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Distributions and accumulation mechanisms of helium in petroliferous basins 氦在含油盆地中的分布和积累机制
IF 5.7 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11430-023-1365-4
Pengpeng Li, Quanyou Liu, Dongya Zhu, Di Zhu, Zheng Zhou, Xiaoqi Wu, Qingqiang Meng, Jiahao Lv, Yu Gao

Helium is an irreplaceable strategic mineral resource, and commercial helium-rich gas fields (He>0.1%) worldwide are typically discovered serendipitously during hydrocarbon exploration efforts. According to an analysis of 75 helium-rich gas fields and 1048 natural gas samples worldwide, helium in natural gas generally exhibits “scarce”, “accompanying”, and “complex” properties, and helium-rich gas fields often occur at depths <4500 m. Helium concentrations in He-CH4 and He-CO2 gas fields are notably lower than those in He-N2 gas fields (He>1%). However, geological reserves in the former two types of gas fields are mainly in the range of 107–1011 m3, whereas in the latter, they are only in the range of 105–107 m3. There are nevertheless notable disparities in the genesis and migration patterns between helium and gaseous hydrocarbons. Helium necessitates carriers (such as formation water, hydrocarbon fluids, N2, mantle-derived fluids, etc.) during both accumulation and long-distance migration processes, where migration conduits are not confined to sedimentary strata, and may extend to the basin’s basement, lower crust, and even lithospheric mantle. However, the accumulation conditions of both helium and gaseous hydrocarbons are generally considered equivalent. The presence of gaseous hydrocarbons facilitates both the rapid exsolution of helium within helium-containing fluids and subsequent efficient aggregation in gaseous hydrocarbons, while both reduce helium diffusion and diminish escape flux. In terms of caprock, gypsum, salt, and thick shale as sealing layers contribute to the long-term preservation of helium over geological timescales. Large helium-rich gas fields, predominantly crust-derived gas fields, are primarily concentrated in uplifted zones of ancient cratonic basins and their peripheries. Based on a diagram of the He concentration versus He/N2 ratio, crust-derived helium fields can be categorized as basement, combined basement-sedimentary rock, and sedimentary rock helium supply types. Comprehensively given China’s helium grade, helium resource endowment, natural gas industrialization process, and current helium purification processes, the foremost deployment zones for the commercial production of helium should be the helium-rich gas fields located in the Ordos, Tarim, Sichuan, and Qaidam Basins in western and central China. In addition, certain (extra) large helium-containing gas fields serve as important replacement zones.

