Thomas Gomes dos Santos, A. Rosiak, D. R. Alba, Diego Pacheco Wermuth, Matheus Henrique Riffel, Rafael Pandolfo da Rocha, Lirio Schaeffe
Drawing is a manufacturing process that consists of indirect deformation by pulling the material through a tool with a conical geometry. The process is usually performed at room temperature (cold forming), so the selection of effective lubricants is critical. If lubrication is inadequate, there is a high risk that both, tool and the manufactured wire, will fail. In this study, annealed AISI 1020 steel rods were drawn and the effectiveness of three different industrial lubricants was tested. During the process, the drawing force values were recorded and used to determine the friction coefficient that developed under each lubrication condition. Numerical simulations were performed to further understand the process. Based on the experimental and numerical results, qualitative and quantitative analysis were performed for each condition. Among the different lubricants used in this study, zinc stearate showed the lowest value for drawing force, 18.8 kN, followed by Lub A and B with values of 20 kN and 20.6 kN, respectively. The numerical models showed excellent approximation to the force values determined in the tests. The values for the coefficient of friction obtained by both the numerical analysis and the empirical model indicate that zinc stearate has the highest lubricating effect among the lubricants focused on this study.
{"title":"Experimental-numerical analysis to determine the efficiency of industrial lubricants in wire drawing process","authors":"Thomas Gomes dos Santos, A. Rosiak, D. R. Alba, Diego Pacheco Wermuth, Matheus Henrique Riffel, Rafael Pandolfo da Rocha, Lirio Schaeffe","doi":"10.3989/revmetalm.234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.234","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing is a manufacturing process that consists of indirect deformation by pulling the material through a tool with a conical geometry. The process is usually performed at room temperature (cold forming), so the selection of effective lubricants is critical. If lubrication is inadequate, there is a high risk that both, tool and the manufactured wire, will fail. In this study, annealed AISI 1020 steel rods were drawn and the effectiveness of three different industrial lubricants was tested. During the process, the drawing force values were recorded and used to determine the friction coefficient that developed under each lubrication condition. Numerical simulations were performed to further understand the process. Based on the experimental and numerical results, qualitative and quantitative analysis were performed for each condition. Among the different lubricants used in this study, zinc stearate showed the lowest value for drawing force, 18.8 kN, followed by Lub A and B with values of 20 kN and 20.6 kN, respectively. The numerical models showed excellent approximation to the force values determined in the tests. The values for the coefficient of friction obtained by both the numerical analysis and the empirical model indicate that zinc stearate has the highest lubricating effect among the lubricants focused on this study.","PeriodicalId":21206,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Metalurgia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46009870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Pérez-Soriano, Isabel Montealegre-Meléndez, C. Arévalo, M. Kitzmantel, E. Neubauer
Regarding titanium matrix composites (TMCs), their properties strongly depend on the reinforcement material employed for their manufacturing; this may lead to a multitude of investigations on TMCs. Considering the diverse typology of the reinforcement, six types of ceramic particles were tested in this investigation: B4C, SiB6, TiB2, TiC, TiN, and BN. In order to compare their behaviour and their own influence on the properties of the TMCs, the same ratio was employed in the starting materials, 30% volume. Among the techniques for developing TMCs, a significant number of authors propose Powder Metallurgy as a favourable route. In this framework, the novel Rapid Sinter Pressing technique was employed to perform the present study, due to its flexibility, repeatability, and reproducibility, as well as short-run cycle times. The processing temperature (930 °C) was set with the intention of evaluating how the reinforcements behave differently depending on their reactivity with the Ti matrix. In this regard, the main objective of the research was to carry out a comparison on the behaviour of seven TMCs fabricated with similar operational parameters via RSP.
