Pub Date : 2022-10-07DOI: 10.46235/1028-7221-1162-ioz
O. A. Pashinina, O. L. Kartashova, T. M. Pashkova, V. Gritsenko
Peptide ZP2, a synthetic analogue of the active center of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), exhibits a wide range of immunobiological effects, including antibacterial activity. At the same time, its effect (in sub-inhibitory concentrations) on the biological properties of Enterococcus spp., the causative agents of many infectious and inflammatory diseases remains poorly understood. The aim of our study was to analyze the nature of the effect of synthetic peptide ZP2 on anticytokine activity (ACA) and its ability to produce cytokine-like substances (CLS) in Enterococcus spp. 18 clinical isolates of Enterococcus spp. were used. Over the experiments, the bacterial strains were cultured in Schaedlers broth with ZP2 peptide at 37 C for 24 hours. No specific peptide was added in the control. ACA for IL-8, TNF and IL-17A and the production of the corresponding CLS were determined by the ELISA method. To assess ACA, the proportion of cytokine inactivation in the experiment relative to the control was calculated and expressed in pg/ml; CLS production was evaluated by the level of cytokines in the experiment and control, expressed as pg/ml. The data were subjected to statistical processing. It was revealed that Enterococcus spp. strains are capable of secreting compounds that inactivate cytokines IL-8, IL-17A and TNF, and produce CLS in the culture medium. Intragenital and intraspecific variability was noted in the presence and frequency of occurrence and in the severity of these properties. It was found that the ZP2 peptide in E. faecium increases ACA with respect to all studied cytokines. When tested with E. faecalis, it either did not affect their ACA against TNF and IL-8, or completely inhibited ACA for IL-17A. At the same time, ZP2 blocked the production of CLS, e.g., IL-17A and IL-8 in E. faecium, but increased the production of CLS similar to TNF, and, with E. faecalis, it increased the number of IL-17A-producing isolates twofold, although the average level of production of these CLS was lower than in the control. Enterococcus spp strains are capable of secreting compounds that inactivate cytokines IL-8, TNF and IL- 17A, and may produce substances similar to these cytokines. The synthetic peptide ZP2 has a modifying effect on the manifestation of these properties by Enterococci. Further studies of biological and pathogenetic features of Enterococci and other bacterial species, as well as modifying effects of the ZP2 peptide are required.
{"title":"Influence of ZP2 peptide, a synthetic analogue of the GM-GSF active center on the anticytokine activity of bacteria from Enterococcus genus and their ability to produce cytokine-like substances","authors":"O. A. Pashinina, O. L. Kartashova, T. M. Pashkova, V. Gritsenko","doi":"10.46235/1028-7221-1162-ioz","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-1162-ioz","url":null,"abstract":"Peptide ZP2, a synthetic analogue of the active center of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), exhibits a wide range of immunobiological effects, including antibacterial activity. At the same time, its effect (in sub-inhibitory concentrations) on the biological properties of Enterococcus spp., the causative agents of many infectious and inflammatory diseases remains poorly understood. The aim of our study was to analyze the nature of the effect of synthetic peptide ZP2 on anticytokine activity (ACA) and its ability to produce cytokine-like substances (CLS) in Enterococcus spp. \u000018 clinical isolates of Enterococcus spp. were used. Over the experiments, the bacterial strains were cultured in Schaedlers broth with ZP2 peptide at 37 C for 24 hours. No specific peptide was added in the control. ACA for IL-8, TNF and IL-17A and the production of the corresponding CLS were determined by the ELISA method. To assess ACA, the proportion of cytokine inactivation in the experiment relative to the control was calculated and expressed in pg/ml; CLS production was evaluated by the level of cytokines in the experiment and control, expressed as pg/ml. The data were subjected to statistical processing. \u0000It was revealed that Enterococcus spp. strains are capable of secreting compounds that inactivate cytokines IL-8, IL-17A and TNF, and produce CLS in the culture medium. Intragenital and intraspecific variability was noted in the presence and frequency of occurrence and in the severity of these properties. It was found that the ZP2 peptide in E. faecium increases ACA with respect to all studied cytokines. When tested with E. faecalis, it either did not affect their ACA against TNF and IL-8, or completely inhibited ACA for IL-17A. At the same time, ZP2 blocked the production of CLS, e.g., IL-17A and IL-8 in E. faecium, but increased the production of CLS similar to TNF, and, with E. faecalis, it increased the number of IL-17A-producing isolates twofold, although the average level of production of these CLS was lower than in the control. \u0000Enterococcus spp strains are capable of secreting compounds that inactivate cytokines IL-8, TNF and IL- 17A, and may produce substances similar to these cytokines. The synthetic peptide ZP2 has a modifying effect on the manifestation of these properties by Enterococci. Further studies of biological and pathogenetic features of Enterococci and other bacterial species, as well as modifying effects of the ZP2 peptide are required.","PeriodicalId":21524,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Immunology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84119532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.46235/1028-7221-1111-eos
N. Plekhova, T. Sitdikova, A. A. Dubiy, A. O. Mikhailov, E. V. Prosekovа
An aberrant immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection has been shown to determine the clinical features, disease severity, and progression of COVID-19 infection. This work aimed for comprehensive assessment of the immune response by comparative evaluation of diagnostic significance of the antibodies to RBD domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, as well as detection of effector CD4+ and CD8+T cells specific to SARS-CoV-2 antigens. The study was performed in unvaccinated persons, healthy individuals vaccinated with Gam-COVID-Vac, and in the patients who have had COVID-19 infection. We have found that IgG antibodies to the RBD domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein are detectable at a frequency of 73% to 92% of cases in vaccinated persons and COVID-19 reconvalescents. The numbers of effector CD4+ and CD8+T lymphocytes responding to stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 antigens by producing the IFN cytokine varied depending on the introduced antigen and tended to be higher in vaccinated individuals. In non-vaccinated healthy persons who contacted with COVID-19 patients, T cell response to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoproteins was revealed. For adequate assessment of antiviral and post-vaccination immune response to COVID-19, it would be necessary to study not only humoral immune response by the presence of antibodies, but also functionally active specific T lymphocytes directed for SARS-CoV-2 protein antigens.
