R. Desrina, Supriyadi Supriyadi, Aziz M. Lubad, M. Mulyono
Many of the oil fields in East Java, Indonesia, are known to contain sulfur in amountssufficiently high that the crude oil or the associated gases are considered sour. The sourgases have to be handled accordingly in order to prevent the workers and the surroundingcommunities suffering from the toxic gas.The flaring system for disposing of the sour gases normally applied in oil fields inIndonesia has been evaluated in this study. Flare Stacks typically attempt to convert hydrogensulfide (H2S) in sour gas streams into sulfur dioxide (SO2) and water. The amount ofSO2 emitted does not solely depend on the H2S content of the gas, but also on the internalphysical factors, such as flare gas flow rate, flare gas heat content, flare gas exit velocity,and external factors such as cross wind velocity.This study focuses on the evaluation of the influence of the physical factors, especiallyflare gas flow rate and wind velocity, on SO2 emission. In order to comply with the regulationthe study also attempts to search the Government of Indonesia Regulations which aresuitable for this purpose.
{"title":"STUDY ON FLARING SYSTEM FOR SOUR GASES IN OIL FIELDS IN INDONESIA","authors":"R. Desrina, Supriyadi Supriyadi, Aziz M. Lubad, M. Mulyono","doi":"10.29017/scog.30.2.981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.30.2.981","url":null,"abstract":"Many of the oil fields in East Java, Indonesia, are known to contain sulfur in amountssufficiently high that the crude oil or the associated gases are considered sour. The sourgases have to be handled accordingly in order to prevent the workers and the surroundingcommunities suffering from the toxic gas.The flaring system for disposing of the sour gases normally applied in oil fields inIndonesia has been evaluated in this study. Flare Stacks typically attempt to convert hydrogensulfide (H2S) in sour gas streams into sulfur dioxide (SO2) and water. The amount ofSO2 emitted does not solely depend on the H2S content of the gas, but also on the internalphysical factors, such as flare gas flow rate, flare gas heat content, flare gas exit velocity,and external factors such as cross wind velocity.This study focuses on the evaluation of the influence of the physical factors, especiallyflare gas flow rate and wind velocity, on SO2 emission. In order to comply with the regulationthe study also attempts to search the Government of Indonesia Regulations which aresuitable for this purpose.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90075655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In accordance with the increasing awareness of the importance of in situ stress information in the design of various geotechnical and other petroleum related subsurface engineering in Indonesia, a complete knowledge of the insitu stress is a fundamental requirement. Basically, complete information of the insitu state of stress means both the trends and magnitudes of the principal in situ stresses. Some stress determination techniques can provide a complete stress tensor (e.g. differential strain analysis, DSA, method), some provide an incomplete tensor (e.g. sleeve fracturing method), and some provide merely the directions of the principal stresses. The Shear wave (S-wave) splitting technique presented by Widarsono et al (1998), following the earlier works made by Yale and Sprunt (1989), obviously falls in the last category. In some cases, which usually do not require in situ stress information regarding the magnitudes as an input parameter, principal stress directions still provide useful information. Nevertheless, the expanding use of in situ stress information requires, as stated above, a complete information, which means the stress magnitudes as well as directions. Designs of hydraulic fracturing, wellbore stability, and prevention of sand problems are among examples for which information about in situ stresses is required.In relation to the requirement outlined above, the effort which results are presented in this paper was devoted to presenting efforts to predict in situ stress magnitude by using ultrasonic wave propagation. This paper mainly presents efforts to find relations between acoustic propagation and in situ stress magnitude with an ultimate goal to provide the S-wave splitting technique presented in Widarsono et al (1998) with a means for estimating stress magnitudes.