{"title":"Comparative study of the behaviour of several reinforcement materials in titanium matrix produced by Rapid Sinter Pressing Manufacturing","authors":"E. Pérez-Soriano, Isabel Montealegre-Meléndez, C. Arévalo, M. Kitzmantel, E. Neubauer","doi":"10.3989/revmetalm.229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.229","url":null,"abstract":"Regarding titanium matrix composites (TMCs), their properties strongly depend on the reinforcement material employed for their manufacturing; this may lead to a multitude of investigations on TMCs. Considering the diverse typology of the reinforcement, six types of ceramic particles were tested in this investigation: B4C, SiB6, TiB2, TiC, TiN, and BN. In order to compare their behaviour and their own influence on the properties of the TMCs, the same ratio was employed in the starting materials, 30% volume. Among the techniques for developing TMCs, a significant number of authors propose Powder Metallurgy as a favourable route. In this framework, the novel Rapid Sinter Pressing technique was employed to perform the present study, due to its flexibility, repeatability, and reproducibility, as well as short-run cycle times. The processing temperature (930 °C) was set with the intention of evaluating how the reinforcements behave differently depending on their reactivity with the Ti matrix. In this regard, the main objective of the research was to carry out a comparison on the behaviour of seven TMCs fabricated with similar operational parameters via RSP.","PeriodicalId":21206,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Metalurgia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44708123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Chanakyan, D. A. Prabu, S. Alagarsamy, M. Martin Charles
In this investigation, the mechanical behaviour and microstructural examination of friction stir processed (FSP) Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welded aluminium dissimilar alloys has been studied. The research is proposed to enhance the mechanical characteristics of the aluminium alloy 5052-H32 and aluminium alloy 5083-H111 TIG FSP welded joints. Initially, the TIG welding was done to join aluminium alloy 5052-H32 and aluminium alloy 5083-H111 by employing a ER5356 filler rod. TIG welding is performed by using the following parameters: tungsten electrode diameter (2.4 mm), Current (170 A) and a shielding gas flow rate (argon) (11 l·min-1). Secondarily, the FSP is carried out on TIG welded aluminium alloy 5052-H32 and aluminium alloy 5083-H111 by using different tool rotation speeds (850 to 1050 rpm), tool traverse speeds (24 to 32 mm·min-1) and different number of passes (1 to 3) with a cylindrical pin less tool. The FSP parameters are designed by the Taguchi L9 array to compute the optimized parameters. The tensile strength, microhardness and % of elongation are determined for a total of nine specimens. Finally, the grey relational analysis (GRA) is employed to find out the best FSP parameter out of the set of FSP parameters. The optimal parameters of FSP are a tool rotation speed of 950 rpm, tool traverse speed of 28 mm/min and number of passes of 3. The number of passes are the most influencing factor when compared to other two FSP parameters.
{"title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties on friction stir processed TIG welded dissimilar joints of AA5052-H32 and AA5083-H111 alloys by grey approach","authors":"C. Chanakyan, D. A. Prabu, S. Alagarsamy, M. Martin Charles","doi":"10.3989/revmetalm.230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.230","url":null,"abstract":"In this investigation, the mechanical behaviour and microstructural examination of friction stir processed (FSP) Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welded aluminium dissimilar alloys has been studied. The research is proposed to enhance the mechanical characteristics of the aluminium alloy 5052-H32 and aluminium alloy 5083-H111 TIG FSP welded joints. Initially, the TIG welding was done to join aluminium alloy 5052-H32 and aluminium alloy 5083-H111 by employing a ER5356 filler rod. TIG welding is performed by using the following parameters: tungsten electrode diameter (2.4 mm), Current (170 A) and a shielding gas flow rate (argon) (11 l·min-1). Secondarily, the FSP is carried out on TIG welded aluminium alloy 5052-H32 and aluminium alloy 5083-H111 by using different tool rotation speeds (850 to 1050 rpm), tool traverse speeds (24 to 32 mm·min-1) and different number of passes (1 to 3) with a cylindrical pin less tool. The FSP parameters are designed by the Taguchi L9 array to compute the optimized parameters. The tensile strength, microhardness and % of elongation are determined for a total of nine specimens. Finally, the grey relational analysis (GRA) is employed to find out the best FSP parameter out of the set of FSP parameters. The optimal parameters of FSP are a tool rotation speed of 950 rpm, tool traverse speed of 28 mm/min and number of passes of 3. The number of passes are the most influencing factor when compared to other two FSP parameters.","PeriodicalId":21206,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Metalurgia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42664741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara I. Zesati-Belmontes, E. López-Baltazar, J. J. Ruiz-Mondragón, H. Ruiz-Luna, F. Alvarado-Hernández, V. Baltazar-Hernández
ABSTRACT Two macro-roughness patterns namely spiral grooving and diamond knurling were performed on an AISI/SAE 1045 cylindrical steel bar. Al2O3 + 13 wt.-% TiO2 powder was deposited by utilizing a multi-pass torch. Microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance were analyzed. The presence of both γ-Al2O3 and α-Al2O3 throughout the coating was promoted by partially melted and un-melted particles; however, the formation of interlayers of hard α-Al2O3 was influenced by the re-heating during the multi-pass torch causing transformation from γ-Al2O3→α-Al2O3. Knurling pattern specimens contained less defects owe to a suitable splat accommodation thus strengthening the inter-splat anchorage. The improved sliding wear resistance was influenced by both the combination of γ-Al2O3 (toughness) and α-Al2O3 (hardness) phases and, predominantly by the reduced porosity and micro-cracks in specimens with the knurling pattern.