{"title":"Evaluation of specific T cell immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 infection and following Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine prophylaxis","authors":"N. Plekhova, T. Sitdikova, A. A. Dubiy, A. O. Mikhailov, E. V. Prosekovа","doi":"10.46235/1028-7221-1111-eos","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-1111-eos","url":null,"abstract":"An aberrant immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection has been shown to determine the clinical features, disease severity, and progression of COVID-19 infection. This work aimed for comprehensive assessment of the immune response by comparative evaluation of diagnostic significance of the antibodies to RBD domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, as well as detection of effector CD4+ and CD8+T cells specific to SARS-CoV-2 antigens. The study was performed in unvaccinated persons, healthy individuals vaccinated with Gam-COVID-Vac, and in the patients who have had COVID-19 infection. We have found that IgG antibodies to the RBD domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein are detectable at a frequency of 73% to 92% of cases in vaccinated persons and COVID-19 reconvalescents. The numbers of effector CD4+ and CD8+T lymphocytes responding to stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 antigens by producing the IFN cytokine varied depending on the introduced antigen and tended to be higher in vaccinated individuals. In non-vaccinated healthy persons who contacted with COVID-19 patients, T cell response to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoproteins was revealed. For adequate assessment of antiviral and post-vaccination immune response to COVID-19, it would be necessary to study not only humoral immune response by the presence of antibodies, but also functionally active specific T lymphocytes directed for SARS-CoV-2 protein antigens.","PeriodicalId":21524,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Immunology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73173309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.46235/1028-7221-1144-maf
A. P. Synchikova, E. Korneva
Interest to the orexin-containing neurons is caused by their recent discovery and perspectives of their usage for treatment of different diseases. The studies in this area were launched recently and are of special interest since the opportunity of modulating functional activity of the brain immune system is of pivotal significance for therapy of various central nervous system (CNS) disorders providing novel ways of search and promising data on therapeutic effects of orexins in inflammatory, autoimmune diseases as well as malignant tumors. Some data from literature show that orexins may exert therapeutic effects in different disorders caused by altered neuroimmune interactions. Participation of this neuromediator system is shown in pathogenesis of narcolepsia, obesity, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, intestinal disorders, septic shock and cancer, due to involvement of orexins in functional regulation of various components of immune syste, e.g., microglial cell populations. Despite only scarce data on these effects, some experimental results obtained over last years, add to our understanding of orexin effects upon functional activity of the brain immune system. A number of previous studies allowed to assess the orexin effects on morpho-functional features of microglial cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thus presenting a prospective for development of novel approaches to therapy of infectious, inflammatory, neurodegenerative and autoimmune disorders affecting CNS. In the present study, we aimed for detecting the effects of neuromediator orexin A upon functional traits of of microglial cells activated by LPS (M1 phenotype) as evaluated by changes of their size and length of their processes, as well as density of cell distribution. We have studied the changes of microglia cell numbers following intraperitoneal LPS injection. It was shown that, the LPS causes higher activation degree of these cells, i.e., the contents of microglial cells becomes increased in somatosensory area of the brain cortex. A series of these studies allowed us to demonstrate that intracerebroventricular injection of orexin A in animals following LPS injection does not cause detectable changes of the processes initiated by LPS. The comparative analysis did not detect any changes in length of microglial processes localized in somatosensory or motor cortical areas, and corpus striatum. Other parameters of the microglial cell activation will be studied in future.
