Trade flows data show that the composition and cyclical properties of imports are similar in developed economies and emerging markets (EM) but this is not the case for exports. Unlike developed economies, (i) EM export few or only a selective set of capital goods and (ii) capital good and overall exports tend to be acyclical. The lack of procyclicality in exports drives the strong countercyclicality of EM trade balances observed in previous studies. A quantitative exercise demonstrates how the standard small open economy business cycle model can be improved for EM by incorporating these features.
{"title":"The Composition and Cyclical Behavior of Trade Flows in Emerging Economies","authors":"R. De Bock","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1562414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1562414","url":null,"abstract":"Trade flows data show that the composition and cyclical properties of imports are similar in developed economies and emerging markets (EM) but this is not the case for exports. Unlike developed economies, (i) EM export few or only a selective set of capital goods and (ii) capital good and overall exports tend to be acyclical. The lack of procyclicality in exports drives the strong countercyclicality of EM trade balances observed in previous studies. A quantitative exercise demonstrates how the standard small open economy business cycle model can be improved for EM by incorporating these features.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129301248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The controlling shareholder of a firm may suffer from its control of the firm due to unfavorable market reactions associated with concerns on his private benefit extraction. Thus, the controlling shareholder has an incentive to build a good governance mechanism as a commitment device to discipline himself, which allows him to sell shares at a higher price in the initial public offering (IPO). An improvement in IPO pricing efficiency will give the controlling shareholder more incentive to do so. Therefore, we propose that, the development of the financial market can shape the corporate governance of firms in an economy, thus improving firm operation efficiency. A model of IPO is constructed to demonstrate this mechanism of market discipline. Using data from China stock market on the regulatory changes in IPO pricing and firm ownership structure, we find evidence consistent with the model's implications.
{"title":"IPO Pricing Efficiency and Ownership Structure: Evidence from China","authors":"P. He, K. Wang, Xing Xiao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1541385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1541385","url":null,"abstract":"The controlling shareholder of a firm may suffer from its control of the firm due to unfavorable market reactions associated with concerns on his private benefit extraction. Thus, the controlling shareholder has an incentive to build a good governance mechanism as a commitment device to discipline himself, which allows him to sell shares at a higher price in the initial public offering (IPO). An improvement in IPO pricing efficiency will give the controlling shareholder more incentive to do so. Therefore, we propose that, the development of the financial market can shape the corporate governance of firms in an economy, thus improving firm operation efficiency. A model of IPO is constructed to demonstrate this mechanism of market discipline. Using data from China stock market on the regulatory changes in IPO pricing and firm ownership structure, we find evidence consistent with the model's implications.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127681881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines how the public announcement of foreign share acquisitions in listed companies affects the share prices of those companies. The dataset contains 422 public announcements of foreign share acquisitions in Korean listed companies over the period from March 2005 to June 2009. The empirical analysis builds upon the findings of previous studies, but also considers the moderating effects of three factors: the motivation of the foreign investor (management participation or pure investment); the characteristics of the stock exchange on which the domestic companies are listed; and the effects of group affiliation. Using event study methods, the abnormal returns are obtained and statistical tests are undertaken between the mean returns for the different sub-groups. A significant 21-day cumulative abnormal return of 1.1% is found for the total sample, and the statistical tests suggest that the factors investigated influence the size of the abnormal gains.
