B. Widarsono, H. Atmoko, Ridwan Ridwan, K. Kosasih
This paper presents an observation over a suggested approach for establishing water saturation model that is specifically designed without the need of resistivity log data. One of the main strength of the approach is that the resulting water saturation model can be specifically established for local or specific use only. This is true since the approach can be applied using carbonate rocks that are obtained locally or from specific areas. Another important conclusion is that this approach can also be applied for any carbonate rock classification as long as the classification can clearly group carbonate rocks into groups with distinctive petrophysical properties. This paper – first part of two – presents theory and rock classification that underlines the approach, as well as procedure and the existing models available.
{"title":"Estimation Of Water Saturation In Carbonate Reservoirs Without Resistivity Log Data. Part I: Theory And Existing Model","authors":"B. Widarsono, H. Atmoko, Ridwan Ridwan, K. Kosasih","doi":"10.29017/scog.31.2.861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.31.2.861","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an observation over a suggested approach for establishing water saturation model that is specifically designed without the need of resistivity log data. One of the main strength of the approach is that the resulting water saturation model can be specifically established for local or specific use only. This is true since the approach can be applied using carbonate rocks that are obtained locally or from specific areas. Another important conclusion is that this approach can also be applied for any carbonate rock classification as long as the classification can clearly group carbonate rocks into groups with distinctive petrophysical properties. This paper – first part of two – presents theory and rock classification that underlines the approach, as well as procedure and the existing models available.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85157913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Widarsono, Kosasih Sartadiredja, B. A. Widjayanto
Coal bed methane (CBM) data such as ash contents, moisture contents, volatile matters, and fixed carbon – commonly obtained from log analysis - are direct input to calculation of gas accumulation in CBM reservoirs. However, recent studies on some coal samples taken from Rambutan field CBM pilot project have shown that the commonly used log analysis equations are simply inapplicable for the field’s coal samples. Calculation results tend to give far different magnitudes when compared to laboratory results. After a series of re-evaluations and re-measurements on the laboratory results it was convinced that the problem does not lie with the laboratory results but with these ‘conventional’ equations. Therefore modification efforts are spent to find better equations. Comparisons between measured data (coal samples taken from two coal seams in the field) and calculated data show that only equation for ash contents gives accurate results. The other proximate analysis output data - i.e. moisture contents, volatile matter, and fixed carbon – is at considerable odd with their corresponding calculated data. Modification upon the original empirical models is then carried out. The following modifications on the equations have produced analogous but different empirical equations to the original equations. These equations certainly work more reliably for the field’s coals, and these better results underline that future log analyses in the field have to use the modified equations
{"title":"Establishment Of More Reliable Equations For Estimation Of Coalbed Methane Proximate Analysis Data","authors":"B. Widarsono, Kosasih Sartadiredja, B. A. Widjayanto","doi":"10.29017/scog.32.2.839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.32.2.839","url":null,"abstract":"Coal bed methane (CBM) data such as ash contents, moisture contents, volatile matters, and fixed carbon – commonly obtained from log analysis - are direct input to calculation of gas accumulation in CBM reservoirs. However, recent studies on some coal samples taken from Rambutan field CBM pilot project have shown that the commonly used log analysis equations are simply inapplicable for the field’s coal samples. Calculation results tend to give far different magnitudes when compared to laboratory results. After a series of re-evaluations and re-measurements on the laboratory results it was convinced that the problem does not lie with the laboratory results but with these ‘conventional’ equations. Therefore modification efforts are spent to find better equations. Comparisons between measured data (coal samples taken from two coal seams in the field) and calculated data show that only equation for ash contents gives accurate results. The other proximate analysis output data - i.e. moisture contents, volatile matter, and fixed carbon – is at considerable odd with their corresponding calculated data. Modification upon the original empirical models is then carried out. The following modifications on the equations have produced analogous but different empirical equations to the original equations. These equations certainly work more reliably for the field’s coals, and these better results underline that future log analyses in the field have to use the modified equations","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"557 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86024700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sequestration of CO2 in deep unmined coal seams is currently under development for improved recovery of coalbed methane (ICBM) as well as permanent storage of CO2. Recent studies have shown that CO2 displaces methane by adsorbing more readily onto the coal matrix compared to other greenhouse gases, and could therefore contribute towards reducing global warming. In order to carry out a more accurate assessment of the potential of ICBM and CO2 sequestration, field based numerical simulations are required. Existing simulators for primary CBM (coalbed methane) recovery cannot be applied since the process of CO2 injection in partially desorbed coalbeds is highly complex and not fully understood. The principal challenges encountered in numerical modelling of ICBM/CO2 sequestration processes which need to be solved include: (1) two-phase flow, (2) multiple gas components, (3) impact of coal matrix swelling and shrinkage on permeability, and (4) mixed gas sorption. This part II of this two-part paper series describes the development of a compositional simulator with the impact of matrix shrinkage/swelling on the production performance on primary and echanced recovery of coalbed methane. The numerical results for enhanced recovery indicate that matrix swelling associated with CO2 injection could results in more than an order of magnitude reduction in formation permeability around the injection well, hence prompt decline in well injectivity. The model prediction of the decline in well injectivity is consistent with the reported field observations in San Juan Basin USA. Also, a parametric study is conducted using this simulator to investigate the effects of coal properties on the enhancement of methane production efficiency based on published data.