{"title":"Effect of surface macroroughness on the microstructure and sliding wear properties of Al2O3 + 13 wt.% TiO2 thick coatings","authors":"Sara I. Zesati-Belmontes, E. López-Baltazar, J. J. Ruiz-Mondragón, H. Ruiz-Luna, F. Alvarado-Hernández, V. Baltazar-Hernández","doi":"10.3989/revmetalm.232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.232","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT \u0000 \u0000Two macro-roughness patterns namely spiral grooving and diamond knurling were performed on an AISI/SAE 1045 cylindrical steel bar. Al2O3 + 13 wt.-% TiO2 powder was deposited by utilizing a multi-pass torch. Microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance were analyzed. The presence of both γ-Al2O3 and α-Al2O3 throughout the coating was promoted by partially melted and un-melted particles; however, the formation of interlayers of hard α-Al2O3 was influenced by the re-heating during the multi-pass torch causing transformation from γ-Al2O3→α-Al2O3. Knurling pattern specimens contained less defects owe to a suitable splat accommodation thus strengthening the inter-splat anchorage. The improved sliding wear resistance was influenced by both the combination of γ-Al2O3 (toughness) and α-Al2O3 (hardness) phases and, predominantly by the reduced porosity and micro-cracks in specimens with the knurling pattern. \u0000","PeriodicalId":21206,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Metalurgia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44550153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ion exchange resin Amberlite 958 was used to investigate its behaviour on the removal of hazardous vanadium(V) from aqueous media. This investigation was carried out under various hydrodynamic conditions and chemical conditions, such as variation of the stirring speed, variation of the pH of the aqueous solution, resin dosage, initial vanadium(V) in the aqueous solution, and temperature. Vanadium(V) uptake onto the resin was highly dependent on the pH of the solution, and thus, to the vanadium(V) speciation in this phase; the ion exchange process had an endothermic character. The experimental data, under different experimental conditions, were fitted to various models: kinetics (stirring speed), rate law (vanadium concentration) and model isotherms (resin dosage). Multiwalled carbon nanotubes were also investigated on vanadium(V) removal from the solution. Vanadium(V) loaded onto the resin can be eluted under acidic conditions.
