Pub Date : 2017-05-26DOI: 10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935017
S. Mozar, W. Kao
In safety engineering there are occasions where a reading indicates that the result over the limit. For example if a measurement result is 5.51V, and the limit is 5.50V. Is such a reading outside the limit? Does a safety problem exist? The answer is not a simple yes or no. A number of considerations need to be made, for example how critical is this measurement for product safety? In other words is there a safety risk? To answer such a question we need to understand the effect of tolerances. This includes the tolerance of the measuring instrument used, and of the circuit being tested. First measurement errors are briefly reviewed, followed by a brief discussion of the statistical significance. Then statistical techniques and risk management are used to determine if the reading is out of tolerance and what is the likelihood of a safety issue. This may seem an “overkill”, but we consistently hear about consumer goods catching fire. One cell phone is banned by all airlines as the chances that it will catch fire is considered too high to put passengers' lives at risk. Safety engineering does not make adequate use of statistical analysis to understand and prevent unsafe conditions.
{"title":"What does it mean when your measurement is just within, or just outside of limits? Dealing with risks due to measurement errors and their implication on safety","authors":"S. Mozar, W. Kao","doi":"10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935017","url":null,"abstract":"In safety engineering there are occasions where a reading indicates that the result over the limit. For example if a measurement result is 5.51V, and the limit is 5.50V. Is such a reading outside the limit? Does a safety problem exist? The answer is not a simple yes or no. A number of considerations need to be made, for example how critical is this measurement for product safety? In other words is there a safety risk? To answer such a question we need to understand the effect of tolerances. This includes the tolerance of the measuring instrument used, and of the circuit being tested. First measurement errors are briefly reviewed, followed by a brief discussion of the statistical significance. Then statistical techniques and risk management are used to determine if the reading is out of tolerance and what is the likelihood of a safety issue. This may seem an “overkill”, but we consistently hear about consumer goods catching fire. One cell phone is banned by all airlines as the chances that it will catch fire is considered too high to put passengers' lives at risk. Safety engineering does not make adequate use of statistical analysis to understand and prevent unsafe conditions.","PeriodicalId":211888,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123305495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935021
Atsushi Sakurai
The introduction of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard 26262 “Road vehicles — Functional safety” in 2011 provided a state-of-the-art methodology for achieving functional safety in automotive electrical and/or electronic (E/E) systems. The standard defines the probabilistic metric for random hardware failures (PMHF) as the average probability of a violation of a safety goal associated with a failure over a vehicle's lifetime and architecture metrics. Although a PMHF formula is provided, the explanation of the standard is insufficient. In this paper, we propose a method to calculate the PMHF and expand the application to redundant subsystems that are not adequately described in the standard.
{"title":"Generalized formula for the calculation of a probabilistic metric for random hardware failures in redundant subsystems","authors":"Atsushi Sakurai","doi":"10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935021","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard 26262 “Road vehicles — Functional safety” in 2011 provided a state-of-the-art methodology for achieving functional safety in automotive electrical and/or electronic (E/E) systems. The standard defines the probabilistic metric for random hardware failures (PMHF) as the average probability of a violation of a safety goal associated with a failure over a vehicle's lifetime and architecture metrics. Although a PMHF formula is provided, the explanation of the standard is insufficient. In this paper, we propose a method to calculate the PMHF and expand the application to redundant subsystems that are not adequately described in the standard.","PeriodicalId":211888,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114497410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935015
Nicholas Piotrowski
The IEC 61010-1 3rd Edition standard for measurement and control equipment for laboratory use prohibits DC hipot testing on circuits energized by AC voltage. Originally, the 2nd edition of the standard allowed for both. With this change, there have been some unintended consequences for test houses and manufacturers. Often times, the AC hipot test causes false failures due to the capacitance of input and EMI filters. Furthermore, various studies have shown that the DC equivalent to an AC hipot test is acceptable for testing the quality of solid insulation. This calls into question the removal of allowing an equivalent DC hipot test for an AC hipot test.
{"title":"AC vs. DC dielectric withstand testing: Allowing AC or DC testing in 61010-1 3rd edition","authors":"Nicholas Piotrowski","doi":"10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935015","url":null,"abstract":"The IEC 61010-1 3rd Edition standard for measurement and control equipment for laboratory use prohibits DC hipot testing on circuits energized by AC voltage. Originally, the 2nd edition of the standard allowed for both. With this change, there have been some unintended consequences for test houses and manufacturers. Often times, the AC hipot test causes false failures due to the capacitance of input and EMI filters. Furthermore, various studies have shown that the DC equivalent to an AC hipot test is acceptable for testing the quality of solid insulation. This calls into question the removal of allowing an equivalent DC hipot test for an AC hipot test.","PeriodicalId":211888,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123268264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935019
Dan Roman, Craig N Harvey, Lauren Hutchison
The use of chemical substances and their potential impacts on human health and the environment is a concern world-wide. This paper looks at substances and substance restrictions, why they are restricted, and how they affect the safe use and disposal of electrical, toy, and medical products.
