrationwas determined using sIgAELISA Kit (Immunodiagnostik AG,Germany). Statistical analysis wasconducted with the use of Mann –Whitney test. While investigating theinfluence of age on the studied parametersSpearman correlation coefficientand its significance were used.Statistically significant test valueswere those of p<0.05.

Results: In non-stimulated salivasIgA concentration was significantlyhigher compared to stimulated saliva(Z = 4.00, p<0.001). No significant differenceswere stated in sIgA concentrationin non-stimulated saliva betweensmokers and non-smokers (Z =0.26, p>0.05). No essential differenceswere stated in sIgA concentration instimulated saliva between non-smokersand smokers (Z = 0.23, p>0.05).Essential differences were stated betweenthe groups. In men sIgA concentration in stimulatedsaliva was significantly higher compared to women (Z =2.25, p<0.05).

Conclusions: sIgA concentration in non-stimulatedsaliva is significantly higher in comparison to stimulatedsaliva. The status of cigarette smoking does not influencethe essential differences in sIgA concentration in nonstimulatedand stimulated saliva. In men sIgA concentrationin stimulated saliva is significantly higher in comparisonto women.

Spreading e-cigarettes popularitycomes from relief, the products aresafe. They don’t contain carcinogenicsubstances, that are present in tobaccosmoke. But nicotine present ine-liquid is a very toxic alkaloid, highlyaddictive.A case of acute, oral intoxicationwith e-liquid was described. A patient,42-years old woman, e-cigarettes addicted,health thus far, by accidentdrunk a swig of e-liquid containingnicotine at concentration 6 mg/ml.At admission to Toxicology Departmentshe was conscious, with symptoms:dizziness, flushed cheeks, dryskin, dry conjunctivas, medium-widepupils, nervous twitch, tachycardia,elevated blood pressure. Concentrationof cotinine – nicotine metabolite,in serum and urine were respectively2077 and 10236 ng/ml. Applied treatmentwas: infusive liquids, intravenousalkalization, administration ofelectrolytes and propranolol. Graduallyimprovement was reached andon the third day of hospitalization,after psychiatric consultation shewas deinstitutionalized in good medicalcondition to continue treatment inNeurology Clinic.E-fluid intoxications are rare, poisoningcourse depends on nicotinedose, way of absorption, patient’shealth state and age.

Introduction: Tobacco related diseasesin Poland generate very highcosts, significantly contributing tothe reduction of the development potentialof the country. Despite the reductionin the prevalence of smokingover the past decades, in our countrysmokes nearly 10 million of adultcitizens. The prevalence of smokingis different across socio-economicgroups and among representativesof various professions. Employeesof educational units are a particularoccupational group as their attitudestoward smoking significantly mayshape the health behaviors of students.The aim of the study was to assessthe prevalence of smoking anduse of e-cigarettes among employeesof educational units in Piotrkowskicounty. Furthermore the prevalenceof e-cigarettes was examined.

Material and methods: During theperiod from November 2014 and May2015, 1858 employees working in60 schools (92,3% of all schools) inPiotrkowski county were examined.For the purpose of collecting empiricalmaterial among the personnelemployed in schools included in thestudy, a questionnare survey adoptedfrom the study Global School PersonnelSurvey (GSPS) was applied.

Results: Among the teachers17.3% of respondents (n=181) saidthey smoke tobacco daily, while 3.8%of respondents (n=40) claimed thatsmoke occasionally. In the groupof administrative staff 26.0% of respondents(n=130) smoked tobaccodaily and occasionally 3.8% of therespondents (n=10). Among all respondents9.6% of school employees(n=148) said they had used e-cigarettesat least once in a lifetime.

Conclusions: Popularity of tobaccosmoking among personnel employedin the schools was alarminglyhigh, therefore, it is necessary to takeactions aiming at reduction of thisphenomenon by, inter alia: comprehensiveinformation and educationalactivities, promoting pro-health behaviours.There is also a need for development of an adequatesupport system for smoking personnel who haveto challenge their addiction.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) isbased on the principle that the targetcells are destroyed by means of toxicreactive oxygen species generatedupon the interaction of a photosensitizer,light and oxygen. This methodis nowadays widely applied in variousbranches of medicine, mainly inoncology and dermatology. It is alsoapplied in dentistry in the treatmentof oral potentially malignant disorders(like lichen planus or leukoplakia) andinfectious conditions (periodontitis,herpetic cheilitis, root canal disinfection).The application of the photodynamictherapy in the abovementionedindications is worth attention, as themethod is noninvasive, painless, andthe results of the published studiesseem promising. The present articleaims at presenting the principle ofthe photodynamic therapy and, basedon the literature, the possibilities andresults of its application in dentistry.