{"title":"Stock Market React to Foreign Investment: The Effects of Investment Purpose, Stock Market Characteristics, and Business Group Affiliation","authors":"Byoung Y. Lee, J. Piesse, Roger Strange","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1504712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1504712","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines how the public announcement of foreign share acquisitions in listed companies affects the share prices of those companies. The dataset contains 422 public announcements of foreign share acquisitions in Korean listed companies over the period from March 2005 to June 2009. The empirical analysis builds upon the findings of previous studies, but also considers the moderating effects of three factors: the motivation of the foreign investor (management participation or pure investment); the characteristics of the stock exchange on which the domestic companies are listed; and the effects of group affiliation. Using event study methods, the abnormal returns are obtained and statistical tests are undertaken between the mean returns for the different sub-groups. A significant 21-day cumulative abnormal return of 1.1% is found for the total sample, and the statistical tests suggest that the factors investigated influence the size of the abnormal gains.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114332671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indonesia began its war for economic development in 1949 after winning the war for political independence that started in 1945. This is a speculative paper because it is the exploratory paper of the planned Indonesia 2049 project which asks whether Indonesia’s war on economic development would be won after one hundred years. We compared various dimensions of Indonesia’s economy with those of two oil exporters (Mexico and Nigeria), three large populous developing economies (Brazil, China and India) and three Southeast Asian neighbors (Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand). Indonesia’s post-1965 economic performance was very good when compared with its own pre-1965 period, was above average when compared with the other eight countries, and was slightly below average when compared with the East Asian economies. Our tentative conclusion is that a new economic policy framework should be adopted in the second SBY administration to ensure that Indonesia in 2049 would be close to achieving the dreams of the Generasi 1945. This new policy framework must go beyond the twin Washington Consensus prescriptions of “getting prices right�? and “getting institutions right�? to include actions like “getting the role of science right�? and “getting the conception of the reform process right�?.
{"title":"Indonesia’s Economic Performance in Comparative Perspective, and a New Policy Framework for 2049","authors":"C. Hong, W. Woo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1533134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1533134","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesia began its war for economic development in 1949 after winning the war for political independence that started in 1945. This is a speculative paper because it is the exploratory paper of the planned Indonesia 2049 project which asks whether Indonesia’s war on economic development would be won after one hundred years. We compared various dimensions of Indonesia’s economy with those of two oil exporters (Mexico and Nigeria), three large populous developing economies (Brazil, China and India) and three Southeast Asian neighbors (Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand). Indonesia’s post-1965 economic performance was very good when compared with its own pre-1965 period, was above average when compared with the other eight countries, and was slightly below average when compared with the East Asian economies. Our tentative conclusion is that a new economic policy framework should be adopted in the second SBY administration to ensure that Indonesia in 2049 would be close to achieving the dreams of the Generasi 1945. This new policy framework must go beyond the twin Washington Consensus prescriptions of “getting prices right�? and “getting institutions right�? to include actions like “getting the role of science right�? and “getting the conception of the reform process right�?.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128036390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.5089/9781451962413.001
Adolfo Barajas, R. Chami, C. Fullenkamp, A. Garg
We estimate the impact of the recent global economic crisis on remittances into Africa for the period 2009-2010. Interestingly, the majority of remittances seem to flow within the African continent. The magnitude of the forecast decreases in remittance flows into African countries varies between 3 and 14 percentage points. African migrants to Europe will be hardest hit while migrants within Africa will be least affected by the crisis. We estimate the impact of the drop in remittances on home country GDP. For countries where the ratio of these flows to home country GDP is high, GDP is expected to drop by almost 2 percent for 2009. The negative effect of the crisis, however, is likely to be short-lived, as host country income is likely to rise in 2010 for virtually all African remittance-recipient countries.
{"title":"The Global Financial Crisis and Workers' Remittances to Africa: What's the Damage?","authors":"Adolfo Barajas, R. Chami, C. Fullenkamp, A. Garg","doi":"10.5089/9781451962413.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451962413.001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We estimate the impact of the recent global economic crisis on remittances into Africa for the period 2009-2010. Interestingly, the majority of remittances seem to flow within the African continent. The magnitude of the forecast decreases in remittance flows into African countries varies between 3 and 14 percentage points. African migrants to Europe will be hardest hit while migrants within Africa will be least affected by the crisis. We estimate the impact of the drop in remittances on home country GDP. For countries where the ratio of these flows to home country GDP is high, GDP is expected to drop by almost 2 percent for 2009. The negative effect of the crisis, however, is likely to be short-lived, as host country income is likely to rise in 2010 for virtually all African remittance-recipient countries.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121491345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.5089/9781451961836.001.A001
P. Topalova, D. Nyberg
This paper discusses possible medium-term public debt targets for India, based on evidence from the economic literature on prudent levels of public debt and the feasibility for the country to meet a particular target over the next 5-6 years. While recognizing the challenges in determining an appropriate debt target, cross-country analysis and simulations suggest that a debt ratio in the range of 60-65 percent of GDP by 2015/16 might be suitable for India. Such a debt ceiling, while still above the average debt level for emerging markets, is within the range of debt ratios that would provide room for countercyclical fiscal policy and contingent liabilities. It would also send a strong signal of the government's commitment to fiscal consolidation by making a clear break with the past.
