Abstract Outsiders may wonder what Brazilian women’s lives are like here and who the women activists influencing human rights, female empowerment, and social change are. As in other countries, during the past few decades Brazilian women have revolted against patriarchy by raising their voices and creating social impact. This qualitative study, using secondary research, identifies Marielle Franco, Zilda Arns, Maria da Penha, Marta Vieira da Silva, and Dilma Rousseff as five empowered Brazilian women. Most came from humble origins - families that were examples of charity and struggled for rights, but all obtained degrees either in higher education or in their specialization. However, their origins did not determine social action. The driving force was their suffering from discrimination, specifically because they were women and, furthermore, because they occupied places that were previously reserved for white men. Almost all were persecuted, while others also suffered discrimination because of their skin color and ethnicity. Even so, being wives and mothers, all were excellent professionals, searching for success and achieving progress in their dedicated areas by creating social changes, especially in human rights for children and women. Those who are still alive continue the battle against the entrenched patriarchy in a predominantly macho society as they continue their strife for more progress. Finally, those committed to building an evolved, modern, inclusive, and respectful Brazilian society perceive the macho practices that prevail as inadequate and detrimental to women. As more and more women carry on in the fight for human rights, society will evolve. Keywords: Brazilian women, human rights, discrimination, women’s rights
{"title":"Brazilian Women: A Struggle to be Heard","authors":"Rafaelly Andressa Schallemberger","doi":"10.52987/wlec.2022.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52987/wlec.2022.002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Outsiders may wonder what Brazilian women’s lives are like here and who the women activists influencing human rights, female empowerment, and social change are. As in other countries, during the past few decades Brazilian women have revolted against patriarchy by raising their voices and creating social impact. This qualitative study, using secondary research, identifies Marielle Franco, Zilda Arns, Maria da Penha, Marta Vieira da Silva, and Dilma Rousseff as five empowered Brazilian women. Most came from humble origins - families that were examples of charity and struggled for rights, but all obtained degrees either in higher education or in their specialization. However, their origins did not determine social action. The driving force was their suffering from discrimination, specifically because they were women and, furthermore, because they occupied places that were previously reserved for white men. Almost all were persecuted, while others also suffered discrimination because of their skin color and ethnicity. Even so, being wives and mothers, all were excellent professionals, searching for success and achieving progress in their dedicated areas by creating social changes, especially in human rights for children and women. Those who are still alive continue the battle against the entrenched patriarchy in a predominantly macho society as they continue their strife for more progress. Finally, those committed to building an evolved, modern, inclusive, and respectful Brazilian society perceive the macho practices that prevail as inadequate and detrimental to women. As more and more women carry on in the fight for human rights, society will evolve. Keywords: Brazilian women, human rights, discrimination, women’s rights","PeriodicalId":213984,"journal":{"name":"WLEConference Proceedings 2022","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122800660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT What has been influencing the recognition of recent strides by women? Could it be a redefinition of success formerly dictated by social norms and narratives? Or could it be that women are being given “permission” and space to realise their potential? Aside from the regression from recent progress in recent years made due to the novel pandemic, it is time to reflect on the paradigm shift taking place and why it is happening. Why suddenly does it seem women are making the headlines? A 2021 study by the Centre for Economic Policy Research and the World Economic Forum, surfaces that “countries led by women had systematically and significantly better Covid-19 outcomes, on average than those led by men. It further suggests that the difference may be explained by the proactive and coordinated policy responses adopted by female leaders.” A relevant place to start our reflections. Let’s look both inward and outward to determine and promote the factors that are bringing us closer to achieving sustainable development and achievement goals for women around the world. This paper will help us better examine the factors driving these notable shifts, so we craft an ongoing working knowledge base that promotes continuous innovation, illumination, and integration of women multi-sectorally and globally. KEYWORDS: paradigm, women, recognition
是什么影响了女性对近期进步的认识?它会不会是对以前由社会规范和叙事决定的成功的重新定义?或者是女性被给予了“许可”和空间来实现她们的潜力?除了近年来由于新型大流行而取得的进展出现倒退之外，现在是时候反思正在发生的范式转变以及为什么会发生这种转变。为什么女性突然上了头条?经济政策研究中心(Centre for Economic Policy Research)和世界经济论坛(World Economic Forum) 2021年的一项研究表明，“平均而言，由女性领导的国家比由男性领导的国家在应对Covid-19方面取得了系统性和显著的进展。它进一步表明，这种差异可能是由女性领导人采取的积极和协调的政策反应来解释的。”这是我们开始思考的一个相关的地方。让我们既向内看，也向外看，以确定和促进使我们更接近实现可持续发展和实现世界各地妇女目标的因素。本文将帮助我们更好地研究推动这些显著变化的因素，因此我们制作了一个持续的工作知识库，以促进持续的创新、启发和多部门和全球女性的融合。关键词:范式，女性，认知