{"title":"Hazardous substance restrictions: And why they are restricted","authors":"Dan Roman, Craig N Harvey, Lauren Hutchison","doi":"10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935019","url":null,"abstract":"The use of chemical substances and their potential impacts on human health and the environment is a concern world-wide. This paper looks at substances and substance restrictions, why they are restricted, and how they affect the safe use and disposal of electrical, toy, and medical products.","PeriodicalId":211888,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122412269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935018
P. Do, Jacques Martin
The process of compliance testing for electrical equipment can be performed in a multitude of environments possessing various unique conditions that are potentially critical influences to the proper results of each test. This is particularly true when testing is performed outside of the controlled environment of a laboratory as it may be in field evaluation. The variations in these environmental conditions raise concerns as to the requirement for the compensation of results and their documentation based solely upon the severity of their influences. By researching the general effects of environmental factors, including ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity, on the various electrical properties of different electrical components and equipment, and applying such considerations to common compliance testing methods, the requirement for the technical documentation of these factors will be determined. The data analyzed suggested that each environmental factor exhibits similar effects to varying degrees when applied to the common compliance testing methods consisting of the dielectric strength test, leakage current test, ratings test, and temperature test. Ultimately, due to the variations in their significance when applied to common compliance testing methods, the consensus for evaluators of equipment to document environmental conditions in addition to compensating results is deemed necessary only while operating in environments to which specific conditions are severe enough to distort results.
{"title":"Environmental conditions during compliance testing: An analysis of impact and the need for documentation","authors":"P. Do, Jacques Martin","doi":"10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935018","url":null,"abstract":"The process of compliance testing for electrical equipment can be performed in a multitude of environments possessing various unique conditions that are potentially critical influences to the proper results of each test. This is particularly true when testing is performed outside of the controlled environment of a laboratory as it may be in field evaluation. The variations in these environmental conditions raise concerns as to the requirement for the compensation of results and their documentation based solely upon the severity of their influences. By researching the general effects of environmental factors, including ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity, on the various electrical properties of different electrical components and equipment, and applying such considerations to common compliance testing methods, the requirement for the technical documentation of these factors will be determined. The data analyzed suggested that each environmental factor exhibits similar effects to varying degrees when applied to the common compliance testing methods consisting of the dielectric strength test, leakage current test, ratings test, and temperature test. Ultimately, due to the variations in their significance when applied to common compliance testing methods, the consensus for evaluators of equipment to document environmental conditions in addition to compensating results is deemed necessary only while operating in environments to which specific conditions are severe enough to distort results.","PeriodicalId":211888,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128954710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935012
D. Gies
This paper explores the merger of power utility circuits with that of the information and communication technology (ICT) equipment under the smart grid and the safety implications that this poses, and determines what is the maximum voltage that ICT equipment, designed in accordance with IEC 62368-1 can directly access power-grid circuits.
{"title":"Safety of information and communication technology equipment used in smart grid applications","authors":"D. Gies","doi":"10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935012","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the merger of power utility circuits with that of the information and communication technology (ICT) equipment under the smart grid and the safety implications that this poses, and determines what is the maximum voltage that ICT equipment, designed in accordance with IEC 62368-1 can directly access power-grid circuits.","PeriodicalId":211888,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116201144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935013
R. Nute
Earthing (grounding) cord-connected products creates an equipotential environment for personnel which provides protection against electric shock. The earthing scheme can be functional only, a principal safeguard, a supplementary safeguard, a reinforced safeguard, or a combination of these safeguards. The principal safeguard function returns protective conductor currents to their source and prevents touch current. The supplemental safeguard function returns fault current to its source, limits accessible part voltage, and enables installation overcurrent operation. The reinforced safeguard function eliminates the supplementary safeguard.
