Il existe un changement de paradigme dans la pratique médicale impliquant une modification des postures et comportements de la part du professionnel de santé mais nécessitant également une nouvelle implication de la part du patient. La volonté de prendre en compte l’avis du patient en ce qui concerne sa santé est mise en avant tant par les soignés que les soignants. Néanmoins, considérer pleinement l’autonomie et les droits de l’autre nécessite d’accepter un référentiel de valeurs qui lui est propre et donc différent du nôtre. Se crée alors une tension entre d’une part des compétences et connaissances que nous reconnaissons au professionnel de santé et pour lesquelles il fait autorité, et d’autre part l’autonomie décisionnelle du patient. Bon nombre de travaux abordent la question du patient dans la prise de décision et dans la décision partagée mais trop peu l’envisagent du côté du professionnel de santé et de ce que ce partenariat implique. Au travers de cet article nous souhaitons donc interroger la notion de consentement liée au concept d’autonomie au prisme du rôle attendu du professionnel de santé dans la relation thérapeutique qui le lie au patient. Ce travail apporte une réflexion sur l’autorité du professionnel de santé dans la prise de décision autonome du patient.
{"title":"L’autorité du professionnel de santé à la lumière de l’autonomie décisionnelle du patient","authors":"Colette Smentek, M. Darrason, Thibaut Reverdy","doi":"10.17184/eac.6956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17184/eac.6956","url":null,"abstract":"Il existe un changement de paradigme dans la pratique médicale impliquant une modification des postures et comportements de la part du professionnel de santé mais nécessitant également une nouvelle implication de la part du patient. La volonté de prendre en compte l’avis du patient en ce qui concerne sa santé est mise en avant tant par les soignés que les soignants. Néanmoins, considérer pleinement l’autonomie et les droits de l’autre nécessite d’accepter un référentiel de valeurs qui lui est propre et donc différent du nôtre. Se crée alors une tension entre d’une part des compétences et connaissances que nous reconnaissons au professionnel de santé et pour lesquelles il fait autorité, et d’autre part l’autonomie décisionnelle du patient. Bon nombre de travaux abordent la question du patient dans la prise de décision et dans la décision partagée mais trop peu l’envisagent du côté du professionnel de santé et de ce que ce partenariat implique. Au travers de cet article nous souhaitons donc interroger la notion de consentement liée au concept d’autonomie au prisme du rôle attendu du professionnel de santé dans la relation thérapeutique qui le lie au patient. Ce travail apporte une réflexion sur l’autorité du professionnel de santé dans la prise de décision autonome du patient.","PeriodicalId":21420,"journal":{"name":"Revue Education, Santé, Sociétés, Vol. 6, No. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90609869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Depuis le début des années 2010, les Unités pour Personnes Handicapées Vieillissantes s'implantent peu à peu dans les EHPAD, en réponse à l'amélioration de l'espérance de vie des ressortissants de foyers d'ESAT et foyers de vie (établissements d’accueil non médicalisé pour personnes handicapées dans la nomenclature FINESS). Aujourd’hui classées parmi les dispositifs innovants par le rapport de l’ANCREAI sur le vieillissement des personnes en situation de handicap, ces UPHV sont le produit d’un compromis qui fût difficile à trouver, au point de rencontre entre d’une part, l’institution du handicap et d’autre part, celle de la gérontologie. Dans un contexte marqué par la crise Covid et par les scandales de maltraitance, ces UPHV ouvrent discrètement la voie vers un autre modèle de maisons de retraite, aussi bien en termes de financement, que de pratique, d'éthique et donc de qualité réelle d'accompagnement. L’enquête rapportée dans cet article nous a conduit à recueillir divers matériaux, parmi lesquels une série d’entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de professionnels chargés de mettre en œuvre l’une de ces unités. Nous faisons l’analyse de ces matériaux au regard des dynamiques d’appropriation et de réappropriation observées pour l’ensemble des UPHV dans l’une des ex-régions de Nouvelle Aquitaine.