{"title":"Morphological and functional characteristics of LPS-stimulated microglial cells under the action of orexin A","authors":"A. P. Synchikova, E. Korneva","doi":"10.46235/1028-7221-1144-maf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-1144-maf","url":null,"abstract":"Interest to the orexin-containing neurons is caused by their recent discovery and perspectives of their usage for treatment of different diseases. The studies in this area were launched recently and are of special interest since the opportunity of modulating functional activity of the brain immune system is of pivotal significance for therapy of various central nervous system (CNS) disorders providing novel ways of search and promising data on therapeutic effects of orexins in inflammatory, autoimmune diseases as well as malignant tumors. \u0000Some data from literature show that orexins may exert therapeutic effects in different disorders caused by altered neuroimmune interactions. Participation of this neuromediator system is shown in pathogenesis of narcolepsia, obesity, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, intestinal disorders, septic shock and cancer, due to involvement of orexins in functional regulation of various components of immune syste, e.g., microglial cell populations. Despite only scarce data on these effects, some experimental results obtained over last years, add to our understanding of orexin effects upon functional activity of the brain immune system. \u0000A number of previous studies allowed to assess the orexin effects on morpho-functional features of microglial cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thus presenting a prospective for development of novel approaches to therapy of infectious, inflammatory, neurodegenerative and autoimmune disorders affecting CNS. In the present study, we aimed for detecting the effects of neuromediator orexin A upon functional traits of of microglial cells activated by LPS (M1 phenotype) as evaluated by changes of their size and length of their processes, as well as density of cell distribution. \u0000We have studied the changes of microglia cell numbers following intraperitoneal LPS injection. It was shown that, the LPS causes higher activation degree of these cells, i.e., the contents of microglial cells becomes increased in somatosensory area of the brain cortex. A series of these studies allowed us to demonstrate that intracerebroventricular injection of orexin A in animals following LPS injection does not cause detectable changes of the processes initiated by LPS. The comparative analysis did not detect any changes in length of microglial processes localized in somatosensory or motor cortical areas, and corpus striatum. Other parameters of the microglial cell activation will be studied in future.","PeriodicalId":21524,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Immunology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87135284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.46235/1028-7221-1107-mca
A. Sadek, Y. Khramtsova, B. Yushkov
Most mechanisms of ageing are believed to be more or less associated with inflammation. With age, a unique form of chronic inflammation develops which is termed as inflamm-ageing. The mechanisms of this process are still not fully clear due to the lack of reliable assessment criteria. Immune system is among those involved in accelerating age-related changes in the body. It also directly participates in the process of inflammation. In its pathogenesis, the reaction of mast cells may be of great importance. The role of mast cells in tissue remodeling deserves special attention, since the latter event is among the main features associated with ageing. Hence, the inflamm-ageing is considered a sufficient indicator of ageing, and the mast cells could provide biomarkers of this process. In order to test the proposed hypothesis, the present study was conducted to determine age-related morpho-functional changes in mast cell populations in various organs in rats. Some morpho-functional parameters of mast cells (number, synthetic and functional activity, degree of maturation) in different animal organs were evaluated in male Wistar rats of different ages (4 months and 2 years). We have found the age-dependent changes upon examination of thymus, adrenal glands, and skin, i.e., a decrease in the number of mast cells and their synthetic capacity, along with significantly increased functional activity. In the stomach, small and large intestines, at the constant number of mast cells, we revealed a decrease in their synthetic ability, and increased functional activity. These changes were accompanied by enlargement of blood vessels in the studied organs. Liver is the only organ which did not exhibit any changes in mast cell populations with age. The detected changes in mast cell populations may play an important role in formation of inflamm-ageing events, which accompany the ageing processes, because these cells are an integral component of inflammatory response. The progression of inflamm-ageing leads to accumulation of cytokines and pro-inflammatory mediators in tissues, which, in turn, activate the mast cells. At the same time, increased degranulation of mastocytes may promote the process of inflamm-ageing. The oberved mutual influence of mast cells and inflamm-ageing makes it possible to consider mastocytes as potential candidates for searching the biomarkers in inflamm-ageing.
{"title":"Mast cells as biomarkers of inflamm-ageing","authors":"A. Sadek, Y. Khramtsova, B. Yushkov","doi":"10.46235/1028-7221-1107-mca","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-1107-mca","url":null,"abstract":"Most mechanisms of ageing are believed to be more or less associated with inflammation. With age, a unique form of chronic inflammation develops which is termed as inflamm-ageing. The mechanisms of this process are still not fully clear due to the lack of reliable assessment criteria. Immune system is among those involved in accelerating age-related changes in the body. It also directly participates in the process of inflammation. In its pathogenesis, the reaction of mast cells may be of great importance. The role of mast cells in tissue remodeling deserves special attention, since the latter event is among the main features associated with ageing. Hence, the inflamm-ageing is considered a sufficient indicator of ageing, and the mast cells could provide biomarkers of this process. In order to test the proposed hypothesis, the present study was conducted to determine age-related morpho-functional changes in mast cell populations in various organs in rats. Some morpho-functional parameters of mast cells (number, synthetic and functional activity, degree of maturation) in different animal organs were evaluated in male Wistar rats of different ages (4 months and 2 years). We have found the age-dependent changes upon examination of thymus, adrenal glands, and skin, i.e., a decrease in the number of mast cells and their synthetic capacity, along with significantly increased functional activity. In the stomach, small and large intestines, at the constant number of mast cells, we revealed a decrease