PM10, one of the air pollutioncomponents has a significant effecton plant pollen by the deposition onthe surface of pollen grains, morphologicalchanges of pollen wallsand interference in the structure ofthe allergenic proteins. The aim ofthe study was to verify whether andin what weather conditions the concentrationof pollen of alder, hazeland birch coincides with the elevatedlevel of PM10 in Kraków, in 2010-2015.In the days when the alder pollen concentrationexceeded 95 PG/m3, causingsevere inhalant allergy symptomsand the concentration of hazel pollenwas >80 PG/m3 and the admissiblelevel of PM10 was exceeded, the maximumair temperature ranged from 5.1to 22.6oC, the days were dry (humidity<60%), without precipitation andmostly windless. High concentrationof birch pollen and exceeded admissiblelevel of PM10 concentration werefound in more than 60% of the days inthe city center. In 70.3% of the daysin which the birch pollen concentrationreached values that caused thesymptoms of asthma (>155 PG/m3),the dust concentration was exceeded(>50μg/m3), and rainfall and windspeed of 1-3 m/s occurred. Symptomsin people allergic to trees pollenin Kraków can be exacerbated duringperiods when the standard limits ofPM10 are exceeded. Such situationshave occurred mostly in March (pollenof alder and hazel) and April (birchpollen), especially in the city center.

Introduction: It has been reportedin a small group of patients that a significantpercentage of patients withanti-DFS (dense fine speckled) antibodieshas a history of idiopathic arterialor venous thrombosis and/or obstetriccomplications. To our knowledge therehave been no larger studies regardingthe prevalence of anti-DFS antibodiesin provoked and unprovoked venousthromboembolism (VTE).

Aim of the study: We investigatedhow common anti-DFS70 antibodiesoccur in patients following VTE andwhich factors affect their occurrencein this disease.

Material and methods: We screened287 consecutive adult patients, agedbelow 60 years, with documentedVTE treated for at least 3 months, and129 age-matched healthy controls.Patients with cancer, severe comorbidities,documented autoimmunediseases, including antiphospholipidsyndrome were ineligible. The anti--DFS70 antibodies were determinedbased on immunofluorescence onHep-2 cells. The specific immunofluorescencepattern, characterized bydense fine speckles distributed thenucleus, observed at serum dilutionequal to or greater than 1:100, was consideredas positive and was confirmedusing the semiquantitative ELISA-DFSthat provided results as a ratio (RU/ml)with a cut-off of 1.

Results: There was no differencein the prevalence of anti-DFS70 antibodiesin the VTE and control patients(n=12, 4.18% vs. n=6, 4.65%, p=0.68).Anti-DFS antibodies represented9.16% of all positive ANA patterns(n=131) in VTE patients, which was amuch lower proportion compared with26.1% of all 23 positive ANA patternsin healthy subjects (p=0.031). The presenceof anti-DFS antibodies did notcorrelate with demographic or clinicalvariables including time since last VTEevent, type of anticoagulation and itsquality. The prevalence of anti-DFS70antibodies was higher in patients withANA titer ≥1:320 compared to thosewith the titer < 1:320 (75% vs. 37%, p=0.01). Of importance,higher prevalence of anti-DFS antibodies was observedin patients with unprovoked VTE compared to those withprovoked VTE (75% vs. 25%, p=0.01). Among the VTE patientswith heritable thrombophilia, i.e. factor V Leiden orprothrombin G20210A mutations, 25.8% of subjects (n=8)had anti-DFS antibodies. Moreover, anti-DFS titer wasassociated with serum alpha and gamma globulin levels(r=0.47, p=0.027; and r=0.39, p=0.045, respectively), butnot with inflammatory markers or D-dimer in VTE patients.

Conclusions: Anti-DFS antibodies are present in <5%of VTE patients and are associated with unprovoked VTEincluding that related to heritable thrombophilia. It mightsuggest that these antibodies are involved in the pathogenesisof idiopathic VTE.

Aim: To assess risk factors andprognosis in patients with ST-segmentelevation myocardial infarction(STEMI) and cardiogenic shock (CS)in Poland.