{"title":"Reservoir Simulator For Improved Recovery Of Coalbed Methane (Icbm) Part Ii : Effect Of Coal Matrix Swelling And Shrinkage","authors":"E. Syahrial","doi":"10.29017/scog.32.3.850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.32.3.850","url":null,"abstract":"Sequestration of CO2 in deep unmined coal seams is currently under development for improved recovery of coalbed methane (ICBM) as well as permanent storage of CO2. Recent studies have shown that CO2 displaces methane by adsorbing more readily onto the coal matrix compared to other greenhouse gases, and could therefore contribute towards reducing global warming. In order to carry out a more accurate assessment of the potential of ICBM and CO2 sequestration, field based numerical simulations are required. Existing simulators for primary CBM (coalbed methane) recovery cannot be applied since the process of CO2 injection in partially desorbed coalbeds is highly complex and not fully understood. The principal challenges encountered in numerical modelling of ICBM/CO2 sequestration processes which need to be solved include: (1) two-phase flow, (2) multiple gas components, (3) impact of coal matrix swelling and shrinkage on permeability, and (4) mixed gas sorption. This part II of this two-part paper series describes the development of a compositional simulator with the impact of matrix shrinkage/swelling on the production performance on primary and echanced recovery of coalbed methane. The numerical results for enhanced recovery indicate that matrix swelling associated with CO2 injection could results in more than an order of magnitude reduction in formation permeability around the injection well, hence prompt decline in well injectivity. The model prediction of the decline in well injectivity is consistent with the reported field observations in San Juan Basin USA. Also, a parametric study is conducted using this simulator to investigate the effects of coal properties on the enhancement of methane production efficiency based on published data.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78735481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increasing environmental awareness led to the development of environmentally harmless lubricants made by biodegradable materials. Biodegradable lubricants are suitable for various kinds of application, one of the promising usages is for railways. Oils or greases are applied for railways or points to keep sufficient friction coefficient or to avoid wear damage. These lubricants are “once-through” lubricants, and never recovered but defused into the earth’s surface. The oxidation of lubricants on the railways will take place because of the sunlight effect. The solar radiation at the top of earth’s atmosphere contains a significant amount of UV radiation of shorter wavelength, and therefore higher energy. This study shows that the UV-B radiation can deteriorate rapeseed oil immediately. It is showed by the results of peroxide value, total acid number and molecular weight distribution are increased with oxidation time.
{"title":"Contribution Ultra Violet Radiation On Degradation Of Biodegradable Base Oil","authors":"R. Ulfiati","doi":"10.29017/scog.32.1.830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.32.1.830","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing environmental awareness led to the development of environmentally harmless lubricants made by biodegradable materials. Biodegradable lubricants are suitable for various kinds of application, one of the promising usages is for railways. Oils or greases are applied for railways or points to keep sufficient friction coefficient or to avoid wear damage. These lubricants are “once-through” lubricants, and never recovered but defused into the earth’s surface. The oxidation of lubricants on the railways will take place because of the sunlight effect. The solar radiation at the top of earth’s atmosphere contains a significant amount of UV radiation of shorter wavelength, and therefore higher energy. This study shows that the UV-B radiation can deteriorate rapeseed oil immediately. It is showed by the results of peroxide value, total acid number and molecular weight distribution are increased with oxidation time.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87671995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Weizhou Southwest oilfields, drilling delays and suspension of wells prior to reaching the targets due to wellbore instability had occurred frequently. The hard brittle shale played a problematic role. Conventional water-based drilling fluids didn’t conquer the problematic formation due to intrinsically performance deficiencies. While Oil based drilling fluids are routinely preferred in the more technically demanding applications, they are cause for increasing concern due to offshore environmental restrictions and expensive disposal costs. An environmentally acceptable water-based drilling fluid was developed to challenge the problematic formation based on the combination of methylglucoside-silicate concept. It stabilized the reactive shale by the same mechanism as did oil-based drilling fluid in preventing shale hydration, pore pressure increase and weakening of shale by effectively developing sufficient osmotic force to offset hydraulic and chemical forces acting to cause filtration flux into the hard brittle shale. A field trial was initiated on the CNOOC 931 platform in Weizhou oilfield. The data from the pilot well showed that the novel drilling fluid exhibited excellent inhibition and lubricity which approached or even exceeded oil-based fluids.
