This paper describes concepts and tools behind macroprudential monitoring, and the growing importance of macroprudential tools for assessing the stability of financial systems. This paper also employs a macroprudential approach in examining financial soundness and identifying its determinants. Using data from selected developing economies in Asia, South America, and Europe, as well as selected economies from the developed world, panel regressions are estimated to quantify the impacts of the major influences on key financial soundness indicators, including capital adequacy, asset quality, and earnings and profitability.
{"title":"A Macroprudential Framework for Monitoring and Examining Financial Soundness","authors":"L. Schou-Zibell, J. Albert, Lei Lei Song","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1587812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1587812","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes concepts and tools behind macroprudential monitoring, and the growing importance of macroprudential tools for assessing the stability of financial systems. This paper also employs a macroprudential approach in examining financial soundness and identifying its determinants. Using data from selected developing economies in Asia, South America, and Europe, as well as selected economies from the developed world, panel regressions are estimated to quantify the impacts of the major influences on key financial soundness indicators, including capital adequacy, asset quality, and earnings and profitability.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121213160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose - This study aims to investigate the differences in earnings quality of Malaysian companies after the adoption of IFRS-based accounting standards named FRS. Design/methodology/approach - It is hypothesize that under the new set of accounting standards, the quality of earnings reported by these companies is relatively higher. Specifically, the study tests whether the level of earnings management is significantly lower after the adoption of IFRS, and reported earnings is more value relevant during the IFRS period. This study uses a large sample of 4,010 observations over a three-year period before and a three-year period after the adoption of the new set of accounting standards. Findings - The results show that IFRS adoption is associated with higher quality of reported earnings. It is found that earnings reported during the period after the adoption of IFRS is associated with lower earnings management and higher value relevant. Originality/value - The results of this study contribute additional evidence to the literature on earnings quality and the impact of IFRS adoption. As most of the existing studies on earnings quality and IFRS have been conducted on data from the U.S and European countries, this study fills a gap in the existing literature by studying the effect of adoption of IFRS on earnings quality in an emerging market.
{"title":"Earnings Quality and the Adoption of IFRS-Based Accounting Standards: Evidence from an Emerging Market","authors":"Wan Adibah Wan Ismail, Tony van Zijl, K. Dunstan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1566634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1566634","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose - This study aims to investigate the differences in earnings quality of Malaysian companies after the adoption of IFRS-based accounting standards named FRS. Design/methodology/approach - It is hypothesize that under the new set of accounting standards, the quality of earnings reported by these companies is relatively higher. Specifically, the study tests whether the level of earnings management is significantly lower after the adoption of IFRS, and reported earnings is more value relevant during the IFRS period. This study uses a large sample of 4,010 observations over a three-year period before and a three-year period after the adoption of the new set of accounting standards. Findings - The results show that IFRS adoption is associated with higher quality of reported earnings. It is found that earnings reported during the period after the adoption of IFRS is associated with lower earnings management and higher value relevant. Originality/value - The results of this study contribute additional evidence to the literature on earnings quality and the impact of IFRS adoption. As most of the existing studies on earnings quality and IFRS have been conducted on data from the U.S and European countries, this study fills a gap in the existing literature by studying the effect of adoption of IFRS on earnings quality in an emerging market.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127526909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper offers a preliminary assessment of the potential benefits and costs of an economic and monetary union (EMU) between the Dominican Republic and Haiti -- two countries sharing the same island but whose history is one of conflict and divergent economic prospects in recent decades. After a brief review of the historical context, it examines the nature of these potential benefits and costs. It then conducts a preliminary analysis (using basic statistical techniques) of some key criteria for the formation of an economic and monetary union between the two countries. A more formal analysis of business cycle synchronization, based on basic and extended integrated vector auto-regression models with exogenous variables (VARX), is developed next. Overall, the analysis suggests that at this stage several economic criteria are not satisfied for the two countries to fully benefit from an economic and monetary union. At the same time, however, the endogeneity of most of these criteria (including the degree of business cycle synchronization) militates in favor of an aggressive medium-term agenda for integration between them.