随着人们越来越意识到地应力信息在印度尼西亚各种岩土工程和其他与石油相关的地下工程设计中的重要性，完整的地应力知识是一项基本要求。基本上，完整的原位应力状态信息意味着主原位应力的趋势和大小。一些应力测定技术可以提供一个完整的应力张量(如微分应变分析，DSA法)，一些提供一个不完整的张量(如滑套压裂法)，还有一些只提供主应力的方向。Widarsono et al .(1998)继Yale和Sprunt(1989)之后提出的横波(s波)分裂技术显然属于最后一类。在某些情况下，通常不需要将震级作为输入参数的地应力信息，主应力方向仍然提供有用的信息。然而，如上文所述，扩大使用地应力信息需要完整的信息，即应力大小和方向。水力压裂设计、井筒稳定性和防砂问题都是需要现场应力信息的例子。与上述要求有关，本文所介绍的结果致力于通过超声波传播来预测原位应力大小。本文主要介绍了寻找声波传播与原位应力量级之间关系的努力，最终目的是为Widarsono等人(1998)提出的s波分裂技术提供一种估计应力量级的方法。
{"title":"Development Of A Supplementary Technique For Determining In Situ Stress Magnitude Using Acoustic Wave Propagation","authors":"B. Widarsono","doi":"10.29017/scog.29.1.866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.29.1.866","url":null,"abstract":"In accordance with the increasing awareness of the importance of in situ stress information in the design of various geotechnical and other petroleum related subsurface engineering in Indonesia, a complete knowledge of the insitu stress is a fundamental requirement. Basically, complete information of the insitu state of stress means both the trends and magnitudes of the principal in situ stresses. Some stress determination techniques can provide a complete stress tensor (e.g. differential strain analysis, DSA, method), some provide an incomplete tensor (e.g. sleeve fracturing method), and some provide merely the directions of the principal stresses. The Shear wave (S-wave) splitting technique presented by Widarsono et al (1998), following the earlier works made by Yale and Sprunt (1989), obviously falls in the last category. In some cases, which usually do not require in situ stress information regarding the magnitudes as an input parameter, principal stress directions still provide useful information. Nevertheless, the expanding use of in situ stress information requires, as stated above, a complete information, which means the stress magnitudes as well as directions. Designs of hydraulic fracturing, wellbore stability, and prevention of sand problems are among examples for which information about in situ stresses is required.In relation to the requirement outlined above, the effort which results are presented in this paper was devoted to presenting efforts to predict in situ stress magnitude by using ultrasonic wave propagation. This paper mainly presents efforts to find relations between acoustic propagation and in situ stress magnitude with an ultimate goal to provide the S-wave splitting technique presented in Widarsono et al (1998) with a means for estimating stress magnitudes.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84818064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An important factor affecting the success of a water flood project for secondary recoveryis the quality of the water being injected. In this research, the water quality tests werefocused on determination of total bacteria counts of the analyzed injection water sampleusing ASTM D 5465-93 and selections of injection water quality rating chart for waterflood needs in Sumatra oil fields. The results of microbiological laboratory tests of allanalyzed injection water samples showed three parts. An injection water sample of N - 82containing type of bacteria Bacillus sp with the total bacteria counts 5.02 x 100 colonies/ccwas categorized as no. 1 water quality rating chart. Subsequently, G – GS injection watersample indicated Bacillus sp with total bacteria counts 4.28 x 101 colonies/cc and BacillusLaterosporous with total bacteria count 3.31 x 101 colonies/cc for G – 90 water sample.Two samples mentioned above were classified as no. 2 water quality rating chart. Next,Bacillus Alvei was found in T – 21 injection water sample with total bacteria count 1.85 x102 colonies/cc and Bacillus Pathothenticus in T – GS injection water samples with totalbacteria count 2.61 x 102 colonies/cc. Position of water quality rating chart for both lastsamples were no. 3. These results gave valuable and useful information before implementationof water flood in the oilfield.