{"title":"Grounding/earthing revisited","authors":"R. Nute","doi":"10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935013","url":null,"abstract":"Earthing (grounding) cord-connected products creates an equipotential environment for personnel which provides protection against electric shock. The earthing scheme can be functional only, a principal safeguard, a supplementary safeguard, a reinforced safeguard, or a combination of these safeguards. The principal safeguard function returns protective conductor currents to their source and prevents touch current. The supplemental safeguard function returns fault current to its source, limits accessible part voltage, and enables installation overcurrent operation. The reinforced safeguard function eliminates the supplementary safeguard.","PeriodicalId":211888,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126252509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935014
Matthew S. Yuen, J. Kirby, P. E. Perkins, A. Inan, Henry W. Benitez
As well known, ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) are used to protect people from electric shock. Recently, a manufacturer installed variable speed drives (VSDs) in all their products. After receiving feedback from their customers, they realized that their products would only work when powered through some GFCI outlets but not work when powered through others. To investigate this problem, the authors purchased different types of commercially available GFCIs and tested each using the standard Electrical Fast Transient (EFT) test. The purpose of the EFT test was to simulate the emissions of a variable speed drive. Three out of eight GFCIs tested were found to trip at different voltage levels indicating that the EFT test could be useful to differentiate the performance of different types of GFCIs in terms of their ability to handle impulses from VSD products.
{"title":"Why do GFCIs keep tripping? I thought this outlet worked before?","authors":"Matthew S. Yuen, J. Kirby, P. E. Perkins, A. Inan, Henry W. Benitez","doi":"10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935014","url":null,"abstract":"As well known, ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) are used to protect people from electric shock. Recently, a manufacturer installed variable speed drives (VSDs) in all their products. After receiving feedback from their customers, they realized that their products would only work when powered through some GFCI outlets but not work when powered through others. To investigate this problem, the authors purchased different types of commercially available GFCIs and tested each using the standard Electrical Fast Transient (EFT) test. The purpose of the EFT test was to simulate the emissions of a variable speed drive. Three out of eight GFCIs tested were found to trip at different voltage levels indicating that the EFT test could be useful to differentiate the performance of different types of GFCIs in terms of their ability to handle impulses from VSD products.","PeriodicalId":211888,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117022065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935016
Olorundare, James Kunle
Market Access determines the free flow of product at the international market. The market access depends on the components. In this paper, the components of the biggest market in Africa are discussed. The three components that facilitate the market access of the Information and Communication Equipment are: the Standards Organization of Nigeria Conformity Assessment Program (SONCAP), the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) Type Approval and the Nigeria Customs Service Import Procedures. At the border, the NCS ensures that the Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) and the NCC Rules are complied with before ICE can be imported into Nigeria. However, the NCC Regulation is based on the European Norms (EN) and deviates sometimes from the European Standards because of the peculiarity of the Nigerian environment. One of such is the Guideline for the Deployment of Broadband Service on 5.2GHz to 5.9GHz band. The paper elaborate the standards, the type approval process, the inherent risks and mitigation in the type approval procedure. The Radio and Telecommunication Terminal Equipment Directive applications as it relates to the NCC type approval are discussed vis-a-vis the NCC Type Approval Regulation, Guideline and other Nigerian Standards in equipment type approval.
{"title":"Market access into the biggest market in Africa: Nigeria","authors":"Olorundare, James Kunle","doi":"10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935016","url":null,"abstract":"Market Access determines the free flow of product at the international market. The market access depends on the components. In this paper, the components of the biggest market in Africa are discussed. The three components that facilitate the market access of the Information and Communication Equipment are: the Standards Organization of Nigeria Conformity Assessment Program (SONCAP), the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) Type Approval and the Nigeria Customs Service Import Procedures. At the border, the NCS ensures that the Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) and the NCC Rules are complied with before ICE can be imported into Nigeria. However, the NCC Regulation is based on the European Norms (EN) and deviates sometimes from the European Standards because of the peculiarity of the Nigerian environment. One of such is the Guideline for the Deployment of Broadband Service on 5.2GHz to 5.9GHz band. The paper elaborate the standards, the type approval process, the inherent risks and mitigation in the type approval procedure. The Radio and Telecommunication Terminal Equipment Directive applications as it relates to the NCC type approval are discussed vis-a-vis the NCC Type Approval Regulation, Guideline and other Nigerian Standards in equipment type approval.","PeriodicalId":211888,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114451549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935020
Silvia L. Diaz Monnier, Andrea M. Mendez, L. Gomez, Lucas D. Lago
This paper will address the general basis for the calculation of uncertainties in the practice for testing electrical and electronic equipments using safety standards, including some calculations for typical tests.
本文将讨论在使用安全标准测试电气和电子设备的实践中计算不确定度的一般依据，包括一些典型测试的计算。
{"title":"Basis for the estimation of measurement uncertainty in safety tests","authors":"Silvia L. Diaz Monnier, Andrea M. Mendez, L. Gomez, Lucas D. Lago","doi":"10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCE.2017.7935020","url":null,"abstract":"This paper will address the general basis for the calculation of uncertainties in the practice for testing electrical and electronic equipments using safety standards, including some calculations for typical tests.","PeriodicalId":211888,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131374511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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