{"title":"Women In The Limelight: Strides And Paradigm Shifts","authors":"Safiya Ibn Garba","doi":"10.52987/wlec.2022.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52987/wlec.2022.006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT What has been influencing the recognition of recent strides by women? Could it be a redefinition of success formerly dictated by social norms and narratives? Or could it be that women are being given “permission” and space to realise their potential? Aside from the regression from recent progress in recent years made due to the novel pandemic, it is time to reflect on the paradigm shift taking place and why it is happening. Why suddenly does it seem women are making the headlines? A 2021 study by the Centre for Economic Policy Research and the World Economic Forum, surfaces that “countries led by women had systematically and significantly better Covid-19 outcomes, on average than those led by men. It further suggests that the difference may be explained by the proactive and coordinated policy responses adopted by female leaders.” A relevant place to start our reflections. Let’s look both inward and outward to determine and promote the factors that are bringing us closer to achieving sustainable development and achievement goals for women around the world. This paper will help us better examine the factors driving these notable shifts, so we craft an ongoing working knowledge base that promotes continuous innovation, illumination, and integration of women multi-sectorally and globally. KEYWORDS: paradigm, women, recognition","PeriodicalId":213984,"journal":{"name":"WLEConference Proceedings 2022","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121208604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Within a continuously changing environment, leadership qualities cannot be static. The ability to adapt leadership styles pro-actively or in response to change, is an important quality. This paper reports on a survey carried out amongst a small group of women in higher education, at a women’s leadership academy in South Africa. It explored whether, with the dawn of democracy in South Africa in 1994 and post this period, there was a difference in the view of the characteristics of leadership in higher education compared to the apartheid period (pre- 1994), and what that view would be if it had changed. It also further explored whether there was a view that the characteristics of leadership was gender specific. Lastly, questions focused on whether there was a need for continued support for women towards and in leadership. Comments indicated that participants felt that more women had been included in higher education leadership post-democracy, but that leadership qualities were still gender specific, with traditionally viewed masculine characteristics still predominant. The responses also reflected a continued need for support and development for women in and towards higher education leadership, with various suggestions on the forms this should take. Responses resonated with the scholarly literature arguments for adaptability in leadership, considering organisational and environmental sustainability and ever-increasing complexities of these milieus. The paper reports on the findings of the survey using a qualitative approach, although numerical data is minimally presented at times. The focus is on the comments to the survey questions, with a qualitative analysis and presentation of findings, linking these to the literature on leadership qualities and support for women towards and in leadership. KEYWORDS: leadership characteristics, gender, South African higher education, leadership support for women
{"title":"Leadership In Post-Democratic South Africa - Building Support Towards The Advancement Of Women","authors":"A. Moodly","doi":"10.52987/wlec.2022.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52987/wlec.2022.003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Within a continuously changing environment, leadership qualities cannot be static. The ability to adapt leadership styles pro-actively or in response to change, is an important quality. This paper reports on a survey carried out amongst a small group of women in higher education, at a women’s leadership academy in South Africa. It explored whether, with the dawn of democracy in South Africa in 1994 and post this period, there was a difference in the view of the characteristics of leadership in higher education compared to the apartheid period (pre- 1994), and what that view would be if it had changed. It also further explored whether there was a view that the characteristics of leadership was gender specific. Lastly, questions focused on whether there was a need for continued support for women towards and in leadership. Comments indicated that participants felt that more women had been included in higher education leadership post-democracy, but that leadership qualities were still gender specific, with traditionally viewed masculine characteristics still predominant. The responses also reflected a continued need for support and development for women in and towards higher education leadership, with various suggestions on the forms this should take. Responses resonated with the scholarly literature arguments