{"title":"Les EHPAD « à l’école » des personnes handicapées vieillissantes : un nouveau métier pour les soignantes ?","authors":"Yann Bastide","doi":"10.17184/eac.6960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17184/eac.6960","url":null,"abstract":"Depuis le début des années 2010, les Unités pour Personnes Handicapées Vieillissantes s'implantent peu à peu dans les EHPAD, en réponse à l'amélioration de l'espérance de vie des ressortissants de foyers d'ESAT et foyers de vie (établissements d’accueil non médicalisé pour personnes handicapées dans la nomenclature FINESS). \u0000Aujourd’hui classées parmi les dispositifs innovants par le rapport de l’ANCREAI sur le vieillissement des personnes en situation de handicap, ces UPHV sont le produit d’un compromis qui fût difficile à trouver, au point de rencontre entre d’une part, l’institution du handicap et d’autre part, celle de la gérontologie.\u0000Dans un contexte marqué par la crise Covid et par les scandales de maltraitance, ces UPHV ouvrent discrètement la voie vers un autre modèle de maisons de retraite, aussi bien en termes de financement, que de pratique, d'éthique et donc de qualité réelle d'accompagnement.\u0000L’enquête rapportée dans cet article nous a conduit à recueillir divers matériaux, parmi lesquels une série d’entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de professionnels chargés de mettre en œuvre l’une de ces unités. Nous faisons l’analyse de ces matériaux au regard des dynamiques d’appropriation et de réappropriation observées pour l’ensemble des UPHV dans l’une des ex-régions de Nouvelle Aquitaine.","PeriodicalId":21420,"journal":{"name":"Revue Education, Santé, Sociétés, Vol. 6, No. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88053877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Just war is a theory that contains moral and legal justifications, and governs the time and circumstances in which states are allowed to enter the war. Therefore, just war theory and the laws of war are reflecting to each other. The first has a long history of legitimizing war and its appearance possibly goes back to the Greek and Roman civilisation as the public interest was a reasoning for their wars. In the Middle-Ages, religious authority played a significant role in legitimizing the use of force by political authority. In the modern era, the nature of war and the principles of intervention have undergone changes, so that the implementation of that theory built and established the nation-state in the West. In contemporary times, Michael Walzer developed the theory so that individual rights became a central principle of just war. The main question of this study is whether war can be legitimized and reasonable or when intervention is legitimate? As well as how the forces are used? This study examines and explains the mentioned questions by presenting the roots and principles of that theory. Thus, it is assumed that a war is just when it is decided through the principles of a just war theory. This theory deals with the justification of how and why wars are fought. It can be concluded that Just war is a last resort and that its essential aim is always peace and Justice.
{"title":"Just war theory in the International Politics “Theoretical study”","authors":"","doi":"10.31271/10039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31271/10039","url":null,"abstract":"Just war is a theory that contains moral and legal justifications, and governs the time and circumstances in which states are allowed to enter the war. Therefore, just war theory and the laws of war are reflecting to each other. The first has a long history of legitimizing war and its appearance possibly goes back to the Greek and Roman civilisation as the public interest was a reasoning for their wars. In the Middle-Ages, religious authority played a significant role in legitimizing the use of force by political authority. In the modern era, the nature of war and the principles of intervention have undergone changes, so that the implementation of that theory built and established the nation-state in the West. In contemporary times, Michael Walzer developed the theory so that individual rights became a central principle of just war. The main question of this study is whether war can be legitimized and reasonable or when intervention is legitimate? As well as how the forces are used? This study examines and explains the mentioned questions by presenting the roots and principles of that theory. Thus, it is assumed that a war is just when it is decided through the principles of a just war theory. This theory deals with the justification of how and why wars are fought. It can be concluded that Just war is a last resort and that its essential aim is always peace and Justice.","PeriodicalId":21420,"journal":{"name":"Revue Education, Santé, Sociétés, Vol. 6, No. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86665234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Freedom concept in the perspective of (Arendt)’s political philosophy and theory has a place and a special important, that in the way of (Arendt)’s thinking in political appearance’s Greece and Romanian ancient, criticism in the ancient philosophy about view, cristian philosophy, westerns philosophy custom, political theory and moderns phenomenon concerning freedom concept formalized. (Arendt)’s freedom passes the philosophical picture to freedom, all beliefs metaphisics about this concept are neglected, philosophical freedom as will freedom is pictured far from inner feeling in the political really world. In the opposite, (Arendt) sees action and speech as political freedom activity in the way individuals meeting in the public sphere is produced in the opposite problem and general issues. In this way, revolution as an arena, or public sphere in the doing politica freedom has crucial importance in the Arendt’s perspective, and in here political theory especially about American and French revolution has stood; in this way, the aim of this research is to answer and deal research main problem in the way of this question: what is the act of the revolution as arena in doing political freedom in Arendt political theory? We can to the conclution that revolution is like an arena in Arendt’s perspective, so new beginning foundation and public sphere of doing political freedom, which in it relation, discussion, and exchanging different opinion among equal individuals should provide, and participation of political citizenship afford in it.