{"title":"DETERMINATION OF TOTAL BACTERIA COUNT AND SELECTION OF INJECTION WATER QUALITY RATING CHART FOR WATER FLOOD NEEDS IN SUMATRA OIL FIELDS","authors":"N. Nuraini, Tjuwati Makmur","doi":"10.29017/scog.30.3.978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.30.3.978","url":null,"abstract":"An important factor affecting the success of a water flood project for secondary recoveryis the quality of the water being injected. In this research, the water quality tests werefocused on determination of total bacteria counts of the analyzed injection water sampleusing ASTM D 5465-93 and selections of injection water quality rating chart for waterflood needs in Sumatra oil fields. The results of microbiological laboratory tests of allanalyzed injection water samples showed three parts. An injection water sample of N - 82containing type of bacteria Bacillus sp with the total bacteria counts 5.02 x 100 colonies/ccwas categorized as no. 1 water quality rating chart. Subsequently, G – GS injection watersample indicated Bacillus sp with total bacteria counts 4.28 x 101 colonies/cc and BacillusLaterosporous with total bacteria count 3.31 x 101 colonies/cc for G – 90 water sample.Two samples mentioned above were classified as no. 2 water quality rating chart. Next,Bacillus Alvei was found in T – 21 injection water sample with total bacteria count 1.85 x102 colonies/cc and Bacillus Pathothenticus in T – GS injection water samples with totalbacteria count 2.61 x 102 colonies/cc. Position of water quality rating chart for both lastsamples were no. 3. These results gave valuable and useful information before implementationof water flood in the oilfield.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"523 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74986542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kemas Fachruddin, A. Fauzi, Ahmad Bey, Surjono H Surtjahjo
In the year 2001, Indonesia was ranked 21st in producing CO2 emissions. In 1990 thetotal emission of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuel was estimated at 83.8 million tonnesand by the end of the year 2020 the total emissions are estimated to be 368.3 milliontonnes. Currently, Indonesia has no specific regulation in place for controlling CO2 emissionseither in the form of an act or government regulation.Some approaches in controlling such emissions are through “common and control”and or “market based instrument” (sometimes this term is called “economic instrument”).Based on experience from developed countries, economic instrument in the form of carbontax or emission tax is preferred due to it’s effectiveness compared with the commonand control instrument.This empirical study is intended to analyze the role of economic instrument in the formof a carbon or emission tax on the energy of fossil fuel through a modified DICE (DynamicIntegrated Model of Climate Change and the Economy). The DICE model is alsocalled a “Three –Box Model” or “Two Folded Model”By using some rate of social preference (R), the model outcome suggests that appropriateoptimal taxes for petrol and coal are if model using R value of 5%. Value of carbon taxper ton in optimal condition for period of 1990-2019 is within the range $US3.90 – 40.35or $US1.06 -11.00 USD CO2 per ton. The price is equivalent to $US 0.002 – 0.024 perliter petrol and $US 1.95 -20.25 per ton coal.Based on the model output it is indicated that carbon or emission tax with optimalscenario has no significant impact on income per capita relative to “Base Case”. Shouldthe government apply tax instruments with optimal scenario, revenue of emission taxes willfall between $US 457.6 – 2,362.8 million for period 1990-2019. The revenue consists of$US 376.1 – 1,585.6 million generated from petrol and $US 81.4 – 777.2 million fromcoal.
{"title":"ROLE OF CO2 GAS EMISSION TAX ON FOSSIL FUEL IN REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT “A PERSPECTIVE FOR INDONESIA”","authors":"Kemas Fachruddin, A. Fauzi, Ahmad Bey, Surjono H Surtjahjo","doi":"10.29017/scog.30.2.982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.30.2.982","url":null,"abstract":"In the year 2001, Indonesia was ranked 21st in producing CO2 emissions. In 1990 thetotal emission of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuel was estimated at 83.8 million tonnesand by the end of the year 2020 the total emissions are estimated to be 368.3 milliontonnes. Currently, Indonesia has no specific regulation in place for controlling CO2 emissionseither in the form of an act or government regulation.Some approaches in controlling such emissions are through “common and control”and or “market based instrument” (sometimes this term is called “economic instrument”).Based on experience from developed countries, economic instrument in the form of carbontax or emission tax is preferred due to it’s effectiveness compared with the commonand control instrument.This empirical study is intended to analyze the role of economic instrument in the formof a carbon or emission tax on the energy of fossil fuel through a modified DICE (DynamicIntegrated Model of Climate Change and the Economy). The DICE model is alsocalled a “Three –Box Model” or “Two Folded Model”By using some rate of social preference (R), the model outcome suggests that appropriateoptimal taxes for petrol and coal are if model using R value of 5%. Value of carbon taxper ton in optimal condition for period of 1990-2019 is within the range $US3.90 – 40.35or $US1.06 -11.00 USD CO2 per ton. The price is equivalent to $US 0.002 – 0.024 perliter petrol and $US 1.95 -20.25 per ton coal.Based on the model output it is indicated that carbon or emission tax with optimalscenario has no significant impact on income per capita relative to “Base Case”. Shouldthe government apply tax instruments with optimal scenario, revenue of emission taxes willfall between $US 457.6 – 2,362.8 million for period 1990-2019. The revenue consists of$US 376.1 – 1,585.6 million generated from petrol and $US 81.4 – 777.2 million fromcoal.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82469073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has been reported that coal matrix swelling/shrinkage associated with CO2, adsorption/desorption are typically two to five times larger than that found for methane, yet there has been no direct measurements of this effect on permeability of coals to CO2. The feasibility of ECBM/CO2 sequestration technology depends very much on the magnitude of matrix swelling effect on permeability, especially in deep, low permeability coal seam reservoirs. The main objective of this research is to investigate the effects of coal matrix swelling induced by CO2 adsorption on the permeability of different coals which have been undergoing methane desorption under simulated reservoir conditions in the laboratory. Coal and reservoir properties which may impact upon this behaviour will be identified through extensive laboratory testing. This paper – first of two – presents the procedure for the laboratory tests as well as the findings. In the second part, a field permeability model for enhanced methane recovery and CO2 sequestration, incorporating the findings of the current laboratory tests, would be developed.