氦是一种不可替代的战略矿产资源,全球商业富氦气田(He>0.1%)通常是在油气勘探过程中偶然发现的。根据对全球 75 个富氦气田和 1048 个天然气样本的分析,天然气中的氦通常表现出 "稀缺"、"伴生 "和 "复杂 "的特性,富氦气田通常出现在 4500 米深处。然而,前两类气田的地质储量主要在 107-1011 立方米之间,而后者仅在 105-107 立方米之间。然而,氦气和气态碳氢化合物在成因和迁移模式上存在显著差异。氦气在积累和长距离迁移过程中都需要载体(如地层水、烃类流体、N2、地幔流体等),迁移通道不仅限于沉积地层,还可能延伸到盆地的基底、下地壳甚至岩石圈地幔。不过,一般认为氦气和气态碳氢化合物的积聚条件是相同的。气态碳氢化合物的存在既有利于氦在含氦流体中的快速溶解,也有利于氦随后在气态碳氢化合物中的有效聚集,同时两者都能减少氦的扩散,降低逃逸通量。就盖岩而言,作为密封层的石膏、盐和厚页岩有助于在地质时间尺度上长期保存氦。大型富氦气田,主要是壳源气田,主要集中在古板块盆地的隆起带及其周边地区。根据 He 浓度与 He/N2 比率关系图,地壳源氦气田可分为基底、基底-沉积岩组合和沉积岩供氦类型。综合考虑中国的氦气品位、氦气资源禀赋、天然气工业化进程和目前的氦气提纯工艺,氦气商业化生产的首要部署区应是位于中国中西部的鄂尔多斯盆地、塔里木盆地、四川盆地和柴达木盆地的富氦气田。此外,某些(特大)含氦气田也是重要的接替区。
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引用次数: 0
A holistic perspective on Earth system science 地球系统科学的整体视角
IF 5.7 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11430-024-1409-8
Yongfei Zheng, Zhengtang Guo, Nianzhi Jiao, Mu Mu, Shilong Piao, Suiyan Fu, Dinghui Yang, Maoyan Zhu
<p>Earth system can be categorized into three parts, solid Earth system, surface Earth system, and Sun-Earth space system. These three subsystems not only have mutual transmission and coupling relationships in both energy and matter but also involve multiple scales from microscopic to macroscopic. Earth system science is characterized by its globality and unity with a holistic view and a systematic view at multiple scales in both space and time. It focuses not only on the physical, chemical and biological interactions between various geospheres but also on the properties, behaviors, processes, and mechanisms of the entire Earth and its spheres. Although significant progress has been made in the study of internal disciplines of these three subsystems, there is still insufficient understanding of their overall behavior and interactions between individuals, thus facing challenges of different types and levels. The solid Earth system is composed of the crust, mantle, and core. Existing observational techniques struggle to penetrate deep into the mantle, making direct observation and data acquisition difficult; the extreme environments within Earth, such as high temperature, high pressure, and strong magnetic fields, also pose great challenges to observational equipment and scientific experiments. The surface Earth system is an open complex mega-system, in which there are complex interactions and feedback mechanisms among its geospheres (such as atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, pedosphere and lithosphere), leading to difficulties in understanding of its overall behavior and long-term evolution. Biological activities have become increasingly significant in affecting the surface Earth system. The coupling between the internal and external Earth systems becomes more complex. Distinguishing and quantifying the impacts of Earth spherical interactions and biological activities on the surface Earth system is a major challenge. The Sun-Earth space system involves multiple physical processes such as solar activity, Earth’s magnetic field, atmosphere, and space weather. Solar activity significantly affects the Earth’s space environment, but existing observational and reconstruction methods and prediction models still lack precision and timeliness. Thus it is important to improve the prediction capability of solar activity and reduce the impact of space weather disasters. How to cross different scales and establish coupled models of multiple physical processes is a significant challenge in the study of the Sun-Earth space system. Because the various processes and phenomena within and between these three Earth subsystems often span multiple scales in both space and time and exhibit strong nonlinear characteristics, understanding their behaviors and processes becomes complex and variable, posing great challenges for theoretical modelling and numerical simulation. Therefore, the study of Earth system science requires in-depth interdisciplinary integration to joi
地球系统可分为三个部分,即固体地球系统、地表地球系统和日地空间系统。这三个子系统不仅在能量和物质上存在相互传递和耦合关系,而且涉及从微观到宏观的多个尺度。地球系统科学的特点是全局性和统一性,在空间和时间的多个尺度上具有整体观和系统观。它不仅关注不同地球圈之间的物理、化学和生物相互作用,而且关注整个地球及其圈层的属性、行为、过程和机制。虽然对这三个子系统内部规律的研究已经取得了重大进展,但对其整体行为和个体之间的相互作用仍然认识不足,因此面临着不同类型和层次的挑战。固体地球系统由地壳、地幔和地核组成。现有的观测技术难以深入地幔,给直接观测和数据获取带来困难;地球内部的高温、高压、强磁场等极端环境也给观测设备和科学实验带来巨大挑战。地球表层系统是一个开放的复杂巨系统,其各圈层(如大气圈、水圈、生物圈、土壤圈和岩石圈)之间存在复杂的相互作用和反馈机制,导致人们难以理解其整体行为和长期演化。生物活动对地表地球系统的影响日益显著。地球内部和外部系统之间的耦合变得更加复杂。区分和量化地球球面相互作用和生物活动对地球表面系统的影响是一项重大挑战。太阳-地球空间系统涉及多个物理过程,如太阳活动、地球磁场、大气层和空间天气。太阳活动对地球空间环境有重大影响,但现有的观测和重建方法以及预测模型仍然缺乏精确性和时效性。因此,提高太阳活动的预测能力,减少空间气象灾害的影响非常重要。如何跨越不同尺度,建立多种物理过程的耦合模型,是日地空间系统研究面临的重大挑战。由于这三个地球子系统内部和之间的各种过程和现象往往跨越空间和时间的多个尺度,并表现出强烈的非线性特征,因此对其行为和过程的理解变得复杂多变,给理论建模和数值模拟带来了巨大挑战。因此,地球系统科学的研究需要多学科的深度融合,共同揭示地球系统的基本规律和运行机制。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of EnKF assimilating Himawari-8 all-sky infrared radiance on the forecasting of a warm-sector rainstorm event EnKF同化Himawari-8全天空红外辐射对暖扇区暴雨预报的影响
IF 5.7 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11430-023-1403-5
Shanshan Lou, Lei Zhu, Xuexing Qiu, Guangzhou Chen, Song Yuan, Shengnan Zhou