in their synthetic ability, and increased functional activity. These changes were accompanied by enlargement of blood vessels in the studied organs. Liver is the only organ which did not exhibit any changes in mast cell populations with age. The detected changes in mast cell populations may play an important role in formation of inflamm-ageing events, which accompany the ageing processes, because these cells are an integral component of inflammatory response. The progression of inflamm-ageing leads to accumulation of cytokines and pro-inflammatory mediators in tissues, which, in turn, activate the mast cells. At the same time, increased degranulation of mastocytes may promote the process of inflamm-ageing. The oberved mutual influence of mast cells and inflamm-ageing makes it possible to consider mastocytes as potential candidates for searching the biomarkers in inflamm-ageing.","PeriodicalId":21524,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Immunology","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80230936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.46235/1028-7221-1135-aol
E. Safronova, L. Ryabova
We examined 23 patients aged 40 to 65 years (mean age 54.526.72) with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) at admission, who underwent emergency or delayed coronary stenting a day later. All patients had arterial hypertension as a concomitant disease. Upon additional examination, blood troponin levels were determined, ECG was performed in the time dynamics. Acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation was diagnosed in 7 patients, infarction without ST elevation, in 6 patients, the unstable angina rest, in the rest of this group (Grace risk from 75 to 150 points, on average, 107.727.16 points). To assess the immune status, especially, lymphocyte populations and subsets we used standardized techniques, i.e., flow cytometric assays with Navios cytofluorimeter (Beckman Coulter, USA). The following subpopulations were determined: CD45+ (panleukocyte marker for gating lymphocytes), CD45+, CD3+ (T cells), CD45+, CD3+, CD4+ (helper inducers), CD45+, CD3+, CD8+ (cytotoxic T cells), CD45+, CD3+CD16+, CD56+ (TNK cells) CD45+, CD3-, CD16+, CD56+ (natural killer cells), CD45+, CD3-, CD19+CD5+ (B cells), CD45+, CD3+, CD4+, CD25+ (activated helpers, early activation phase), CD45+, CD3+, HLA-DR (activated T lymphocytes late activation phase). The data obtained indicate that the relative indices of T helper subpopulations, T cells at early and late activation step, and B lymphocytes were increased in the patients with acute coronary syndrome, compared with control group. At the same time, there is a trend for increasing absolute values of these indexes. The subpopulation of TNK lymphocytes proved to be significantly increased both in relative and absolute values, whereas percentages of CD45+CD3+CD19- (p 0.01) and T cytotoxic lymphocytes (p 0.001) were decreased and showed the same trend in absolute terms. The ratio of CD4/CD8 lymphocytes was almost doubled (p 0.001), due to increased content of T-helpers and decrease in cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In clinical blood analyses of ACS patients a tendency for leukocytosis was shown, (10.155.22), with a shift to the band forms.
{"title":"Assessment of lymphocyte populations and their subsets in the patients with acute coronary syndrome","authors":"E. Safronova, L. Ryabova","doi":"10.46235/1028-7221-1135-aol","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-1135-aol","url":null,"abstract":"We examined 23 patients aged 40 to 65 years (mean age 54.526.72) with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) at admission, who underwent emergency or delayed coronary stenting a day later. All patients had arterial hypertension as a concomitant disease. Upon additional examination, blood troponin levels were determined, ECG was performed in the time dynamics. Acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation was diagnosed in 7 patients, infarction without ST elevation, in 6 patients, the unstable angina rest, in the rest of this group (Grace risk from 75 to 150 points, on average, 107.727.16 points). To assess the immune status, especially, lymphocyte populations and subsets we used standardized techniques, i.e., flow cytometric assays with Navios cytofluorimeter (Beckman Coulter, USA). The following subpopulations were determined: CD45+ (panleukocyte marker for gating lymphocytes), CD45+, CD3+ (T cells), CD45+, CD3+, CD4+ (helper inducers), CD45+, CD3+, CD8+ (cytotoxic T cells), CD45+, CD3+CD16+, CD56+ (TNK cells) CD45+, CD3-, CD16+, CD56+ (natural killer cells), CD45+, CD3-, CD19+CD5+ (B cells), CD45+, CD3+, CD4+, CD25+ (activated helpers, early activation phase), CD45+, CD3+, HLA-DR (activated T lymphocytes late activation phase). The data obtained indicate that the relative indices of T helper subpopulations, T cells at early and late activation step, and B lymphocytes were increased in the patients with acute coronary syndrome, compared with control group. At the same time, there is a trend for increasing absolute values of these indexes. The subpopulation of TNK lymphocytes proved to be significantly increased both in relative and absolute values, whereas percentages of CD45+CD3+CD19- (p 0.01) and T cytotoxic lymphocytes (p 0.001) were decreased and showed the same trend in absolute terms. The ratio of CD4/CD8 lymphocytes was almost doubled (p 0.001), due to increased content of T-helpers and decrease in cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In clinical blood analyses of ACS patients a tendency for leukocytosis was shown, (10.155.22), with a shift to the band forms.","PeriodicalId":21524,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Immunology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79971120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.46235/1028-7221-1129-csi
K. S. Savchuk, A. Simbirtsev
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic non-communicable disease, being the most significant comorbidity in SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. The proportion of DM patients among those with COVID-19 is up to 25.0% in the Russian Federation. In presence of DM, clinical course of COVID-19 is characterized by greater severity and persistence of pulmonary damage, an increased need for immunosuppressive, glucocorticoid and combined antiviral therapy in COVID-19 patients, and with prolonged rehabilitation period. Pathogenetic effects of DM on severe course of the SARS-CoV-2 viral infection are being actively studied. The following factors were considered, e.g., negative impact of hyperglycemia on the course of infection; direct cytotoxic and indirect damage to pancreatic -cells with further activation of pro-inflammatory mechanisms; cumulation and progression of generalized inflammation common to DM and COVID-19 including impaired production of cytokines; influence of SARS-CoV-2 virus on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system causing inhibition of insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance. Chronic inflammation and impaired immune response may be among the main