{"title":"Effects Of Matrix Swelling On Coal Permeability For Enhance Coalbed Methane (Ecbm) And Co2 Sequestration Assessment Part I: Laboratory Experiment","authors":"E. Syahrial","doi":"10.29017/scog.31.3.862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.31.3.862","url":null,"abstract":"It has been reported that coal matrix swelling/shrinkage associated with CO2, adsorption/desorption are typically two to five times larger than that found for methane, yet there has been no direct measurements of this effect on permeability of coals to CO2. The feasibility of ECBM/CO2 sequestration technology depends very much on the magnitude of matrix swelling effect on permeability, especially in deep, low permeability coal seam reservoirs. The main objective of this research is to investigate the effects of coal matrix swelling induced by CO2 adsorption on the permeability of different coals which have been undergoing methane desorption under simulated reservoir conditions in the laboratory. Coal and reservoir properties which may impact upon this behaviour will be identified through extensive laboratory testing. This paper – first of two – presents the procedure for the laboratory tests as well as the findings. In the second part, a field permeability model for enhanced methane recovery and CO2 sequestration, incorporating the findings of the current laboratory tests, would be developed.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85293686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
International concern is now focused on reducing green house gas (GHG) emissions which drive climate change. The use of fossil fuels, either flaring natural gas and burning fossil fuels, are predicted contributing GHG emissions. As a consequence, International cooperation through United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has pointed to increase policy interest in developing CO2 and GHG emission trading system. The system would allow the countries who have opportunities to reduce CO2 and GHG emission (generally developing countries) and sell or trade GHG emission reduction to the countries (generally developed countries). The second part of this paper will be emphasized on oil and gas reserves, production, refineries,and utilization. Indonesia oil resource as of January 1st, 2006 amounts to about 56.60 BBO, while gas resources as of January 1st, 2006 is about 334.5 TSCF. Indonesia has nine refineries owned by PT Pertamina (Persero) and six refineries owned by private. Indonesia has also voluntary participated in reducing GHG emissions by formulating energy policy, doing research on carbon capture and storage (CCS), and developing innovative projects. This paper will highlight the energy policy, research program and innovative projects for reducing GHG emission from oil and gas activities in Indonesia
{"title":"Mitigation Of Carbon Dioxide And Green House Gas Emission From Oil And Gas Industry In Indonesia","authors":"D.A Ismukurnianto","doi":"10.29017/scog.31.1.856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.31.1.856","url":null,"abstract":"International concern is now focused on reducing green house gas (GHG) emissions which drive climate change. The use of fossil fuels, either flaring natural gas and burning fossil fuels, are predicted contributing GHG emissions. As a consequence, International cooperation through United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has pointed to increase policy interest in developing CO2 and GHG emission trading system. The system would allow the countries who have opportunities to reduce CO2 and GHG emission (generally developing countries) and sell or trade GHG emission reduction to the countries (generally developed countries). The second part of this paper will be emphasized on oil and gas reserves, production, refineries,and utilization. Indonesia oil resource as of January 1st, 2006 amounts to about 56.60 BBO, while gas resources as of January 1st, 2006 is about 334.5 TSCF. Indonesia has nine refineries owned by PT Pertamina (Persero) and six refineries owned by private. Indonesia has also voluntary participated in reducing GHG emissions by formulating energy policy, doing research on carbon capture and storage (CCS), and developing innovative projects. This paper will highlight the energy policy, research program and innovative projects for reducing GHG emission from oil and gas activities in Indonesia","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"4 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83675572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Along with the increasing transport of crude oils to the refinery sites, many accidents of oil spills have been occurred in Indonesian waters. Such spills might be purely an accident but some others are suspected to be deliberately spilled. Nevertheless, both cases need an identification system to trace back the spill source and eventually the spill data can be brought to the court as an