{"title":"Till Geography Do Us Part? Prolegomena to an Economic and Monetary Union between the Dominican Republic and Haiti","authors":"E. Moreira","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-5241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5241","url":null,"abstract":"This paper offers a preliminary assessment of the potential benefits and costs of an economic and monetary union (EMU) between the Dominican Republic and Haiti -- two countries sharing the same island but whose history is one of conflict and divergent economic prospects in recent decades. After a brief review of the historical context, it examines the nature of these potential benefits and costs. It then conducts a preliminary analysis (using basic statistical techniques) of some key criteria for the formation of an economic and monetary union between the two countries. A more formal analysis of business cycle synchronization, based on basic and extended integrated vector auto-regression models with exogenous variables (VARX), is developed next. Overall, the analysis suggests that at this stage several economic criteria are not satisfied for the two countries to fully benefit from an economic and monetary union. At the same time, however, the endogeneity of most of these criteria (including the degree of business cycle synchronization) militates in favor of an aggressive medium-term agenda for integration between them.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126031195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To develop an economic forum in South and Central Asian region is possible if the underlying various environmental, political and regional conflicts are solved, which makes the economic cooperation and integration near to impossible. The western countries are now eyeing the Asian countries where population is abundant which can be targeted as customers. There is still prevalence of recession in certain areas but Asian countries are far less affected by this factor, it can be a connecting line for global players to enter this region for trade and investments. The trade barriers and sanctions also hinder the road to economic integration in the region. However based on personal analysis of different factors, economic integration may exist on certain consensus and initiative from strong players. The basic underlying objective of this concept paper is to develop a model which works on the rule of assembling the neighbors and start a multilateral process of economic integration. The success of this forum can be assumed for connecting line for establishing common institutions for economic integration e.g Common Central Bank, Basket Currency for the region etc.
{"title":"South & Central Asian Economic Forum (SCAEF)","authors":"Abdul Moeed Qureshi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1559294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1559294","url":null,"abstract":"To develop an economic forum in South and Central Asian region is possible if the underlying various environmental, political and regional conflicts are solved, which makes the economic cooperation and integration near to impossible. The western countries are now eyeing the Asian countries where population is abundant which can be targeted as customers. There is still prevalence of recession in certain areas but Asian countries are far less affected by this factor, it can be a connecting line for global players to enter this region for trade and investments. The trade barriers and sanctions also hinder the road to economic integration in the region. However based on personal analysis of different factors, economic integration may exist on certain consensus and initiative from strong players. The basic underlying objective of this concept paper is to develop a model which works on the rule of assembling the neighbors and start a multilateral process of economic integration. The success of this forum can be assumed for connecting line for establishing common institutions for economic integration e.g Common Central Bank, Basket Currency for the region etc.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131254951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the 21st century knowledge economy, education plays an increasingly important role in preparing new labor market entrants for the workforce and providing skill upgrading throughout the working career. The vital role of education is propelled by the rapid pace of technological change, as well as the interdependent, global economy, forces that together demand a workforce with the capacity for leadership, problem solving, and collaboration and communication in a wide range of economic sectors. Within this context, the education and workforce development systems are critical for supporting human capital development throughout the life course. This paper reviews these broader trends regarding the role of education in the labor market and then considers the implications for education in the countries of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), namely Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Where data are available, the paper examines patterns of educational attainment overall in these countries, evidence of the quality of the education systems and the graduates they produce, and the labor market benefits of higher educational attainment. It also assesses gender differences, where possible, in each of these indicators of interest. The paper concludes by enumerating several key challenges facing the Gulf countries in promoting strong education systems and well functioning labor markets to meet the labor force needs in the private and public sectors in the 21st century global economy.
{"title":"The Role of Education in Preparing Graduates for the Labor Market in the GCC Countries","authors":"L. Karoly","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1554716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1554716","url":null,"abstract":"In the 21st century knowledge economy, education plays an increasingly important role in preparing new labor market entrants for the workforce and providing skill upgrading throughout the working career. The vital role of education is propelled by the rapid pace of technological change, as well as the interdependent, global economy, forces that together demand a workforce with the capacity for leadership, problem solving, and collaboration and communication in a wide range of economic sectors. Within this context, the education and workforce development systems are critical for supporting human capital development throughout the life course. This paper reviews these broader trends regarding the role of education in the labor market and then considers the implications for education in the countries of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), namely Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Where data are available, the paper examines patterns of educational attainment overall in these countries, evidence of the quality of the education systems and the graduates they produce, and the labor market benefits of higher educational attainment. It also assesses gender differences, where possible, in each of these indicators of interest. The paper concludes by enumerating several key challenges facing the Gulf countries in promoting strong education systems and well functioning labor markets to meet the labor force needs in the private and public sectors in the 21st century global economy.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132995281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-02-09DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9310.2010.00600.x
Ying Guo, Lu Huang, A. Porter
Nanotechnology-enhanced thin-film solar cells constitute promising solar energy solutions and an important emerging application of nanotechnology. This paper profiles the research patterns via ‘tech mining’ to capture key technological attributes, leading actors and networks. We compare the leading countries, and key organizations, in terms of R&D quantity, impact and diversity. We find that India is a leader in this field, which is a little surprising. India and China show strong trends of relative increase in both research activity and impact. One German organization appears as especially productive and the central node in Germany's research network, which contrasts with the diffused network of the United States. International collaboration patterns also vary, with China particularly showing much less international cooperation than others. Some countries appear to share interests, but they do not show much cooperation – e.g., China with Japan. Research profiling, as illustrated here, can help an R&D manager or policy-maker locate one's intended research activity among existing endeavors, to determine how attractive the opportunities are. Such depictions can also help identify collaboration opportunities and potentially attractive partners.