mechanisms of association between type 2 DM (T2DM) and COVID-19. It is important to identify systemic inflammatory disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes, which may be associated with greater disease severity, being of negative prognostic value. The aim of the present work was to investigate concentrations of some serum cytokines in the patients with type 2 diabetes not infected with SARS-CoV-2. The study included 20 patients with type 2 diabetes; the control group consisted of 11 clinically healthy volunteers. The serum concentration of 13 cytokines was assessed by multiplex analysis on a MAGPIX-100 immunoanalyzer using a Merck multiplex analysis kit (Germany), in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. Increased serum concentrations in T2DM patients were found, as compared with the control group for some key pro-inflammatory cytokines: CX3CL1, TNF, IFN, IL-8, IL-17A, MIP-1, and MIP-1. We have also revealed a decrease in serum concentrations of IL-4. Serum immunoregulatory cytokines in the T2DM were found to be changed in different directions: a decrease in IL-5, along with increase of IL-12p70 and IL- 17, whereas the serum contents of IL-2, IL-13 did not change. A comprehensive analysis of serum cytokine concentrations may increase clinical significance of assessing serum cytokine concentrations as prognostic and diagnostic markers, as well as therapeutic targets in type 2 DM, like as in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
{"title":"Cytokine system in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus non-infected with SARS-CoV-2","authors":"K. S. Savchuk, A. Simbirtsev","doi":"10.46235/1028-7221-1129-csi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-1129-csi","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic non-communicable disease, being the most significant comorbidity in SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. The proportion of DM patients among those with COVID-19 is up to 25.0% in the Russian Federation. In presence of DM, clinical course of COVID-19 is characterized by greater severity and persistence of pulmonary damage, an increased need for immunosuppressive, glucocorticoid and combined antiviral therapy in COVID-19 patients, and with prolonged rehabilitation period. Pathogenetic effects of DM on severe course of the SARS-CoV-2 viral infection are being actively studied. The following factors were considered, e.g., negative impact of hyperglycemia on the course of infection; direct cytotoxic and indirect damage to pancreatic -cells with further activation of pro-inflammatory mechanisms; cumulation and progression of generalized inflammation common to DM and COVID-19 including impaired production of cytokines; influence of SARS-CoV-2 virus on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system causing inhibition of insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance. Chronic inflammation and impaired immune response may be among the main mechanisms of association between type 2 DM (T2DM) and COVID-19. It is important to identify systemic inflammatory disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes, which may be associated with greater disease severity, being of negative prognostic value. The aim of the present work was to investigate concentrations of some serum cytokines in the patients with type 2 diabetes not infected with SARS-CoV-2. \u0000The study included 20 patients with type 2 diabetes; the control group consisted of 11 clinically healthy volunteers. The serum concentration of 13 cytokines was assessed by multiplex analysis on a MAGPIX-100 immunoanalyzer using a Merck multiplex analysis kit (Germany), in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. \u0000Increased serum concentrations in T2DM patients were found, as compared with the control group for some key pro-inflammatory cytokines: CX3CL1, TNF, IFN, IL-8, IL-17A, MIP-1, and MIP-1. We have also revealed a decrease in serum concentrations of IL-4. Serum immunoregulatory cytokines in the T2DM were found to be changed in different directions: a decrease in IL-5, along with increase of IL-12p70 and IL- 17, whereas the serum contents of IL-2, IL-13 did not change. \u0000A comprehensive analysis of serum cytokine concentrations may increase clinical significance of assessing serum cytokine concentrations as prognostic and diagnostic markers, as well as therapeutic targets in type 2 DM, like as in SARS-CoV-2 infection.","PeriodicalId":21524,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Immunology","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88310634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.46235/1028-7221-1147-eom
Y. Shilov, S. Shilov, S. Y. Barkov, N. Shilova
In 1936, the Canadian pathologist Hans Selye, in experiments with adrenalectomy, has shown adrenal cortex hormones to be involved in development of thymic acute involution under stress. By 1970s, the idea of lysis of lymphoid cells by glucocorticoids dominated among researchers as the main mechanism of these changes. Later on, increased migration of T lymphocytes from thymus as well as decreased migration of bone marrow precursors to the thymus were considered. Since 1990s, apoptosis induced by glucocorticoids was also studied in this respect. To elucidate the in vivo contribution of glucocorticoids these events, a convenient tool was developed in experimental endocrinology and pharmacology, i.e., treatment of male rats or mice with antagonist of glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors mifepristone, also known as RU-38486 or RU-486. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of mifepristone on thymocyte apoptosis in mice under acute stress. Experimental studies were performed in male white noninbred mice. Mifepristone was injected once subcutaneously 30 min before immobilization at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight prepared in olive oil solution. Control mice and the animals from comparison group were injected once subcutaneously with an equivalent amount of the drug solvent. A classical model of 24-hour immobilization stress in a plastic restrainer (supine position) was used for experimental simulation of acute stress. Thymocyte apoptosis was assessed by flow laser cytometry with BD PE Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I (BD Pharmingen) reagent kit adapted for Guava EasyCyte flow laser cytometer by Millipore Corporation. It was found that acute stress induced by 24-hour immobilization of mice leads to an increase in the total relative number of 7-AAD-positive cells as well as proportion of cells stained with 7-AAD, but not annexin V-PE (nuclear debris, annexin V(-), 7-AAD (+)). Administration of mifepristone alleviated these changes, thus confirming involvement of glucocorticoids in increasing number of necrotic thymocytes. The number of thymocytes in early apoptosis (i.e., annexin V-PE-positive, 7-AAD-negative), as well as total relative number of cells with phosphatidylserine exposed at the surface (annexin V-PE-positive thymocytes) under acute stress and at stress on the background of the introduction of mifepristone did not differ from the control.