{"title":"The removal of toxic metals from liquid effluents by ion exchange resins. Part XVIII: Vanadium(V)/H+/Amberlite 958","authors":"F. J. Alguacil, E. Escudero","doi":"10.3989/revmetalm.227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.227","url":null,"abstract":"The ion exchange resin Amberlite 958 was used to investigate its behaviour on the removal of hazardous vanadium(V) from aqueous media. This investigation was carried out under various hydrodynamic conditions and chemical conditions, such as variation of the stirring speed, variation of the pH of the aqueous solution, resin dosage, initial vanadium(V) in the aqueous solution, and temperature. Vanadium(V) uptake onto the resin was highly dependent on the pH of the solution, and thus, to the vanadium(V) speciation in this phase; the ion exchange process had an endothermic character. The experimental data, under different experimental conditions, were fitted to various models: kinetics (stirring speed), rate law (vanadium concentration) and model isotherms (resin dosage). Multiwalled carbon nanotubes were also investigated on vanadium(V) removal from the solution. Vanadium(V) loaded onto the resin can be eluted under acidic conditions.","PeriodicalId":21206,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Metalurgia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45087533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was conducted to clarify the effect of various variables such as the type of electric discharge machining, discharge current and reinforcement content of B4C-reinforced Al alloy metal matrix composite on workpiece removal rate, electrode wear rate and material removed per discharge pulse, which are not extensively explored in the literature. B4C-reinforced Al2014 matrix composite samples containing 5 and 10 vol.-% B4C particles, produced by vacuum infiltration method, were machined with electric discharge machining and powder mixed electric discharge machining at various discharge current settings. In both types of machining processes, the workpiece removal rate and electrode wear rates decreased and increased, respectively, when the reinforcement contents of the composites increased. However, powder-mixed electric discharge machining enhanced the machining stability, and a comparatively higher workpiece removal rate was observed with a decreased electrode wear rate. On the other hand, by increasing the discharge current, which was also verified as the most effective machining parameter in variance analysis, both workpiece removal rate and electrode wear rate values increased in both machining techniques. The experimentally calculated volumetric workpiece material removed by a discharge pulse was compared to that of a model in the literature, and they were also found to be consistent with each other.
{"title":"Machinability of B4C-reinforced Al2014 metal matrix composites in electric discharge machining","authors":"Omid Farid Ahmadinia, Gökhan Küçüktürk, Ferah Sucularlı, Hakan Gürün","doi":"10.3989/revmetalm.228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.228","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to clarify the effect of various variables such as the type of electric discharge machining, discharge current and reinforcement content of B4C-reinforced Al alloy metal matrix composite on workpiece removal rate, electrode wear rate and material removed per discharge pulse, which are not extensively explored in the literature. B4C-reinforced Al2014 matrix composite samples containing 5 and 10 vol.-% B4C particles, produced by vacuum infiltration method, were machined with electric discharge machining and powder mixed electric discharge machining at various discharge current settings. In both types of machining processes, the workpiece removal rate and electrode wear rates decreased and increased, respectively, when the reinforcement contents of the composites increased. However, powder-mixed electric discharge machining enhanced the machining stability, and a comparatively higher workpiece removal rate was observed with a decreased electrode wear rate. On the other hand, by increasing the discharge current, which was also verified as the most effective machining parameter in variance analysis, both workpiece removal rate and electrode wear rate values increased in both machining techniques. The experimentally calculated volumetric workpiece material removed by a discharge pulse was compared to that of a model in the literature, and they were also found to be consistent with each other.","PeriodicalId":21206,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Metalurgia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48522217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. M. Juárez-García, J. Morales-Hernández, A. Gutiérrez-Peralta, E. Cruz-Valeriano, R. Ramírez-Bon, J. M. Yañez Limon
This study presents the synthesis and characterization of TiN hard coatings as a candidate reference material for surface metrology in chemistry. TiN coatings were grown on a silicon wafer with (111) orientation using dc reactive magnetron sputtering. X-ray diffraction confirms that the diffraction phase of TiN coatings is polycrystalline, electron microscopy demonstrates that the TiN coatings presents pyramidal-shaped grains ranging from sub-micrometer to nano-size scale and with an average thickness of 666 nm. According to micro Raman results, the presence of LO phonon modes confirms that the TiN coatings are crystalline in nature and no impurities are detected. The mechanical properties at the nanoscale are evaluated using resonance tracking acoustic force atomic microscopy. The chemical composition of the TiN reveals a close 1:1 atomic ratio. The ANOVA is used to evaluate the homogeneity of the TiN via a homogeneity test according to the ISO Guide 35:2017, while, regarding the chemical composition of the Ti, the Fisher’s test demonstrates that the batch can be considered as homogeneous.