Methods: Data from The PolishRegistry of Acute Coronary Syndromes(PL-ACS) were analysed in2008-2012. A total of 57400 consecutiveSTEMI patients included. The resultsof treatment and prognosis of patientswith and without CS were compared.An additional analysis of the prognosisof men and women with CS wasperformed.

Results: There were 34.2% ofwomen and 65.8% of men. CS wasdiagnosed in 3589 (6.3%) patients (females7.3% vs. males 5.7%, p<0.003).In multivariate analysis CS was thestrongest factor affecting both inhospital(OR 2.51; 95%CI 2.25-2.80;p<0.0001) and 12-month (OR 2.09;95%CI 1.96-2.24; p<0.0001) mortality.The worst prognosis was associatedwith pulmonary edema, advanced age,left or right bundle branch block, atrialfibrillation, and anterior MI. An earlyinvasive strategy up to six hours fromthe symptom onset were the only factorsreducing in-hospital and 12-monthmortality. Despite of high female ratioin the group with CS and higher mortalityin the female group, the femalesex did not influence the in-hospitalprognosis.

Conclusion: In spite of enormousprogress in the treatment of STEMI cardiogenicshock remains an importantcomplication affecting the in-hospitaland long-term prognosis. A symptomonset-to-treatment time is the key elementin the management of patientswith CS. Proper diagnosis and managementincluding wide interventionalstrategy implementation increase thesurvival chance. An intensive studyon novel treatment modalities and oneffective identification methods of patientsat risk and are warranted.

Introduction: The aim of our studywas to assess electrocardiographicabnormalities on the standard ECGand Holter monitoring in patients withsystemic sclerosis.

Materials and methods: 70 patients with systemic sclerosis and 20healthy individuals were included inthe study. Mean disease duration was100,8 ± 95,79 months. The followingelectrocardiographic parameters wereassessed: driving rhythm, P wave, PQinterval, atrio-ventricular and intraventricularconduction disturbances,ST-T complex abnormalities, meanheart rate, presence of conductiondisturbances, supraventricular andventricular arrhythmias. We evaluatedif there could be any relationshipbetween the Raynaud’s phenomenonor disease duration and electrocardiographicabnormalities.

Results: We found that patientswith systemic sclerosis had higherburden of supraventricular and ventriculararrhythmias than individualsin the control group. The longer durationof the Raynaud’s phenomenon orsystemic sclerosis the higher incidenceof these arrhythmias could befound. Patients with supraventriculararrhythmias were more often in NYHAclass I/II heart failure whilst patientswith ventricular arrhythmias were inNYHA class II.

Conclusions: Patients with thelongstanding Raynaud’s phenomenonand systemic sclerosis are at a highrisk of developing cardiac arrhythmias.It seems that a vigilant electrocardiographicmonitoring could increasepatients safety.

The discovery of a receptor for vitamin D in most cells suggested a role in other body systems, not only the impact on the body's calcium economy. Epidemiological studies found that lower levels of cholecalciferol coexists with cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the factors influencing the serum concentration of vitamin in the population of the region of Cracow and to assess and compare the rate of consumption of food products rich in vitamin D in patients with hypertension and with normal blood pressure. In the studied population, the higher the age of the subjects, and the later the month of the year the sample was taken, the lower the vitamin D serum concentrations. Low body mass index and body fat were associated with higher levels of cholecalciferol. Additionally, deficiency of vitamin D was caused by insufficient supply of food products rich in cholecalciferol.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) is a common complication being a consequence of metabolic disorders associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Treatment of the sHPT should lead to calcium-phosphate management stabilization and parathyroid hormone levels reduction. The phosphate binders, synthetic vitamin D analogs and calcimimetics are used in sHPT treatment. In this paper we analyzed the results of three month paricalcitol treatment of 36 hemodialysis patients with sHPT (serum iPTH> 500 pg/ml). 11 patients have additionally received cinacalcet. Analysis of the results showes a statistically significant reduction in iPTH and alkaline phosphatase. Paricalcitol is effecitve in the tratment of SHPT with favourable profile of side effects. Alcaline phosphatase reduction may be a desirable additional therapeuctic effect. However, it appears that combined therapy with paricalcitol and cinacalcet shoud be offered to selected population of patients i.e. with hypocalcemia after calcimimetics.