for adaptability in leadership, considering organisational and environmental sustainability and ever-increasing complexities of these milieus. The paper reports on the findings of the survey using a qualitative approach, although numerical data is minimally presented at times. The focus is on the comments to the survey questions, with a qualitative analysis and presentation of findings, linking these to the literature on leadership qualities and support for women towards and in leadership. KEYWORDS: leadership characteristics, gender, South African higher education, leadership support for women","PeriodicalId":213984,"journal":{"name":"WLEConference Proceedings 2022","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115238090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Access to books and literature is, above all, a human right. The acts of reading, creating, and fictionalizing are in themselves, acts of power. Accordingly, literature is a well-respected necessity in society; therefore, a universal human need. Thus, denying women the right to literature is also a form of violation. In this presentation, the author aims to reflect not only on literature by female authors but also its importance in the process of constructing women's subjectivity and identity, whether in reading fiction or in its production. To reflect on women's right to read and write literature, as well as their way of expressing their perception, anxieties, and ways of understanding the world, this presentation proposes a literary analysis of texts by the Brazilian writer Clarice Lispector. Her works evidence the potential of bringing light to the processes of self-knowledge and freedom. These processes can be ignited because these texts can trigger the process of self-awareness and can then generate female empowerment. By reading Clarice Lispector's writing, it remains clear that she reveals human dramas specific to the female universe, as she opens up possibilities for readers to know themselves as women and to project themselves as producers of literature. It would seem that these realities are founded worlds and realities apart from those that dominated male perceptions during the 1950s to 1970s when she was writing; however, many of those predominant male perceptions prevail in today’s contemporary society. Keywords: Women's Writing; Reception; Self knowledge; Clarice Lispector; Empowerment.
{"title":"Literature As a Mean of Self-knowledge, Liberation, and Feminine Empowerment: The Legacy of Clarice Lispector","authors":"Fernanda Trein, Taíse Neves Possani","doi":"10.52987/wlec.2022.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52987/wlec.2022.004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Access to books and literature is, above all, a human right. The acts of reading, creating, and fictionalizing are in themselves, acts of power. Accordingly, literature is a well-respected necessity in society; therefore, a universal human need. Thus, denying women the right to literature is also a form of violation. In this presentation, the author aims to reflect not only on literature by female authors but also its importance in the process of constructing women's subjectivity and identity, whether in reading fiction or in its production. To reflect on women's right to read and write literature, as well as their way of expressing their perception, anxieties, and ways of understanding the world, this presentation proposes a literary analysis of texts by the Brazilian writer Clarice Lispector. Her works evidence the potential of bringing light to the processes of self-knowledge and freedom. These processes can be ignited because these texts can trigger the process of self-awareness and can then generate female empowerment. By reading Clarice Lispector's writing, it remains clear that she reveals human dramas specific to the female universe, as she opens up possibilities for readers to know themselves as women and to project themselves as producers of literature. It would seem that these realities are founded worlds and realities apart from those that dominated male perceptions during the 1950s to 1970s when she was writing; however, many of those predominant male perceptions prevail in today’s contemporary society. Keywords: Women's Writing; Reception; Self knowledge; Clarice Lispector; Empowerment.","PeriodicalId":213984,"journal":{"name":"WLEConference Proceedings 2022","volume":"306 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121410463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT This article examines the causal effects of education on women empowerment, focusing on women born between 1950 and 1980 in six waves of Kenya Demographic Health Survey (KDHS) data, who were likely exposed to 1985 education policy change in Kenya. The study employs this new structuring educational system as an instrument and reported the results using reduced-form due to high repetition rate and late enrolment at that time. The findings indicate that being exposed to the new education system yields positive impact on women empowerment. Specifically, being exposed to the 8-4-4 regime, women delayed their age at first birth by approximately 0.564 years, the female genital mutilation (FGM) practice on their eldest daughters declined by 3.51%, sexual domestic violence reduced by 6.47% and their decision-making index was enhanced by 0.067 point. We also conduct some robustness checks and placebo test, and the findings are robust. We provide some potential mechanisms that experiencing the new 8-4-4 system empowers women:1) exposure to information, 2) husbands/partners’ characteristics, and 3) labour market outcome. KEYWORDS: KDHS, education, women empowerment, Kenya, gende