{"title":"The Research Profiling Method Applied to Nano-Enhanced, Thin-Film Solar Cells","authors":"Ying Guo, Lu Huang, A. Porter","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9310.2010.00600.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2010.00600.x","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology-enhanced thin-film solar cells constitute promising solar energy solutions and an important emerging application of nanotechnology. This paper profiles the research patterns via ‘tech mining’ to capture key technological attributes, leading actors and networks. We compare the leading countries, and key organizations, in terms of R&D quantity, impact and diversity. We find that India is a leader in this field, which is a little surprising. India and China show strong trends of relative increase in both research activity and impact. One German organization appears as especially productive and the central node in Germany's research network, which contrasts with the diffused network of the United States. International collaboration patterns also vary, with China particularly showing much less international cooperation than others. Some countries appear to share interests, but they do not show much cooperation – e.g., China with Japan. Research profiling, as illustrated here, can help an R&D manager or policy-maker locate one's intended research activity among existing endeavors, to determine how attractive the opportunities are. Such depictions can also help identify collaboration opportunities and potentially attractive partners.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129258021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is a controversial issue as to how to assess the effectiveness of the Anti-Money Laundering (AML) regime on the global arena. Based upon around 9,000 questionnaires circulated to AML professionals and other related staffs at the branches of banking institutions and People’s Bank of China as well, this study has acquired first hand data from respondents, and come up with following key findings. For the effectiveness of the whole AML system, it is rated as “largely effective” in respects to China’s legislation, regulation and supervision, suspicious transaction monitoring and analyses, administrative investigation, yet, it is rated as “basically effective” in respect to money laundering prosecutions and convictions, international cooperation. For the financial intuitions’ compliance with AML regulations, it is rated as “largely effective” in respects to internal control, customer’s identification, large-value transaction and suspicious transaction reporting, the record-keeping of ID information and transactions. Statistically, 58.48％ respondents think that the China’s AML regime is “completely effective” or “largely effective”, 35.21％ think that it is “basically effective”, with the remaining 4.68％ “largely ineffective” or “completely ineffective”. In conclusion, some policy recommendations to enhance the effectiveness are proposed.
{"title":"The Effectiveness of China’s Anti-Money Laundering Policies","authors":"Xujun Tang, Yong Shi, Zuoyi Cao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1550532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1550532","url":null,"abstract":"It is a controversial issue as to how to assess the effectiveness of the Anti-Money Laundering (AML) regime on the global arena. Based upon around 9,000 questionnaires circulated to AML professionals and other related staffs at the branches of banking institutions and People’s Bank of China as well, this study has acquired first hand data from respondents, and come up with following key findings. For the effectiveness of the whole AML system, it is rated as “largely effective” in respects to China’s legislation, regulation and supervision, suspicious transaction monitoring and analyses, administrative investigation, yet, it is rated as “basically effective” in respect to money laundering prosecutions and convictions, international cooperation. For the financial intuitions’ compliance with AML regulations, it is rated as “largely effective” in respects to internal control, customer’s identification, large-value transaction and suspicious transaction reporting, the record-keeping of ID information and transactions. Statistically, 58.48％ respondents think that the China’s AML regime is “completely effective” or “largely effective”, 35.21％ think that it is “basically effective”, with the remaining 4.68％ “largely ineffective” or “completely ineffective”. In conclusion, some policy recommendations to enhance the effectiveness are proposed.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122417966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis of out-of-court alternatives in Latin America. It focuses on the importance of these alternatives to restore financial viability to troubled companies in a scenario of recurrent regional instability. The importance of out-of-court restructuring alternatives lies on their expediency and, to a certain extent, their predictability. This objective of this paper is to contribute to the discussion on expedited corporate debt restructuring in Latin America by providing a thorough up to date regional analysis on pre-packs, pre-negotiated deals and private workouts. The use of expedited debt-restructuring alternatives allows debtors and creditors to negotiate the terms of an agreement in a shorter period of time than traditional reorganization procedures, minimizing the problem of holdout creditors and avoiding long and costly procedures.