{"title":"What Level of Public Debt Could India Target?","authors":"P. Topalova, D. Nyberg","doi":"10.5089/9781451961836.001.A001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451961836.001.A001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses possible medium-term public debt targets for India, based on evidence from the economic literature on prudent levels of public debt and the feasibility for the country to meet a particular target over the next 5-6 years. While recognizing the challenges in determining an appropriate debt target, cross-country analysis and simulations suggest that a debt ratio in the range of 60-65 percent of GDP by 2015/16 might be suitable for India. Such a debt ceiling, while still above the average debt level for emerging markets, is within the range of debt ratios that would provide room for countercyclical fiscal policy and contingent liabilities. It would also send a strong signal of the government's commitment to fiscal consolidation by making a clear break with the past.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"279 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123086310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The agricultural sector of many countries shows increasing farm size with corresponding decrease in farm numbers. Despite abundant research, the determinants of changes in firm numbers and size have not been clearly identified. This paper attempts to explain small firm survival in Argentine agriculture in the 1988 – 2002 period. The evidence suggests that labor market considerations, as well changing optimal size in response to production specialization are important factors affecting small-firm disappearance. In contrast, factor proportions (the K/L ratio) does not appear to have an impact on changes in firm size.
{"title":"The Changing Structure of Production: Argentine Agriculture 1988-2002","authors":"M. Gallacher","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1561968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1561968","url":null,"abstract":"The agricultural sector of many countries shows increasing farm size with corresponding decrease in farm numbers. Despite abundant research, the determinants of changes in firm numbers and size have not been clearly identified. This paper attempts to explain small firm survival in Argentine agriculture in the 1988 – 2002 period. The evidence suggests that labor market considerations, as well changing optimal size in response to production specialization are important factors affecting small-firm disappearance. In contrast, factor proportions (the K/L ratio) does not appear to have an impact on changes in firm size.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130039236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Financial management is one of the ways for entrepreneurial to remain profitable and solvent. Each year thousands of businesses fail because of poor financial management. For the major small business’s owner especially Malay family-owned business (MFOBs), financial management does not seem as a necessary step to build a strong financial structure for its business. The process of financial management is to help entrepreneurs determine needs, set goals, establish objectives and devise plans of action. Understanding an entrepreneur’ knowledge is a critical step in being more successful in business world. The objective of this study is to examine financial management knowledge in Malay family-owned business. One hundred entrepreneurs were interviewed in this research using questionnaires. The sampling method that that was used in this research paper is qualitative sampling using simple random sampling technique. Financial management knowledge were measured based on fifteen items in financial management knowledge using Likert scale (1= strongly disagree, 2= disagree, 3= partially, 4= agree, 5= strongly agree). The socio demographic factor of entrepreneurs consist of gender, age, marital status, education level, business period, types of business and fund for the business. SPSS were used to analyze data collection, select cases, and random sample, approximate or exact need for an electronic SPSS data. The study found that majority respondents had acquired moderate knowledge in financial management which indicates a high score of in knowledge. As a conclusion, knowledge and skills are related to one’s experience. Knowledge is important to establish whether that someone really knows what to do with the business they are involved in. Well informed entrepreneur, know their strength and weakness, both on a personal level and business level.