{"title":"Revolution as an Arena of Practicing Political Freedom in (Hanna Arendt)’s Perspective","authors":"عابد رسول, مبارک حمد","doi":"10.31271/10044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31271/10044","url":null,"abstract":"Freedom concept in the perspective of (Arendt)’s political philosophy and theory has a place and a special important, that in the way of (Arendt)’s thinking in political appearance’s Greece and Romanian ancient, criticism in the ancient philosophy about view, cristian philosophy, westerns philosophy custom, political theory and moderns phenomenon concerning freedom concept formalized. (Arendt)’s freedom passes the philosophical picture to freedom, all beliefs metaphisics about this concept are neglected, philosophical freedom as will freedom is pictured far from inner feeling in the political really world. In the opposite, (Arendt) sees action and speech as political freedom activity in the way individuals meeting in the public sphere is produced in the opposite problem and general issues. In this way, revolution as an arena, or public sphere in the doing politica freedom has crucial importance in the Arendt’s perspective, and in here political theory especially about American and French revolution has stood; in this way, the aim of this research is to answer and deal research main problem in the way of this question: what is the act of the revolution as arena in doing political freedom in Arendt political theory? We can to the conclution that revolution is like an arena in Arendt’s perspective, so new beginning foundation and public sphere of doing political freedom, which in it relation, discussion, and exchanging different opinion among equal individuals should provide, and participation of political citizenship afford in it.","PeriodicalId":21420,"journal":{"name":"Revue Education, Santé, Sociétés, Vol. 6, No. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87460775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study establishes the concept of the civil state, and deals with the research in its foundations and main components, in terms of the foundational texts in liberal thought that are necessary preludes for its emergence and the consolidation of its foundations and requirements in Western societies. The roots and emergence of the civil state in liberal political thought came in the context of the transformations and changes that began with the renaissance and enlightenment in Western thought, and through our research we try to analyze the foundational texts of the concept of the civil state and explain its foundations and requirements in this context. The study touched on the liberal democracy and the separation of religion from the state rule of law, as it represents the most important foundations of the civil state, in addition to talking about the civil society, citizenship and culture of pluralism as the main requirements of building the civil state. This was crystallized through multiple contributions by Enlightenment philosophers and thinkers as part of the Enlightenment process. The aim of it is to establish a modern state whose mission is to manage public affairs, based on the principles of equality, respect for rights and protection of freedoms, and based on moral values in governance. In order to arrive at a presentation of our problem and prove the research hypothesis, we used the historical approach and the descriptive analytical method.
{"title":"Building the civil state: A study in foundation and requirements","authors":"شتيوان حمدأمين, إحسان النائب","doi":"10.31271/10037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31271/10037","url":null,"abstract":"This study establishes the concept of the civil state, and deals with the research in its foundations and main components, in terms of the foundational texts in liberal thought that are necessary preludes for its emergence and the consolidation of its foundations and requirements in Western societies. The roots and emergence of the civil state in liberal political thought came in the context of the transformations and changes that began with the renaissance and enlightenment in Western thought, and through our research we try to analyze the foundational texts of the concept of the civil state and explain its foundations and requirements in this context. The study touched on the liberal democracy and the separation of religion from the state rule of law, as it represents the most important foundations of the civil state, in addition to talking about the civil society, citizenship and culture of pluralism as the main requirements of building the civil state. This was crystallized through multiple contributions by Enlightenment philosophers and thinkers as part of the Enlightenment process. The aim of it is to establish a modern state whose mission is to manage public affairs, based on the principles of equality, respect for rights and protection of freedoms, and based on moral values in governance. In order to arrive at a presentation of our problem and prove the research hypothesis, we used the historical approach and the descriptive analytical method.","PeriodicalId":21420,"journal":{"name":"Revue Education, Santé, Sociétés, Vol. 6, No. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72677216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the Cold War, security policy has been changed dramatically. Currently, security no longer covers only war and army. For instance, at the time I am writing this paper, health security because of Corona virus is much riskier than atomic weapons, terrorists or any other army threats. Political systems are concerned to care about political, health, cyber, economic, food, water, environment, education and other security sectors. Kurdistan region has faced some interior and foreign security challenges. In theoretical framework, the research sheds some light on security situation in concept, changing of security priority and different approaches to point out security threat of various types. This research has come to this result that there are ten major domestic security challenges that threaten Kurdistan region. Later on, in the field framework the research has collected data for each one of security threats depending on deep discussions with tens of specialized experts in Kurdistan region security policy.