Warm-sector rainstorms are highly localized events, with weather systems and triggering mechanisms are not obvious, leading to limited forecasting capabilities in numerical models. Based on the ensemble Kalman filter (PSU-EnKF) assimilation system and the regional mesoscale model WRF, this study conducted a simulation experiment assimilating all-sky infrared (IR) radiance for a warm-sector rainstorm in East China and investigated the positive impact of assimilating the Himawari-8 moisture channel all-sky IR radiance on the forecast of the rainstorm. Results indicate that hourly cycling assimilation of all-sky IR radiance can significantly improve the forecast accuracy of this warm-sector rainstorm. There is a notable increase in the Threat Score (TS), with the simulated location and intensity of the 3-hour precipitation aligning more closely with observations. These improvements result from the assimilation of cloud-affected radiance, which introduces more mesoscale convective information into the model’s initial fields. The adjustments include enhancements to the moisture field, such as increased humidity and moisture transport, and modifications to the wind field, including the intrusion of mid-level cold air and the strengthening of low-level convergent shear. These factors are critical in improving the forecast of this warm-sector rainstorm event.

暖扇区暴雨是高度局地性事件,天气系统和触发机制不明显,导致数值模式的预报能力有限。本研究基于集合卡尔曼滤波(PSU-EnKF)同化系统和区域中尺度模式WRF,开展了华东暖扇区暴雨全天空红外辐射同化模拟试验,研究了Himawari-8水汽通道全天空红外辐射同化对暴雨预报的积极影响。结果表明,每小时循环同化全天空红外辐射可显著提高该暖扇暴雨的预报精度。威胁分数(TS)明显提高,3 小时降水的模拟位置和强度与观测结果更加接近。这些改进得益于云影响辐射同化,它在模式初始场中引入了更多中尺度对流信息。这些调整包括对水汽场的增强,如湿度和水汽输送的增加,以及对风场的修改,包括中层冷空气的侵入和低层辐合切变的增强。这些因素对改善这次暖扇区暴雨事件的预报至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Chemical, carbon and sulfur isotopic compositions constrain the origin of Upper Carboniferous-Lower Triassic gases in eastern Sichuan Basin, SW China 化学、碳和硫同位素组成对中国西南部四川盆地东部上石炭统-下三叠统气体来源的制约
IF 5.7 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11430-024-1368-0
Chunfang Cai, Ilya Kutuzov, Wenhua Mei, Daowei Wang, Bing Luo, Shipeng Huang, Bing He, Alon Amrani

Methane dominated gas is one of the cleanest energy resources; however, there is no direct method to determine its source rock. Natural gases produced from the eastern Sichuan Basin together with seismic data were studied for their sources and secondary alteration by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). Our results demonstrate that Upper Permian to Lower Triassic (P3ch-T1f) gases in the surrounding of the Kaijiang-Liangping area show volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) δ34S values close to those of the associated H2S, and may have been altered by methane-dominated TSR, resulting in positive shift in methane δ13C1 values with increasing TSR extents. Other (or group 2) gases produced from the P3ch-T1f reservoirs from the southern area and the Upper Carboniferous to Middle Permian (C2h-P2q) from the eastern Sichuan Basin are not significantly changed by TSR, show similar δ34S values between the kerogens and some VOSCs, and may have been derived from the Lower Silurian and Middle Permian source rocks. This study demonstrates a case for the first time showing the δ34S values of VOSCs can be used as a tool for direct correlation between non-TSR altered gas and source rocks. Methane-dominated gas pools can be found using gas and source rock geochemistry combined with seismic data.