{"title":"Women’s Education and Empowerment: Evidence from a Reform in Kenya","authors":"Hang Thu Nguyen Phung, Nahashon Nzioka Nthenya","doi":"10.52987/wlec.2022.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52987/wlec.2022.005","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the causal effects of education on women empowerment, focusing on women born between 1950 and 1980 in six waves of Kenya Demographic Health Survey (KDHS) data, who were likely exposed to 1985 education policy change in Kenya. The study employs this new structuring educational system as an instrument and reported the results using reduced-form due to high repetition rate and late enrolment at that time. The findings indicate that being exposed to the new education system yields positive impact on women empowerment. Specifically, being exposed to the 8-4-4 regime, women delayed their age at first birth by approximately 0.564 years, the female genital mutilation (FGM) practice on their eldest daughters declined by 3.51%, sexual domestic violence reduced by 6.47% and their decision-making index was enhanced by 0.067 point. We also conduct some robustness checks and placebo test, and the findings are robust. We provide some potential mechanisms that experiencing the new 8-4-4 system empowers women:1) exposure to information, 2) husbands/partners’ characteristics, and 3) labour market outcome. KEYWORDS: KDHS, education, women empowerment, Kenya, gende","PeriodicalId":213984,"journal":{"name":"WLEConference Proceedings 2022","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122979457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Mitali Nikore Founder, Nikore Associates mitalinikore@gmail.com Geetika Malhotra Research Manager, Nikore Associates geetika.malhotra96@gmail.com Unmuktman Singh Research Associate, Nikore Associates unmukt8299@gmail.com Ashmita Chowdhury Research Associate, Nikore Associates ashmita1102@gmail.com The Government of India (GOI) defines Gender Budgeting as, “a process of identifying gender specific barriers across all sectors of development.” India has been producing an annual Gender Budget Statement (GBS) as part of the Union Budget since 2005-06 and has amongst the most transparent gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) processes globally, especially amongst developing countries. Having said that, time series analysis of the GBS shows that there has been a concentration of the Gender Budget in just 5-6 ministries and 10- 12 schemes over the last 17 years. Moreover, the uneven adoption of GRB at the State level has led to a need for enhancing gender-responsive initiatives post COVID-19. Moving forward, India needs to reprioritize GRB at both the Central and State levels through a phased approach focusing on five key priority areas, i.e., strengthening the process of formulating the GBS, gender disaggregated data collection of scheme beneficiaries, gender mainstreaming in program design, skill training and capacity building, and strengthening institutions responsible for GRB. KEYWORDS: Gender-Responsive Budgeting; Gender Mainstreaming; Public Financial Management; Governance; India; COVID-19; Budget
{"title":"An Analytical View of Gender-Responsive Budgeting in Pre- and Post-COVID-19 India","authors":"Mitali Nikore, Geetika Malhotra, Unmuktman Singh, Ashmita Chowdhury","doi":"10.52987/wlec.2022.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52987/wlec.2022.001","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mitali Nikore Founder, Nikore Associates mitalinikore@gmail.com Geetika Malhotra Research Manager, Nikore Associates geetika.malhotra96@gmail.com Unmuktman Singh Research Associate, Nikore Associates unmukt8299@gmail.com Ashmita Chowdhury Research Associate, Nikore Associates ashmita1102@gmail.com The Government of India (GOI) defines Gender Budgeting as, “a process of identifying gender specific barriers across all sectors of development.” India has been producing an annual Gender Budget Statement (GBS) as part of the Union Budget since 2005-06 and has amongst the most transparent gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) processes globally, especially amongst developing countries. Having said that, time series analysis of the GBS shows that there has been a concentration of the Gender Budget in just 5-6 ministries and 10- 12 schemes over the last 17 years. Moreover, the uneven adoption of GRB at the State level has led to a need for enhancing gender-responsive initiatives post COVID-19. Moving forward, India needs to reprioritize GRB at both the Central and State levels through a phased approach focusing on five key priority areas, i.e., strengthening the process of formulating the GBS, gender disaggregated data collection of scheme beneficiaries, gender mainstreaming in program design, skill training and capacity building, and strengthening institutions responsible for GRB. KEYWORDS: Gender-Responsive Budgeting; Gender Mainstreaming; Public Financial Management; Governance; India; COVID-19; Budget","PeriodicalId":213984,"journal":{"name":"WLEConference Proceedings 2022","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131325175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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