{"title":"Effect of mifepristone under acute stress on thymocyte apoptosis in mice","authors":"Y. Shilov, S. Shilov, S. Y. Barkov, N. Shilova","doi":"10.46235/1028-7221-1147-eom","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-1147-eom","url":null,"abstract":"In 1936, the Canadian pathologist Hans Selye, in experiments with adrenalectomy, has shown adrenal cortex hormones to be involved in development of thymic acute involution under stress. By 1970s, the idea of lysis of lymphoid cells by glucocorticoids dominated among researchers as the main mechanism of these changes. Later on, increased migration of T lymphocytes from thymus as well as decreased migration of bone marrow precursors to the thymus were considered. Since 1990s, apoptosis induced by glucocorticoids was also studied in this respect. To elucidate the in vivo contribution of glucocorticoids these events, a convenient tool was developed in experimental endocrinology and pharmacology, i.e., treatment of male rats or mice with antagonist of glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors mifepristone, also known as RU-38486 or RU-486. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of mifepristone on thymocyte apoptosis in mice under acute stress. Experimental studies were performed in male white noninbred mice. Mifepristone was injected once subcutaneously 30 min before immobilization at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight prepared in olive oil solution. Control mice and the animals from comparison group were injected once subcutaneously with an equivalent amount of the drug solvent. A classical model of 24-hour immobilization stress in a plastic restrainer (supine position) was used for experimental simulation of acute stress. Thymocyte apoptosis was assessed by flow laser cytometry with BD PE Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I (BD Pharmingen) reagent kit adapted for Guava EasyCyte flow laser cytometer by Millipore Corporation. It was found that acute stress induced by 24-hour immobilization of mice leads to an increase in the total relative number of 7-AAD-positive cells as well as proportion of cells stained with 7-AAD, but not annexin V-PE (nuclear debris, annexin V(-), 7-AAD (+)). Administration of mifepristone alleviated these changes, thus confirming involvement of glucocorticoids in increasing number of necrotic thymocytes. The number of thymocytes in early apoptosis (i.e., annexin V-PE-positive, 7-AAD-negative), as well as total relative number of cells with phosphatidylserine exposed at the surface (annexin V-PE-positive thymocytes) under acute stress and at stress on the background of the introduction of mifepristone did not differ from the control.","PeriodicalId":21524,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Immunology","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86830194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.46235/1028-7221-1123-rbt
A. Savochkina, A. Poltorak, K. Nikushkina, M. Zotova
At the present time, sepsis is primarily considered a disorder of the immune system caused by dominant infection, manifesting with individual response reaction of the host organism. Hence, sepsis should not be classified as a distinct pro- or anti-inflammatory syndrome, but rather as a variable continuum of overlapping immune mechanisms. The role of innate immunity in sepsis is probably the leading one, since it exerts an early and nonspecific response to any foreign agent. The nature of appropriate relationships may determine current state of the immune system. To perform a deeper study of the anti-infectious protective mechanisms, we have evaluated the relationships between the immunological parameters of peripheral blood in patients with sepsis, depending on the outcome of the disease. Total number of leukocytes, and neutrophils was determined in whole peripheral blood of the patients with sepsis, along with calculation of leukocyte counts and numbers of neutrophil extracellular traps. Serum levels of procalcitonin, peptidyl-arginine deiminase 4, and cytokines were studied by ELISA assay. To study the relationship between the indices of innate immunity, we used correlation analysis, which was carried out by the Spearman rank criterion. When conducting the statistical analysis, strong correlations between the immunological parameters of peripheral blood in patients with sepsis were not revealed, regardless of the outcome of the disease. In cases of favorable outcome, 10 relationships were identified, with an unfavorable outcome, 7 relationships were registered. All the relationships were of medium strength. Regardless of clinical outcome of sepsis, the significant relationships were established between the number of leukocytes and the level of neutrophil extracellular traps; positive relationships were also found between pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 IL-6, TNF IL-18. However, these relationships were significant in cases with favorable outcome, while becoming weaker and losing their significance for the group with lethal outcomes. Among the revealed relationships, the most interesting finding was an association between favorable outcome of sepsis with IL-10 contents, which is an anti-inflammatory cytokine coordinating the innate immune response. In lethal outcomes, such relationship with IL-10 was not revealed. IL-10, a cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties may limit the immune response to pathogens and, thus, potentially prevent damage to the host. Therefore, the relationship between IL-10 and other immunological parameters of peripheral blood in sepsis may affect the outcome of this condition.