以甲烷为主的天然气是最清洁的能源之一,但没有直接的方法确定其源岩。我们利用四川盆地东部产生的天然气和地震数据,对其来源和热化学硫酸盐还原(TSR)的二次蚀变进行了研究。研究结果表明,开江-梁平地区周边上二叠统至下三叠统(P3ch-T1f)气体的挥发性有机硫化物(VOSCs)δ34S值与伴生的H2S值接近,可能已被甲烷为主的TSR改变,导致甲烷δ13C1值随着TSR程度的增加而正向移动。南部地区P3ch-T1f储层和四川盆地东部石炭纪上统至二叠纪中统(C2h-P2q)产生的其他(或第2组)气体未受TSR的明显改变,在煤层气和一些VOSC之间显示出相似的δ34S值,可能来自下志留纪和中二叠纪源岩。这项研究首次表明,VOSCs 的 δ34S 值可用作非 TSR 变质天然气与源岩直接相关的工具。利用气体和源岩地球化学与地震数据相结合,可以发现以甲烷为主的气池。
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引用次数: 0
Drought decreases the positive impact of warming on an alpine grassland community 干旱削弱了气候变暖对高山草地群落的积极影响
IF 5.7 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11430-023-1370-1
Wang A, Wangwang Lv, Yang Zhou, Bowen Li, Jianping Sun, Jingya Lv, Lanying Chen, Dorji Tsecheo, Shiping Wang

Temperature and precipitation are the main factors determining plant community succession and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in natural grasslands. However, most climate manipulative experiments have mainly focused on their impacts in isolation, especially in alpine regions. Here we explored the relative effects and interaction of warming and precipitation alteration on succession and ANPP using a 7-year experiment involving warming with precipitation alteration (increase (IP) or decrease (DP) in precipitation relative to ambient precipitation (AP)) on the Tibetan Plateau. Our results showed that warming and warm-wet conditions increased species richness, diversity index, height and cover of overall species. Conversely, decreasing precipitation reduced them, but increased S. purpurea and the rate of change in community composition. Importantly, warming mitigated the impacts of decreased precipitation on plant community composition, and the interactive effects of warming and altered precipitation on cover, height and plant ANPP varied with year and plant species. Generally, warming increased community ANPP through increases in forb ANPP or non-dominant species ANPP and biodiversity regardless of change in precipitation. However, decreased precipitation reduced community ANPP via decreases in the ANPP of sedges and forbs and biodiversity. Precipitation alteration affected the relationship between biodiversity and community ANPP regardless of warming (IP<AP<DP). Therefore, generally warming and decreased precipitation have opposite effects on ANPP in the alpine grassland, suggesting that warming mitigated the negative impacts of drought on the ANPP of the alpine grassland.

温度和降水是决定天然草地植物群落演替和地上净初级生产力(ANPP)的主要因素。然而,大多数气候调节实验都主要关注它们单独产生的影响,尤其是在高寒地区。在此,我们在青藏高原进行了为期 7 年的实验,研究了气候变暖与降水改变(相对于环境降水量(AP)的增加(IP)或减少(DP))对演替和净初级生产力的相对影响和相互作用。我们的结果表明,气候变暖和暖湿条件增加了物种丰富度、多样性指数、物种高度和覆盖率。相反,降水量的减少降低了物种丰富度、多样性指数、物种高度和覆盖率,但增加了紫云英和群落组成的变化率。重要的是,气候变暖减轻了降水量减少对植物群落组成的影响,气候变暖和降水量变化对植被覆盖度、高度和植物 ANPP 的交互作用因年份和植物物种而异。一般来说,无论降水量如何变化,气候变暖都会通过增加禁植物种或非优势物种的ANPP和生物多样性来增加群落的ANPP。然而,降水量的减少则通过降低莎草和牧草的ANPP以及生物多样性来降低群落ANPP。降水量的变化影响了生物多样性与群落ANPP之间的关系,而与气候变暖无关(IP<AP<DP)。因此,一般来说,气候变暖和降水减少对高寒草地的ANPP具有相反的影响,这表明气候变暖减轻了干旱对高寒草地ANPP的负面影响。
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引用次数: 0
Insight of enriched basalts into the nature and evolution of mantle lithosphere beneath craton margins 富集玄武岩对克拉通边缘下地幔岩石圈性质和演变的启示
IF 5.7 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11430-024-1371-x
Hong-Kun Dai, Jianping Zheng, Qing Xiong, Linlin Hu, Xiang Zhou