{"title":"TiN hard coating as a candidate reference material for surface metrology in chemistry: characterization and quantification by bulk and surface analyses techniques","authors":"J. M. Juárez-García, J. Morales-Hernández, A. Gutiérrez-Peralta, E. Cruz-Valeriano, R. Ramírez-Bon, J. M. Yañez Limon","doi":"10.3989/revmetalm.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.231","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the synthesis and characterization of TiN hard coatings as a candidate reference material for surface metrology in chemistry. TiN coatings were grown on a silicon wafer with (111) orientation using dc reactive magnetron sputtering. X-ray diffraction confirms that the diffraction phase of TiN coatings is polycrystalline, electron microscopy demonstrates that the TiN coatings presents pyramidal-shaped grains ranging from sub-micrometer to nano-size scale and with an average thickness of 666 nm. According to micro Raman results, the presence of LO phonon modes confirms that the TiN coatings are crystalline in nature and no impurities are detected. The mechanical properties at the nanoscale are evaluated using resonance tracking acoustic force atomic microscopy. The chemical composition of the TiN reveals a close 1:1 atomic ratio. The ANOVA is used to evaluate the homogeneity of the TiN via a homogeneity test according to the ISO Guide 35:2017, while, regarding the chemical composition of the Ti, the Fisher’s test demonstrates that the batch can be considered as homogeneous.","PeriodicalId":21206,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Metalurgia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47217267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study reviews the possibilities of recovering the pickling waters from carbon and galvanised steel. Acid pickling with hydrochloric acid (HCl) is the most widely used chemical process to remove iron oxides from the metal surface without any significant attack on the steel itself. The acid pickling bath contains mainly ferrous chloride (FeCl2) produced by the reaction between the steel and free hydrochloric acid. However, zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is also found in the pickling of carbon steel parts prior to galvanisation, as the hooks and tools used to hang the carbon steel parts are also galvanised and reuse again polluting with Zn the pickling waters. Pickling water recovery or recycling technologies primarily seek the reuse of HCl in two ways. Partially by recovering the unreacted HCl or fully by breaking the FeCl2 bond through Pyrolysis technologies such as fluidised bed and spray roasting which in turn produces another iron oxide by-product. However, the most common by-product produced by pickling water recovery and recycling technologies is ferric chloride (FeCl3), as it is a coagulant widely used in wastewater treatment. However, if the pickling water contains ZnCl2 or other metals, the production of FeCl3 becomes unattractive and the pickling water is neutralised and deposited in landfill sites. This study also discusses a wide range of technologies capable of recovering all or part of the pickling water, including galvanic pickling water, that are usually excluded from circular economy strategies.
{"title":"Acid pickling of carbon steel","authors":"Arkaiz Anderez, F. J. Alguacil, F. López","doi":"10.3989/revmetalm.226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.226","url":null,"abstract":"This study reviews the possibilities of recovering the pickling waters from carbon and galvanised steel. Acid pickling with hydrochloric acid (HCl) is the most widely used chemical process to remove iron oxides from the metal surface without any significant attack on the steel itself. The acid pickling bath contains mainly ferrous chloride (FeCl2) produced by the reaction between the steel and free hydrochloric acid. However, zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is also found in the pickling of carbon steel parts prior to galvanisation, as the hooks and tools used to hang the carbon steel parts are also galvanised and reuse again polluting with Zn the pickling waters. Pickling water recovery or recycling technologies primarily seek the reuse of HCl in two ways. Partially by recovering the unreacted HCl or fully by breaking the FeCl2 bond through Pyrolysis technologies such as fluidised bed and spray roasting which in turn produces another iron oxide by-product. However, the most common by-product produced by pickling water recovery and recycling technologies is ferric chloride (FeCl3), as it is a coagulant widely used in wastewater treatment. However, if the pickling water contains ZnCl2 or other metals, the production of FeCl3 becomes unattractive and the pickling water is neutralised and deposited in landfill sites. This study also discusses a wide range of technologies capable of recovering all or part of the pickling water, including galvanic pickling water, that are usually excluded from circular economy strategies.","PeriodicalId":21206,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Metalurgia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48668816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diffusion bonding has been successfully used to join dissimilar high-strength aluminium alloys. In bonding AA2014 with AA7075 aluminium alloy, the main diffusion bonding process parameters were optimized to achieve optimum shear and ram tensile strengths. For the strategical planning of experiments, the design of experiment concept was used, as well as the response surface methodology to create statistical models for optimizing the process parameters. The bond strength improved as the interface thickness increased, but above 6 µm (at about 375 °C), the bond strength began to deteriorate. Similarly, the stiffness of the joint interface increased as the process temperature increased due to the development of interfacial phases. The empirical findings were evaluated, and the optimal bonding range was determined in order to maximize the bond’s shear and ram tensile strength.