{"title":"Relationships between the indices of innate immunity in sepsis depend on clinical outcomes","authors":"A. Savochkina, A. Poltorak, K. Nikushkina, M. Zotova","doi":"10.46235/1028-7221-1123-rbt","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-1123-rbt","url":null,"abstract":"At the present time, sepsis is primarily considered a disorder of the immune system caused by dominant infection, manifesting with individual response reaction of the host organism. Hence, sepsis should not be classified as a distinct pro- or anti-inflammatory syndrome, but rather as a variable continuum of overlapping immune mechanisms. The role of innate immunity in sepsis is probably the leading one, since it exerts an early and nonspecific response to any foreign agent. The nature of appropriate relationships may determine current state of the immune system. To perform a deeper study of the anti-infectious protective mechanisms, we have evaluated the relationships between the immunological parameters of peripheral blood in patients with sepsis, depending on the outcome of the disease. Total number of leukocytes, and neutrophils was determined in whole peripheral blood of the patients with sepsis, along with calculation of leukocyte counts and numbers of neutrophil extracellular traps. Serum levels of procalcitonin, peptidyl-arginine deiminase 4, and cytokines were studied by ELISA assay. To study the relationship between the indices of innate immunity, we used correlation analysis, which was carried out by the Spearman rank criterion. When conducting the statistical analysis, strong correlations between the immunological parameters of peripheral blood in patients with sepsis were not revealed, regardless of the outcome of the disease. In cases of favorable outcome, 10 relationships were identified, with an unfavorable outcome, 7 relationships were registered. All the relationships were of medium strength. Regardless of clinical outcome of sepsis, the significant relationships were established between the number of leukocytes and the level of neutrophil extracellular traps; positive relationships were also found between pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 IL-6, TNF IL-18. However, these relationships were significant in cases with favorable outcome, while becoming weaker and losing their significance for the group with lethal outcomes. \u0000Among the revealed relationships, the most interesting finding was an association between favorable outcome of sepsis with IL-10 contents, which is an anti-inflammatory cytokine coordinating the innate immune response. In lethal outcomes, such relationship with IL-10 was not revealed. IL-10, a cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties may limit the immune response to pathogens and, thus, potentially prevent damage to the host. Therefore, the relationship between IL-10 and other immunological parameters of peripheral blood in sepsis may affect the outcome of this condition.","PeriodicalId":21524,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Immunology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89913559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.46235/1028-7221-1115-aog
E. Prosekova, M. S. Dolgopolov, A. I. Turyanskaya, V. A. Sabynych
The study of genes controlling cytokine activities of is among important tasks when assessing predisposition and revealing pathogenetic links of initiation and course of clinical disorders. Aberrant production of cytokines and dysregulation of immune response may be considered genetic predictors associated with differentiation and functioning of T helpers, being of decisive importance in pathogenesis of pediatric allergic bronchial asthma. Our objective was to evaluation of associations between polymorphic genotypes and serum levels of cytokines of various T helper profiles in the children with allergic bronchial asthma. We have observed 175 children aged 3 to 11 years. Of them, we have examined 75 patients diagnosed with allergic bronchial asthma (ABA) as well as 100 healthy children matched for age and gender. All children underwent general clinical and allergological examination. The contents of cytokines attributed to Th1, Th2 and Th17 profiles were determined in blood serum by means of ELISA technique. DNA samples isolated from peripheral venous blood were used for molecular genetic analysis. Using allele-specific PCR technique, the following mutation points were investigated: IFN (T-874 A), IL-4 (C-589 T), IL-6 (C-174 G), IL-17A (G- 197 A), TNF (G-308 A). The analysis of distribution and occurrence of the cytokine gene polymorphisms was carried out, and the odds ratio of the disease risk were calculated. Statistical data processing was carried out using the program Statistica 10 by methods of descriptive, parametric and non-parametric statistics, comparison of unrelated groups was performed by qualitative characteristics of HardyWeinberg equilibrium, and with Chi-square test ( 2). These studies have revealed differences in patterns and occurrence of polymorphic genotypes associated with aberrant production of cytokines typical for various Th profiles among the children with allergic bronchial asthma. A comparative analysis of the mutant allele frequencies and cytokine genotypes of various Th profiles, along with determination of the cytokine contents in blood serum of children with allergic bronchial asthma revealed a predominance of homozygous IFN 874A, IL-4 589T, IL-6 174G, IL-17A 197A, and TNF 308A genotypes. Studies of gene polymorphisms, features of production and content of the cytokines specific for T helpers 1, T helpers 2, T helpers 17 profiles in bronchial asthma in the children revealed differences in distribution and occurrence of mutant alleles associated with aberrant cytokine production, variable risk of developing allergic pathology and development of the distinct disease phenotype.