{"title":"Internal Security Threats on the Kurdistan Region – Iraq","authors":"بارزان صادق","doi":"10.31271/10040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31271/10040","url":null,"abstract":"After the Cold War, security policy has been changed dramatically. Currently, security no longer covers only war and army. For instance, at the time I am writing this paper, health security because of Corona virus is much riskier than atomic weapons, terrorists or any other army threats. Political systems are concerned to care about political, health, cyber, economic, food, water, environment, education and other security sectors. Kurdistan region has faced some interior and foreign security challenges. In theoretical framework, the research sheds some light on security situation in concept, changing of security priority and different approaches to point out security threat of various types. This research has come to this result that there are ten major domestic security challenges that threaten Kurdistan region. Later on, in the field framework the research has collected data for each one of security threats depending on deep discussions with tens of specialized experts in Kurdistan region security policy.","PeriodicalId":21420,"journal":{"name":"Revue Education, Santé, Sociétés, Vol. 6, No. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77581679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Good governance has a major role in most economic, social and political variables, among them human development, as the success or failure of any country’s efforts to enhance the level of human development is closely linked to the nature and level of good governance. The latter constitutes the establishment of a sound environment for economic, social and human development. The study’s significance comes from the subject matter which explores good governance and its impact on human development. The study is based on the hypothesis that the relationship between good governance as an independent variable and human development as a dependent variable is a direct or positive one. In order to verify the research hypothesis, the level of both variables was studied as well as revealing the effect and the relationship between them, by using the descriptive method alongside the quantitative method represented by the econometric analysis. Finally, the study concluded with several findings which validate the hypothesis of the research, the most important of which is the existence of a positive relationship between the indicators of good governance and human development and that Iraq is experiencing a low level of good governance as it reached (7.9%) during the research period, leading to a poor level of human development which was (0.609) for the same period. In light of the findings, several proposals were put forward to raise the level of good governance in Iraq, the most important of which, as suggested by the researcher, is to elevate the level of political stability, absence of violence and combating corruption. Also the rule of law index should be increased due to its high level of influence among the indicators of good governance in Human Development.
{"title":"The Impact of Good Governance on Human Development Iraq case study for the period (2005-2018)","authors":"احمد قادر","doi":"10.31271/10038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31271/10038","url":null,"abstract":"Good governance has a major role in most economic, social and political variables, among them human development, as the success or failure of any country’s efforts to enhance the level of human development is closely linked to the nature and level of good governance. The latter constitutes the establishment of a sound environment for economic, social and human development. The study’s significance comes from the subject matter which explores good governance and its impact on human development. The study is based on the hypothesis that the relationship between good governance as an independent variable and human development as a dependent variable is a direct or positive one. In order to verify the research hypothesis, the level of both variables was studied as well as revealing the effect and the relationship between them, by using the descriptive method alongside the quantitative method represented by the econometric analysis. Finally, the study concluded with several findings which validate the hypothesis of the research, the most important of which is the existence of a positive relationship between the indicators of good governance and human development and that Iraq is experiencing a low level of good governance as it reached (7.9%) during the research period, leading to a poor level of human development which was (0.609) for the same period. In light of the findings, several proposals were put forward to raise the level of good governance in Iraq, the most important of which, as suggested by the researcher, is to elevate the level of political stability, absence of violence and combating corruption. Also the rule of law index should be increased due to its high level of influence among the indicators of good governance in Human Development.","PeriodicalId":21420,"journal":{"name":"Revue Education, Santé, Sociétés, Vol. 6, No. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73786971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The media has a significant role in directing and forming public opinion, so it is important to set and determine public and long-term policies to help the media at the public level. Since the space of media has a complex and multidimensional nature, scientific research and appropriate solutions must be found to solve public media problems and serve public goals. One of these ways is media policy. It is here intended to be a wide-scale strategy for directing the media to reach a public framework in a way that serves the high goals of society. This study was conducted to focus on media policy in the Kurdistan Region and to address the needs of this field, as well as to fill the gap in media policy in the Kurdistan Region. This study is an attempt to highlight the importance of this policy to the Kurdistan Regional Government’s media and following that, the concept of politics in general, media policy and its objectives are discussed. This has been done by investigating the literature of the research and using the method of library research.
{"title":"Media policy in the Kurdistan region","authors":"ڕۆژان اسکندر","doi":"10.31271/10043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31271/10043","url":null,"abstract":"The media has a significant role in directing and forming public opinion, so it is important to set and determine public and long-term policies to help the media at the public level. Since the space of media has a complex and multidimensional nature, scientific research and appropriate solutions must be found to solve public media problems and serve public goals. One of these ways is media policy. It is here intended to be a wide-scale strategy for directing the media to reach a public framework in a way that serves the high goals of society. This study was conducted to focus on media policy in the Kurdistan Region and to address the needs of this field, as well as to fill the gap in media policy in the Kurdistan Region. This study is an attempt to highlight the importance of this policy to the Kurdistan Regional Government’s media and following that, the concept of politics in general, media policy and its objectives are discussed. This has been done by investigating the literature of the research and using the method of library research.","PeriodicalId":21420,"journal":{"name":"Revue Education, Santé, Sociétés, Vol. 6, No. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74206055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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