{"title":"An Environmentally Friendly Wbm System Can Prevent Hard Brittle Shale Instability","authors":"C. Peng, W. Feng, Xiaohu Luo, Shujiao Li, C. Riji","doi":"10.29017/scog.32.2.843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.32.2.843","url":null,"abstract":"In the Weizhou Southwest oilfields, drilling delays and suspension of wells prior to reaching the targets due to wellbore instability had occurred frequently. The hard brittle shale played a problematic role. Conventional water-based drilling fluids didn’t conquer the problematic formation due to intrinsically performance deficiencies. While Oil based drilling fluids are routinely preferred in the more technically demanding applications, they are cause for increasing concern due to offshore environmental restrictions and expensive disposal costs. An environmentally acceptable water-based drilling fluid was developed to challenge the problematic formation based on the combination of methylglucoside-silicate concept. It stabilized the reactive shale by the same mechanism as did oil-based drilling fluid in preventing shale hydration, pore pressure increase and weakening of shale by effectively developing sufficient osmotic force to offset hydraulic and chemical forces acting to cause filtration flux into the hard brittle shale. A field trial was initiated on the CNOOC 931 platform in Weizhou oilfield. The data from the pilot well showed that the novel drilling fluid exhibited excellent inhibition and lubricity which approached or even exceeded oil-based fluids.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90869974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Waipoga-Waropen Basin is placed in northern part of Papua on the island of New Guinea. The gas discoveries had been made since 1958 in this basin, however, no economic value of reserves lead to the not producing basin state until this time. The main problem in Waipoga-Waropen Basin is great thickness of Pleistocene sedimentary layers (until 7500m) as product of turbidite system (Wold Barret, 2000). This makes difficulty in well section correlation based on the conventional biostratigraphy since individual layers within that section is being small part of biozone. Many reworked nannoplankton as implication of turbidite deposit are also being complicated aspect in biostratigraphic analysis. The Pleistocene ranges from 1.806 m.a. to 11.550 k.a. It was the most recent episode of global cooling or ice age took place. In nannoplankton biostratigraphy, this age is characterized by the extinction of Discoaster brouweri (Discoaster group) at the bottom and the first occurrence of Emiliania huxleyi at the top. The quatitative nannoplankton investigation of “T” well has been done, and there is evident that its sedimentary section gives the excellent nannoplankton assemblages to subdivide Pleistocene age sediments of Waipoga-Waropen Basin (Zone NN19) into 9 subzones. Biomarkers from the bottom to the top consist of: LO of Discoaster brouweri, FO of Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica, FO of Gephyrocapsa oceanica, LO of Cacidiscus macintyre , LO of Helicosphaera sellii, FO of Reticulofenestra asanoi, FO of Gephyrocapsa parallela, LO of Reticulofenestra asanoi, FO of Helicosphaera inversa and LO of Pseudoemiliania lacunosa. The sediments belong to zone NN 20 that placed in the uppermost part of Pleistocene were not analysed.