{"title":"Mechanical properties optimization and microstructures of diffusion bonded AA2014/AA7075 al alloys","authors":"A. S. Francis Britto, Joseph Selvi Binoj","doi":"10.3989/revmetalm.225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.225","url":null,"abstract":"Diffusion bonding has been successfully used to join dissimilar high-strength aluminium alloys. In bonding AA2014 with AA7075 aluminium alloy, the main diffusion bonding process parameters were optimized to achieve optimum shear and ram tensile strengths. For the strategical planning of experiments, the design of experiment concept was used, as well as the response surface methodology to create statistical models for optimizing the process parameters. The bond strength improved as the interface thickness increased, but above 6 µm (at about 375 °C), the bond strength began to deteriorate. Similarly, the stiffness of the joint interface increased as the process temperature increased due to the development of interfacial phases. The empirical findings were evaluated, and the optimal bonding range was determined in order to maximize the bond’s shear and ram tensile strength.","PeriodicalId":21206,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Metalurgia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45671665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ti-containing steel weld metals with boron addition contents of 0-85 ppm were prepared, and their microstructural characteristics as well as the impact toughness were investigated. The results show that in these microstructures, compared to the weld metal without boron, the addition of 22-39 ppm boron results in a remarkable increase in the amount of acicular ferrite at the expense of grain boundary ferrite, idiomorphic ferrite and side-plate ferrite. However, with a further increase in the boron content up to 61-85 ppm, the bainitic ferrite is formed, accompanied with a drop in the amount of acicular ferrite. In the acicular ferrite, the size of martensite-austenite (M/A) islands is much smaller, and the amount is much lower than those found in the bainitic ferrite. In the case of the weld metals primarily composed of acicular ferrite, during the fracture of the impact specimens, the crack propagation path is more bent in comparison with the weld metals with large amounts of grain boundary ferrite, idiomorphic ferrite, side-plate ferrite or bainitic ferrite, which that the presence of acicular ferrite improves the toughness of the weld metals. The coarse martensite-austenite islands readily induce micro-cracks at the interface between martensite-austenite islands and ferrite matrix, deteriorating the toughness. The weld metals with B contents of 22-39 ppm exhibit outstanding impact toughness because of high amount of acicular ferrite, accompanied with fine martensite-austenite islands.
{"title":"Effect of boron treatment on the microstructure and toughness of Ti-containing steel weld metals","authors":"Zhanxin Cui, Bing Wang","doi":"10.3989/revmetalm.223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.223","url":null,"abstract":"Ti-containing steel weld metals with boron addition contents of 0-85 ppm were prepared, and their microstructural characteristics as well as the impact toughness were investigated. The results show that in these microstructures, compared to the weld metal without boron, the addition of 22-39 ppm boron results in a remarkable increase in the amount of acicular ferrite at the expense of grain boundary ferrite, idiomorphic ferrite and side-plate ferrite. However, with a further increase in the boron content up to 61-85 ppm, the bainitic ferrite is formed, accompanied with a drop in the amount of acicular ferrite. In the acicular ferrite, the size of martensite-austenite (M/A) islands is much smaller, and the amount is much lower than those found in the bainitic ferrite. In the case of the weld metals primarily composed of acicular ferrite, during the fracture of the impact specimens, the crack propagation path is more bent in comparison with the weld metals with large amounts of grain boundary ferrite, idiomorphic ferrite, side-plate ferrite or bainitic ferrite, which that the presence of acicular ferrite improves the toughness of the weld metals. The coarse martensite-austenite islands readily induce micro-cracks at the interface between martensite-austenite islands and ferrite matrix, deteriorating the toughness. The weld metals with B contents of 22-39 ppm exhibit outstanding impact toughness because of high amount of acicular ferrite, accompanied with fine martensite-austenite islands.","PeriodicalId":21206,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Metalurgia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47156121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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