{"title":"Financial Management Knowledge Among Malay Family-Owned Business (MFOBs) Entrepreneurs","authors":"Hema Latha Mahenthran","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1510949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1510949","url":null,"abstract":"Financial management is one of the ways for entrepreneurial to remain profitable and solvent. Each year thousands of businesses fail because of poor financial management. For the major small business’s owner especially Malay family-owned business (MFOBs), financial management does not seem as a necessary step to build a strong financial structure for its business. The process of financial management is to help entrepreneurs determine needs, set goals, establish objectives and devise plans of action. Understanding an entrepreneur’ knowledge is a critical step in being more successful in business world. The objective of this study is to examine financial management knowledge in Malay family-owned business. One hundred entrepreneurs were interviewed in this research using questionnaires. The sampling method that that was used in this research paper is qualitative sampling using simple random sampling technique. Financial management knowledge were measured based on fifteen items in financial management knowledge using Likert scale (1= strongly disagree, 2= disagree, 3= partially, 4= agree, 5= strongly agree). The socio demographic factor of entrepreneurs consist of gender, age, marital status, education level, business period, types of business and fund for the business. SPSS were used to analyze data collection, select cases, and random sample, approximate or exact need for an electronic SPSS data. The study found that majority respondents had acquired moderate knowledge in financial management which indicates a high score of in knowledge. As a conclusion, knowledge and skills are related to one’s experience. Knowledge is important to establish whether that someone really knows what to do with the business they are involved in. Well informed entrepreneur, know their strength and weakness, both on a personal level and business level.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"09 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134448258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article studies the concept of ‘Underwriting’ in the Indian Capital market. Starting with the meaning of ‘underwriting,’ it briefly refers to their working in US and UK. The history of underwriting, that dates back to the seventeenth century, has also been referred to. Then an elaborate study of various provisions of SEBI (Underwriters) Regulations, 1993 has been done. Subsequently, some important issues relating to the working of underwriters in India have been discussed, and changes in the law have been suggested.
{"title":"Underwriter in the Indian Capital Market","authors":"A. Mohan","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1501630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1501630","url":null,"abstract":"The article studies the concept of ‘Underwriting’ in the Indian Capital market. Starting with the meaning of ‘underwriting,’ it briefly refers to their working in US and UK. The history of underwriting, that dates back to the seventeenth century, has also been referred to. Then an elaborate study of various provisions of SEBI (Underwriters) Regulations, 1993 has been done. Subsequently, some important issues relating to the working of underwriters in India have been discussed, and changes in the law have been suggested.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133392715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rapid advancement of Information & Communication Technology (ICT) provides a newer shape of business. Pattern of doing business has changed into a completely different format. Concept of free market economy got its existence from the conceptual base through the advancement of online marketing facility. Countries are working to come closer through different regional blockings as well as under the multilateral trading system through the World Trade Organization (WTO)s active intervention to make international trade easier than ever. World Customs Organization (WCO) introduced HS Code system to harmonize world trade facilitate quick customs clearance. After all globalization get a momentum in last decade and many non-tariff, Para-tariff barriers are addressed and in a considerable position of solution of the problems. Countries are negotiating and committed to co-operate each others to ensure free movement of trade around the globe. As a result new issues are coming into emergence with challenge or opportunity in its two sites.
{"title":"Emerging Issues of International Business","authors":"M. Abdin","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1501449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1501449","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid advancement of Information & Communication Technology (ICT) provides a newer shape of business. Pattern of doing business has changed into a completely different format. Concept of free market economy got its existence from the conceptual base through the advancement of online marketing facility. Countries are working to come closer through different regional blockings as well as under the multilateral trading system through the World Trade Organization (WTO)s active intervention to make international trade easier than ever. World Customs Organization (WCO) introduced HS Code system to harmonize world trade facilitate quick customs clearance. After all globalization get a momentum in last decade and many non-tariff, Para-tariff barriers are addressed and in a considerable position of solution of the problems. Countries are negotiating and committed to co-operate each others to ensure free movement of trade around the globe. As a result new issues are coming into emergence with challenge or opportunity in its two sites.","PeriodicalId":213755,"journal":{"name":"International Environment of Global Business eJournal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121922088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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