{"title":"The New Approach For Zonal Subdivision Of Pliocene - Pleistocene Nannoplankton Biostratigraphy In Waipoga-Waropen Basin, Papua","authors":"Panuju Panuju","doi":"10.29017/scog.32.2.844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.32.2.844","url":null,"abstract":"Waipoga-Waropen Basin is placed in northern part of Papua on the island of New Guinea. The gas discoveries had been made since 1958 in this basin, however, no economic value of reserves lead to the not producing basin state until this time. The main problem in Waipoga-Waropen Basin is great thickness of Pleistocene sedimentary layers (until 7500m) as product of turbidite system (Wold Barret, 2000). This makes difficulty in well section correlation based on the conventional biostratigraphy since individual layers within that section is being small part of biozone. Many reworked nannoplankton as implication of turbidite deposit are also being complicated aspect in biostratigraphic analysis. The Pleistocene ranges from 1.806 m.a. to 11.550 k.a. It was the most recent episode of global cooling or ice age took place. In nannoplankton biostratigraphy, this age is characterized by the extinction of Discoaster brouweri (Discoaster group) at the bottom and the first occurrence of Emiliania huxleyi at the top. The quatitative nannoplankton investigation of “T” well has been done, and there is evident that its sedimentary section gives the excellent nannoplankton assemblages to subdivide Pleistocene age sediments of Waipoga-Waropen Basin (Zone NN19) into 9 subzones. Biomarkers from the bottom to the top consist of: LO of Discoaster brouweri, FO of Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica, FO of Gephyrocapsa oceanica, LO of Cacidiscus macintyre , LO of Helicosphaera sellii, FO of Reticulofenestra asanoi, FO of Gephyrocapsa parallela, LO of Reticulofenestra asanoi, FO of Helicosphaera inversa and LO of Pseudoemiliania lacunosa. The sediments belong to zone NN 20 that placed in the uppermost part of Pleistocene were not analysed.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91305761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The World Bank’s flare gas utilization evaluation in Indonesia (2006) excluded the not economically feasible flare gas to be commercially utilized due to various barriers and economic reasons. To implement No Flare Gas Policy in Indonesia, it is necessary to carry out an analysis on the possibility of the not economically feasible flare gas based on the latest technology development and proximity flare gas market next to existing onshore oil/gas fields producing the flare gas. Small Scale Flare Gas Recovery Unit has been modelled to recover the gas flared and transported the gas to the proximity flare gas market. This concept shows that the not economically feasible flare gas can be commercially utilized in term of small/medium bussiness unit, and therefore No Flare Gas Policy in Indonesia will be achieved.
{"title":"Developing Small Scale Flare Gas Recovery Unit To Utilize Not Economically Feasible Gas Flare","authors":"Y. K. Caryana","doi":"10.29017/scog.32.3.854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.32.3.854","url":null,"abstract":"The World Bank’s flare gas utilization evaluation in Indonesia (2006) excluded the not economically feasible flare gas to be commercially utilized due to various barriers and economic reasons. To implement No Flare Gas Policy in Indonesia, it is necessary to carry out an analysis on the possibility of the not economically feasible flare gas based on the latest technology development and proximity flare gas market next to existing onshore oil/gas fields producing the flare gas. Small Scale Flare Gas Recovery Unit has been modelled to recover the gas flared and transported the gas to the proximity flare gas market. This concept shows that the not economically feasible flare gas can be commercially utilized in term of small/medium bussiness unit, and therefore No Flare Gas Policy in Indonesia will be achieved.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73302794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Propane and butane injection into the recirculation zone in the fuel area with backward-facing step has a significant effect to the diffusion flame with the characteristic stability which depends on the velocity of the free air stream, the injection position from the step and the injection position to step height ratio. The test result shows that there are two main stable diffusion flames: a stabilized flame in the recirculation zone and a stabilized flame in the shear layer region. There is a decrease of the fuel efficiency due to the effect of the greater ratio of the injection position to the step height and the farther injection position from the steps. The effect of the free air stream velocity is much more significant the injection location near the steps.
{"title":"Flame Stability And Fuel Efficiency Of Gas Diffusion Flame On The Backward Facing Step","authors":"Harinaldi Harinaldi, Maymuchar Maymuchar","doi":"10.29017/scog.32.1.835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.32.1.835","url":null,"abstract":"Propane and butane injection into the recirculation zone in the fuel area with backward-facing step has a significant effect to the diffusion flame with the characteristic stability which depends on the velocity of the free air stream, the injection position from the step and the injection position to step height ratio. The test result shows that there are two main stable diffusion flames: a stabilized flame in the recirculation zone and a stabilized flame in the shear layer region. There is a decrease of the fuel efficiency due to the effect of the greater ratio of the injection position to the step height and the farther injection position from the steps. The effect of the free air stream velocity is much more significant the injection location near the steps.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"195 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83493796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes the alternative migration route of the Australian elements of Dacrydium and Casuarina from their origin to Southeast Asia. It was previously thought that these Australian affinities dispersed to Sunda region following the collision of the Australian and the Asian plates at the Oligo- cene boundary (Morley, 1998 and 2000).The subsequent study by Lelono (2007) extended the record of these two taxa from the Oligo-Miocene boundary to the base Oligocene. This is unlikely, since at the time of basal Oligocene, when these pollen types first appear, the Australian land mass would have been some 1000 kms south of the East Java area. Therefore, this fact led Lelono (2007) to propose the earlier arrival of the Gondwanan fragment to this area in Early Oligocene. However, recent records of Dacrydium have been reported from the Early Eocene of the Ninety East Ridge (55 Ma) and the Indian subcontinent (50 Ma) (Morley, 2009). This implies to the alternative dispersal route of this pollen. It is possible that Dacrydium dispersed into SE Asia prior to the Early Oligocene via the Ninety East Ridge and the Indian plate, and subsequently its distribution across the Sunda region and Indochina was limited by palaeoclimate, explaining why it is present in some areas of the Sunda region, but not others. Mean while, a model to explain the dispersal of Casuarina remains unresolved, since migration via India is unlikely as there is no pollen record from the Indian subcontinent. Therefore, long distance dispersal may be a possibility for this pollen.