{"title":"Association of gene polymorphism and cytokine content in the blood serum in children with allergic bronchial asthma","authors":"E. Prosekova, M. S. Dolgopolov, A. I. Turyanskaya, V. A. Sabynych","doi":"10.46235/1028-7221-1115-aog","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-1115-aog","url":null,"abstract":"The study of genes controlling cytokine activities of is among important tasks when assessing predisposition and revealing pathogenetic links of initiation and course of clinical disorders. Aberrant production of cytokines and dysregulation of immune response may be considered genetic predictors associated with differentiation and functioning of T helpers, being of decisive importance in pathogenesis of pediatric allergic bronchial asthma. Our objective was to evaluation of associations between polymorphic genotypes and serum levels of cytokines of various T helper profiles in the children with allergic bronchial asthma. \u0000We have observed 175 children aged 3 to 11 years. Of them, we have examined 75 patients diagnosed with allergic bronchial asthma (ABA) as well as 100 healthy children matched for age and gender. All children underwent general clinical and allergological examination. The contents of cytokines attributed to Th1, Th2 and Th17 profiles were determined in blood serum by means of ELISA technique. DNA samples isolated from peripheral venous blood were used for molecular genetic analysis. Using allele-specific PCR technique, the following mutation points were investigated: IFN (T-874 A), IL-4 (C-589 T), IL-6 (C-174 G), IL-17A (G- 197 A), TNF (G-308 A). The analysis of distribution and occurrence of the cytokine gene polymorphisms was carried out, and the odds ratio of the disease risk were calculated. Statistical data processing was carried out using the program Statistica 10 by methods of descriptive, parametric and non-parametric statistics, comparison of unrelated groups was performed by qualitative characteristics of HardyWeinberg equilibrium, and with Chi-square test ( 2). \u0000These studies have revealed differences in patterns and occurrence of polymorphic genotypes associated with aberrant production of cytokines typical for various Th profiles among the children with allergic bronchial asthma. A comparative analysis of the mutant allele frequencies and cytokine genotypes of various Th profiles, along with determination of the cytokine contents in blood serum of children with allergic bronchial asthma revealed a predominance of homozygous IFN 874A, IL-4 589T, IL-6 174G, IL-17A 197A, and TNF 308A genotypes. Studies of gene polymorphisms, features of production and content of the cytokines specific for T helpers 1, T helpers 2, T helpers 17 profiles in bronchial asthma in the children revealed differences in distribution and occurrence of mutant alleles associated with aberrant cytokine production, variable risk of developing allergic pathology and development of the distinct disease phenotype.","PeriodicalId":21524,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Immunology","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78182758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.46235/1028-7221-1140-cco
L. Fomina, V. Gritsenko, A. I. Fayzullina
The study was aimed for assessment of cytokine profile in the whole blood neutrophil supernatants stimulated by Staphylococcus aureus, with and without the spА gene. 20 clinical isolates of S. aureus were tested in vitro. Ten of them carried spА gene and other 10 were without the spА gene. We selected the strains with very high ability to secrete cytokine-like substances (CLS), both in terms of the level and spectrum of the cytokines. The S. aureus strains were divided into two groups depending on the spА status according to the data from the spА genotyping databank (http://spa.ridom.de/). The neutrophils of donors were isolated in a double gradient of Ficoll-Verografin, according to the standard method, at a concentration of 5 106. The bacteria were taken at a ratio of 1:20 to neutrophils (at a concentration of 108 bacteria/mL). The effect of staphylococci on cytokine secretion by neutrophils was determined with a Magpix-100 device (USA), using immunofluorescence multiplex kits from BioRad (USA) for the detection of 17 cytokines (G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN, IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF, MCP-1, MIP-1) after 1 hour incubation with the neutrophils. Results: It has been shown that staphylococci with a high degree of CLS activity, regardless of presence or absence of the spА gene, affected the ability of neutrophils to secrete cytokines. At the same time, S. aureus carrying the spА gene caused increased secretion of IL-1, TNF, IL-6 (pro-inflammatory cytokines), but, at the same time, it reduced secretion of IL-8, MIP-1 (chemokines). S. aureus strains devoid of spА genes have a more diverse spectrum and more pronounced effect on cytokine secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by neutrophils, e.g., IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IL-1, IL-2, TNF and the G-CSF growth factor. Both variants of staphylococci caused reduction of IL-6 secretion.
{"title":"Comparative characteristics of cytokine content in neutrophil supernatants after incubation with daily cultures of S. aureus with or without spA gene","authors":"L. Fomina, V. Gritsenko, A. I. Fayzullina","doi":"10.46235/1028-7221-1140-cco","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-1140-cco","url":null,"abstract":"The study was aimed for assessment of cytokine profile in the whole blood neutrophil supernatants stimulated by Staphylococcus aureus, with and without the spА gene. \u000020 clinical isolates of S. aureus were tested in vitro. Ten of them carried spА gene and other 10 were without the spА gene. We selected the strains with very high ability to secrete cytokine-like substances (CLS), both in terms of the level and spectrum of the cytokines. The S. aureus strains were divided into two groups depending on the spА status according to the data from the spА genotyping databank (http://spa.ridom.de/). The neutrophils of donors were isolated in a double gradient of Ficoll-Verografin, according to the standard method, at a concentration of 5 106. The bacteria were taken at a ratio of 1:20 to neutrophils (at a concentration of 108 bacteria/mL). The effect of staphylococci on cytokine secretion by neutrophils was determined with a Magpix-100 device (USA), using immunofluorescence multiplex kits from BioRad (USA) for the detection of 17 cytokines (G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN, IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF, MCP-1, MIP-1) after 1 hour incubation with the neutrophils. Results: It has been shown that staphylococci with a high degree of CLS activity, regardless of presence or absence of the spА gene, affected the ability of neutrophils to secrete cytokines. At the same time, S. aureus carrying the spА gene caused increased secretion of IL-1, TNF, IL-6 (pro-inflammatory cytokines), but, at the same time, it reduced secretion of IL-8, MIP-1 (chemokines). S. aureus strains devoid of spА genes have a more diverse spectrum and more pronounced effect on cytokine secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by neutrophils, e.g., IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IL-1, IL-2, TNF and the G-CSF growth factor. Both variants of staphylococci caused reduction of IL-6 secretion.","PeriodicalId":21524,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Immunology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78662849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：