{"title":"Expedited Debt Restructuring in Latin America","authors":"Dr. Rodrigo Olivares-Caminal, G. Frigerio","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1548438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1548438","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis of out-of-court alternatives in Latin America. It focuses on the importance of these alternatives to restore financial viability to troubled companies in a scenario of recurrent regional instability. The importance of out-of-court restructuring alternatives lies on their expediency and, to a certain extent, their predictability. This objective of this paper is to contribute to the discussion on expedited corporate debt restructuring in Latin America by providing a thorough up to date regional analysis on pre-packs, pre-negotiated deals and private workouts. The use of expedited debt-restructuring alternatives allows debtors and creditors to negotiate the terms of an agreement in a shorter period of time than traditional reorganization procedures, minimizing the problem of holdout creditors and avoiding long and costly procedures.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"255 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132559682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this bulletin, we examine the effects of an alternative global index weighting scheme that weights countries in a regional index by their GDP. This strategy has led to a superior performance of the MSCI All Country World, MSCI World, and MSCI Emerging markets GDP Weighted indices in the past 40 years when compared to their market capitalization weighted counterparts. We also list possible reasons that could explain this historical outperformance.
{"title":"GDP Weighted Asset Allocation, February 2010","authors":"Msci Inc.","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1552127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1552127","url":null,"abstract":"In this bulletin, we examine the effects of an alternative global index weighting scheme that weights countries in a regional index by their GDP. This strategy has led to a superior performance of the MSCI All Country World, MSCI World, and MSCI Emerging markets GDP Weighted indices in the past 40 years when compared to their market capitalization weighted counterparts. We also list possible reasons that could explain this historical outperformance.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134504274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, I study individual currency pairs and examine the behavior of the cross section of their carry returns with the USD. Developed and emerging market carry trades yield high Sharpe ratios even after adjusting for transaction costs. I show that carry trade risks carry trade risks are dynamic and have become more systematic in recent years. From 1999 onwards, the high carry return currencies have significant coefficients in a time series regression of returns on the US stock market returns, implied volatility innovations of the US stock market options (VIX), TED spreads. In addition to the time series factor loadings, I find that the cross section of carry trade returns can be sorted by betas on the any of these variables - US stock market, VIX innovations and TED spreads. I also document the increasing role of inflation growth in the cross section of currency returns and the increase in carry returns due to the presence of differentially inflation targeting central banks. I find that in both periods, the more negatively a central banks Taylor rule beta with respect to the US central bank is, the higher the return that currency pair achieves. I analyze how this observation may help make hedge funds and investors investing in other countries endogenous in theoretical models.
{"title":"Are Carry Trade Risks Systematic Risks Now? An Analysis of the Dynamics of Carry Trade Risks","authors":"Apurv Jain","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1546637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1546637","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I study individual currency pairs and examine the behavior of the cross section of their carry returns with the USD. Developed and emerging market carry trades yield high Sharpe ratios even after adjusting for transaction costs. I show that carry trade risks carry trade risks are dynamic and have become more systematic in recent years. From 1999 onwards, the high carry return currencies have significant coefficients in a time series regression of returns on the US stock market returns, implied volatility innovations of the US stock market options (VIX), TED spreads. In addition to the time series factor loadings, I find that the cross section of carry trade returns can be sorted by betas on the any of these variables - US stock market, VIX innovations and TED spreads. I also document the increasing role of inflation growth in the cross section of currency returns and the increase in carry returns due to the presence of differentially inflation targeting central banks. I find that in both periods, the more negatively a central banks Taylor rule beta with respect to the US central bank is, the higher the return that currency pair achieves. I analyze how this observation may help make hedge funds and investors investing in other countries endogenous in theoretical models.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"373 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134244430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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