{"title":"The Dispersal Route Of The Australian Elements Of Dacrydium And Casuarina From Its Origin To Se Asia","authors":"E. B. Lelono","doi":"10.29017/scog.32.3.846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.32.3.846","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes the alternative migration route of the Australian elements of Dacrydium and Casuarina from their origin to Southeast Asia. It was previously thought that these Australian affinities dispersed to Sunda region following the collision of the Australian and the Asian plates at the Oligo- cene boundary (Morley, 1998 and 2000).The subsequent study by Lelono (2007) extended the record of these two taxa from the Oligo-Miocene boundary to the base Oligocene. This is unlikely, since at the time of basal Oligocene, when these pollen types first appear, the Australian land mass would have been some 1000 kms south of the East Java area. Therefore, this fact led Lelono (2007) to propose the earlier arrival of the Gondwanan fragment to this area in Early Oligocene. However, recent records of Dacrydium have been reported from the Early Eocene of the Ninety East Ridge (55 Ma) and the Indian subcontinent (50 Ma) (Morley, 2009). This implies to the alternative dispersal route of this pollen. It is possible that Dacrydium dispersed into SE Asia prior to the Early Oligocene via the Ninety East Ridge and the Indian plate, and subsequently its distribution across the Sunda region and Indochina was limited by palaeoclimate, explaining why it is present in some areas of the Sunda region, but not others. Mean while, a model to explain the dispersal of Casuarina remains unresolved, since migration via India is unlikely as there is no pollen record from the Indian subcontinent. Therefore, long distance dispersal may be a possibility for this pollen.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83238026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In part II of this two-part paper series, a field permeability model for enhanced methane recovery and CO2 sequestration, incorporating the findings of the current laboratory tests presented in part I is presented. It has been reported that coal matrix swelling/shrinkage associated with CO2, adsorption/desorption are typically two to five times larger than that found for methane, yet there has been no direct measurements of this effect on permeability of coals to CO2. The feasibility of ECBM/CO2 sequestration technology depends very much on the magnitude of matrix swelling effect on permeability, especially in deep, low permeability coal seam reservoirs. The main objective of this research is to investigate and develop numerical models based on the the effects of coal matrix swelling induced by CO2 adsorption on the permeability of different coals which have been undergoing methane desorption under simulated reservoir conditions in the laboratory.
{"title":"Effects Of Matrix Swelling On Coal Permeability For Enhance Coalbed Methane (Ecbm) And Co2 Sequestration Assessment Part Ii: Model Formulation And Field Application","authors":"E. Syahrial","doi":"10.29017/scog.32.1.832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.32.1.832","url":null,"abstract":"In part II of this two-part paper series, a field permeability model for enhanced methane recovery and CO2 sequestration, incorporating the findings of the current laboratory tests presented in part I is presented. It has been reported that coal matrix swelling/shrinkage associated with CO2, adsorption/desorption are typically two to five times larger than that found for methane, yet there has been no direct measurements of this effect on permeability of coals to CO2. The feasibility of ECBM/CO2 sequestration technology depends very much on the magnitude of matrix swelling effect on permeability, especially in deep, low permeability coal seam reservoirs. The main objective of this research is to investigate and develop numerical models based on the the effects of coal matrix swelling induced by CO2 adsorption on the permeability of different coals which have been undergoing methane desorption under simulated reservoir conditions in the laboratory.","PeriodicalId":21649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79735244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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