evident. Previously, the identification system was conducted through a pattern recognition of n-paraffin hydrocarbons of crude oil samples which are very distinguished from their gas chromatographic (GC) pattern of n-C17, Pristane, n-C18, Phytane, and other nparaffin’s down to n-C30. Unfortunately, some crude oils have similar pattern that matching of two chromatograms could give an ambiguity result. Pattern recognition of isoprenoid hydrocarbons have been developed to characterized crude oils that potentially pollute the Indonesian waters. Differing from the n-paraffin that each hydrocarbon peak can be determined definitely, the developed method does not need to identify each of the isoprenoid hydrocarbons, instead pattern of their chromatographic separation are sufficiently distinguished. GC isoprenoid pattern recognition is made from the isoprenoid peaks that emerge between n-C17 and n- 18. It two crude oils having similar pattern of n-paraffin’s show very distinct pattern of iso-paraffin’s. The method thus can be used as complimentary step in matching the GC pattern of crude oil samples . Although in some cases GC isoprenoid peaks are not completely separated, this would not be disadvantages since their retention time and area can be measured and integrated definitely, respectively. Nevertheless, the separation of iso-paraffin peaks can be easily conducted using a recent GC method namely a comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC), a method which is recommended to be implemented further in this research.
{"title":"Isoprenoid Hydrocarbons As Fingerprints For Identification Of Spill Oils In Indonesian Marine Environment","authors":"R. Desrina","doi":"10.29017/scog.31.1.857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.31.1.857","url":null,"abstract":"Along with the increasing transport of crude oils to the refinery sites, many accidents of oil spills have been occurred in Indonesian waters. Such spills might be purely an accident but some others are suspected to be deliberately spilled. Nevertheless, both cases need an identification system to trace back the spill source and eventually the spill data can be brought to the court as an evident. Previously, the identification system was conducted through a pattern recognition of n-paraffin hydrocarbons of crude oil samples which are very distinguished from their gas chromatographic (GC) pattern of n-C17, Pristane, n-C18, Phytane, and other nparaffin’s down to n-C30. Unfortunately, some crude oils have similar pattern that matching of two chromatograms could give an ambiguity result. Pattern recognition of isoprenoid hydrocarbons have been developed to characterized crude oils that potentially pollute the Indonesian waters. Differing from the n-paraffin that each hydrocarbon peak can be determined definitely, the developed method does not need to identify each of the isoprenoid hydrocarbons, instead pattern of their chromatographic separation are sufficiently distinguished. GC isoprenoid pattern recognition is made from the isoprenoid peaks that emerge between n-C17 and n- 18. It two crude oils having similar pattern of n-paraffin’s show very distinct pattern of iso-paraffin’s. The method thus can be used as complimentary step in matching the GC pattern of crude oil samples . Although in some cases GC isoprenoid peaks are not completely separated, this would not be disadvantages since their retention time and area can be measured and integrated definitely, respectively. Nevertheless, the separation of iso-paraffin peaks can be easily conducted using a recent GC method namely a comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC), a method which is recommended to be implemented further in this research.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88984301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The assessment of nuclear heat utilization for natural gas steam reforming to produce hydrogen has been carried out. Most of hydrogen production in the world, is produced by steam reforming of natural gas. This process is an endothermic reaction at high temperature that needs a huge amount of heat energy to proceed the reaction. Conventionally, the heat energy needed is supplied by direct burning of fossil fuel. If the huge amount of those heat energy can be substituted by nuclear process heat, some advantages can be obtained such as, reducing combustion of fossil fuels that give implication of significant decreasing of CO2 emission to the environment. On application of nuclear process heat to steam reforming of natural gas, there are some inferior conditions related to the limitation of temperature and pressure provided by nuclear reactor which directly gives impact on lower thermal efficiency (~50%) compared to the fossil-fuelled plant (80-85%). Some modification design and operation of reformer can improve the lack condition, and capable to increase the thermal efficiency of nuclear heated natural gas steam reformer become about 78%.
