Progress in molecular biology and translational science最新文献

This chapter, "Implantable Biosensors: Advancements and Applications," provides a succinct overview of the state-of-the-art in implantable biosensor technology, highlighting both established clinical uses and promising areas of ongoing research. It begins by outlining the fundamental principles and advantages of these sensors, such as their precision in physiological monitoring and capability for real-time therapeutic interventions. A variety of implantable sensors are categorized, including biophysical and biochemical types, each designed for specific medical applications. In endocrinology, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems represent a pivotal and well-established use of implantable biosensors for diabetes management. In contrast, applications in ophthalmology, such as sensors for monitoring intraocular pressure to prevent glaucoma, are still under investigation and not yet widely adopted in clinical practice, though they hold significant promise. The chapter also explores potential applications across other medical fields, including cardiology, neurology, gastroenterology, pulmonology, otolaryngology, urology, orthopedics, pharmacology, and oncology. These areas are witnessing innovative research and development efforts aimed at harnessing the potential of implantable biosensors for enhanced patient care. The integration of these sensors with drug delivery systems and their role in real-time disease biomarker monitoring underscore their transformative potential. In summary, this chapter highlights the significant advancements in implantable biosensors, emphasizing their current clinical applications and future possibilities in revolutionizing medical diagnostics and treatment.

This chapter examines advancements and future trajectories in wearable biosensing technologies, a multidisciplinary field encompassing healthcare, materials science, and information technology. Wearable biosensors are revolutionizing real-time physiological and biochemical monitoring with applications in personalized health monitoring, disease diagnosis, fitness, and therapeutic interventions. In addition to Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless connectivity technologies such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and 5G, which facilitate transparent remote monitoring and data exchange, other notable innovations such as machine learning and artificial intelligence enhance real-time processing of data, predictive analytics, and personalized healthcare solutions. While lab-on-skin technologies support non-invasive continuous diagnostics, nanomaterials such as graphene and quantum dots have significantly enhanced the sensitivity and efficiency of sensors. Future developments will address multimodal sensor systems for comprehensive health monitoring, augmented reality/virtual reality (AR/VR) integration, and sustainable and self-healing biosensors. However, challenges related to scalability, commercialization, and environmentally conscious design persist. Significant case studies on diabetic management through continuous glucose monitoring and workplace stress monitoring conclude the chapter, highlighting the transformative potential of wearable biosensors in occupational health and healthcare.

Ingestible biosensors represent a transformative advancement in the field of personalized health monitoring, offering real-time insights into digestive health and nutritional status. These innovative devices, designed to travel through the gastrointestinal tract, are equipped with miniaturized sensors capable of detecting and analysing key biomarkers related to digestion and nutrient absorption. By providing continuous, non-invasive monitoring, ingestible biosensors enable early detection of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, personalized dietary adjustments, and enhanced understanding of gut microbiota dynamics. This chapter reviews the recent developments in ingestible biosensor technology, highlighting their potential to revolutionize health care by offering a more comprehensive and dynamic assessment of an individual nutritional and digestive health, leading to improved outcomes and patient engagement.

Clinical applications of protein and peptide-based therapeutics and vaccines are rapidly expanding. However, the development of promising new product candidates is often hindered by unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles, which necessitate the implementation of drug delivery systems to improve protein stability and bioavailability. Non-covalent modification of proteins with synthetic polyelectrolytes, which relies on the strength of cooperative multivalent interactions, may offer potential advantages. In contrast to commonly employed covalent conjugation or microencapsulation methodologies, this technology offers dynamic protection of the protein thereby minimizing the loss of its biological activity, enabling "mix-and-match" formulation approaches, reducing manufacturing costs and simplifying regulatory processes. The range of potential life sciences applications ranges from immunopotentiation and vaccine delivery systems to long-circulating stealth biotherapeutics. This review analyses current technology in the context of intended clinical indications and discusses various synthetic and formulation approaches leading to supramolecular complexation. It evaluates dynamic interactions of complexes with constituents of physiological compartments and attempts to identify critical factors that can affect future advancement of this paradigm-shifting protein delivery technology.

In recent years, the pursuit of efficient, reliable, customizable and sustainable power sources for wearable, ingestible and implantable (WII) biosensing technologies has intensified, aiming at effective energy management. This chapter overviews the recent developments on advanced energy storage systems for application as power sources in WII biosensing technologies. The progress in energy storage and harvesting technologies will be highlighted, ranging from batteries, supercapacitors and biofuel cells to wireless power transfer systems and self-powered energy harvesting/storage devices. Lastly, the key conclusions, current challenges, and future perspectives will be presented.

The advancement of biofluid-based biosensors (BBs) generates significant interest owing to their capacity for non-invasive, real-time health assessment. These biosensors, proficient in assessing biomarkers in body fluids like sweat, saliva, interstitial fluid, tears, blood, and urine, provide significant benefits in illness detection and individualized healthcare. Recent breakthroughs in sensor technology, encompassing the incorporation of nanomaterials, microfluidics, and wearable electronics, have markedly enhanced the sensitivity, specificity, and portability of biosensors. This chapter examines different types of biosensors, elucidating their functions and applications in the monitoring of various diseases, including metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, and cancer. It also tackles critical issues in the development and implementation of BBs, including attaining long-term stability, standardizing sampling techniques, and confirming their clinical diagnostic efficacy. Current trends are examined, especially the use of artificial intelligence and data analytics for biosensor data interpretation. Finally, the chapter provides some thoughts on the possible integration of these technologies into telemedicine and wearable health devices and their prospects for the future of digital healthcare.

Membrane-active peptides are found in many living organisms and play a critical role in their immune systems by combating various infectious diseases. These host defense peptides employ multiple mechanisms against different microorganisms and possess unique functions, such as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, often working in synergy with other antimicrobial agents. Despite extensive research over the past few decades and the identification of thousands of sequences, only a few have been successfully applied in clinical settings and received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In this chapter, we explore all peptide therapeutics that have reached the market, as well as candidates in preclinical and clinical trials, to understand their success and potential applications in cancer therapy. Our findings indicate that at least four membrane-active peptide drugs have progressed to preclinical or clinical phases, dmonstrating promising results for cancer treatment. We summarize our insights in this chapter, highlighting the potential of membrane-active anticancer peptide therapeutics and their applications as targeting ligands in various biomedical fields.

The peptide is a small unit of protein that exhibits a diverse range of therapeutic applications, including but not limited to respiratory, inflammatory, oncologic, metabolic and neurological disorders. Peptides also play a significant role in signal transduction in cells. This chapter focuses on the delivery of peptides through the utilization of various carrier molecules, including liposomes, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic materials. These carriers facilitate targeted delivery and site-specific delivery of peptides. Different nanocarriers and therapeutic drug molecules also help with the delivery of peptides. Application to various diseases and different routes of delivery are described in this manuscript, along with current limitations and future prospects.