{"title":"Nuclear Heat Utilization For Natural Gas Steam Reforming To Produce Hydrogen","authors":"D. H. Salimy","doi":"10.29017/scog.31.1.859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.31.1.859","url":null,"abstract":"The assessment of nuclear heat utilization for natural gas steam reforming to produce hydrogen has been carried out. Most of hydrogen production in the world, is produced by steam reforming of natural gas. This process is an endothermic reaction at high temperature that needs a huge amount of heat energy to proceed the reaction. Conventionally, the heat energy needed is supplied by direct burning of fossil fuel. If the huge amount of those heat energy can be substituted by nuclear process heat, some advantages can be obtained such as, reducing combustion of fossil fuels that give implication of significant decreasing of CO2 emission to the environment. On application of nuclear process heat to steam reforming of natural gas, there are some inferior conditions related to the limitation of temperature and pressure provided by nuclear reactor which directly gives impact on lower thermal efficiency (~50%) compared to the fossil-fuelled plant (80-85%). Some modification design and operation of reformer can improve the lack condition, and capable to increase the thermal efficiency of nuclear heated natural gas steam reformer become about 78%.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84542255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sand quality laboratory tests have been carried out on local and import uncoated sands. Based on results of sand sieve, roundness, sphericity, turbidity, acid solubility and crush resistance at 3000 psi quality tests of import uncoated sand has better quality than local sand. The import sand fulfills API – RP 56 specification requirements and will be able used in hydraulic fracturing operation. Whereas, the local uncoated sand does not achieve API - RP 56 specification requirements.
本署已就本地及进口未涂覆砂进行砂质化验。通过砂筛、圆度、球度、浊度、酸溶度、3000psi抗压等质量试验，进口无包膜砂的质量优于国产砂。进口砂满足API - RP 56规范要求，可用于水力压裂作业。然而，本地未涂覆砂不符合API - RP 56规范要求。
{"title":"Comparison Of Local And Import Sands Quality Laboratory Tests Results For Used In Hydraulic Fracturing Operations","authors":"Tjuwati M, P. Wahyudi, Supriyatno Supriyatno","doi":"10.29017/scog.31.1.860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.31.1.860","url":null,"abstract":"Sand quality laboratory tests have been carried out on local and import uncoated sands. Based on results of sand sieve, roundness, sphericity, turbidity, acid solubility and crush resistance at 3000 psi quality tests of import uncoated sand has better quality than local sand. The import sand fulfills API – RP 56 specification requirements and will be able used in hydraulic fracturing operation. Whereas, the local uncoated sand does not achieve API - RP 56 specification requirements.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"235 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80327437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oil content plays important role in determining injection water quality before the injection water is injected into reservoir for water flooding need. Determination of oil contents laboratory tests were carried out on five injection water samples from different gathering stations. The results of tests show that two of five injection water samples contain oil contents which fulfill MIGAS guidelines (25 ppm) requirements specification. Whereas, oil contents in the three injection water samples are in a range of 38.00 ppm and 77.00 ppm. The values of oil contents exceed MIGAS guidelines and tend to form emulsion block and cause the occurrence of plugging in reservoir rock.
{"title":"The Use Of Laboratory Tests To Study Oil Content In Injection Water Which Tend To Form Emulsion Block And Can Cause Plugging In Reservoir Rock","authors":"Tjuwati Makmur","doi":"10.29017/scog.31.1.858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.31.1.858","url":null,"abstract":"Oil content plays important role in determining injection water quality before the injection water is injected into reservoir for water flooding need. Determination of oil contents laboratory tests were carried out on five injection water samples from different gathering stations. The results of tests show that two of five injection water samples contain oil contents which fulfill MIGAS guidelines (25 ppm) requirements specification. Whereas, oil contents in the three injection water samples are in a range of 38.00 ppm and 77.00 ppm. The values of oil contents exceed MIGAS guidelines and tend to form emulsion block and cause the occurrence of plugging in reservoir rock.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90999691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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