Refractory lithospheric deep roots are the cornerstone for the prolonged stability of cratons and mantle xenoliths are normally the key targets for study on the evolution of such deep roots. In regions with few mantle xenoliths, the basalts enriched in radiogenic isotopic compositions due to marked lithospheric mantle contribution are crucial to unmask the lithospheric mantle evolution based on a comprehensive study involving petrology, geochemistry and thermodynamic modelling. Here, the Early Cretaceous basalts from the northwest North China Craton with few mantle xenoliths are taken as an example to show the significance of enriched basalts on the study of lithospheric mantle. These basalts are characterized by high silica and alkali contents (SiO2=45.8–59.8 wt.%, K2O+Na2O=4.81–9.88 wt.%), arc-type trace-element patterns and enriched radiogenic isotope compositions (e.g., εNd=−2.64–−12.88,87Sr/86Sr=0.7063–0.7093). The TiO2 and FeO (total) contents are higher than those of natural and experimental melts from refractory mantle peridotite but comparable to those of partial melts of fertile mantle rocks. The high contents of fluid-loving elements (e.g., Rb and Ba) suggest source metasomatism by aqueous fluids. Combined with thermodynamic modelling and regional tectonic history, these enriched basalts likely record simultaneous decompression melting of asthenosphere and low-extent melting of thin and fertile lithospheric mantle fluxed by aqueous fluids from the subducted Paleo-Asian oceanic slab. The newly unmasked lithospheric mantle under the western NCC contrasts with the coeval thick and refractory one supporting the eastern NCC, and highlights that the craton destruction, especially the loss of its ancient refractory mantle root, should take place in a diachronous manner related to the craton-girded subduction episodes. Our study illustrates the potential of enriched basalts to recover the nature and evolution of mantle lithosphere beneath craton margins and associated tectonic histories.

难熔岩石圈深根是环形山长期稳定的基石,而地幔异岩石通常是研究这类深根演化的关键目标。在地幔异岩石较少的地区,由于明显的岩石圈地幔贡献而富含放射性同位素成分的玄武岩对于在岩石学、地球化学和热力学建模等综合研究的基础上揭示岩石圈地幔演化过程至关重要。这里以华北克拉通西北部地幔异岩石较少的早白垩世玄武岩为例,说明富集玄武岩对岩石圈地幔研究的意义。这些玄武岩具有高硅碱含量(SiO2=45.8-59.8 wt.%,K2O+Na2O=4.81-9.88 wt.%)、弧型痕量元素模式和富放射性同位素组成(如εNd=-2.64--12.88,87Sr/86Sr=0.7063-0.7093)等特征。TiO2和FeO(总)含量高于难熔地幔橄榄岩的天然熔体和实验熔体,但与肥沃地幔岩石的部分熔体相当。高含量的亲流体元素(如铷和钡)表明,源头是水流体的变质作用。结合热力学模型和区域构造历史,这些富集玄武岩很可能同时记录了星体层的减压熔融和薄而肥沃的岩石圈地幔的低度熔融,这些熔融是由来自俯冲的古亚洲大洋板块的水成流体流出的。西部新近揭开面纱的岩石圈地幔与支撑东部新近揭开面纱的同时期厚而难熔的岩石圈地幔形成了鲜明对比,突出表明了克拉通的破坏,尤其是其古老的难熔地幔根部的消失,应该是以与克拉通腰带俯冲事件相关的非同步方式发生的。我们的研究说明了富集玄武岩在恢复克拉通边缘下地幔岩石圈的性质和演变以及相关构造历史方面的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
A general climatology of categorized Martian ionospheric irregularities 火星电离层不规则现象分类总气候学
IF 5.7 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11430-024-1388-x
Xin Wan, Jiahao Zhong, Yongqiang Hao, Chao Xiong, Hui Wang, Yutian Cao, Jun Cui, Yiwen Liu, Qiaoling Li, Jiawei Kuai

A climatological survey of Martian ionospheric plasma density irregularities was conducted by exploring the in-situ measurements of the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. The irregularities were first classified as enhancement, depletion, and oscillation. By checking the simultaneous magnetic field fluctuation, the irregularities have been classified into two types: with or without magnetic signatures. The classified irregularities exhibit diverse global occurrence patterns, as those with magnetic signatures tend to appear near the periphery of the crustal magnetic anomaly (MA), and those without magnetic signatures prefer to appear either inside of the MA or outside of the MA, depending on the type and solar zenith angle. Under most circumstances, the irregularities have a considerable occurrence rate at altitudes above the ionospheric dynamo height (above 200 km), and the magnetization state of the ions seems irrelevant to their occurrence. In addition, the irregularities do not show dependence on magnetic field geometry, except that the enhancement without magnetic signatures favors the vertical field line, implying its equivalence to the localized bulge. Other similarities and discrepancies exist in reference to previous studies. We believe this global survey complements previous research and provides crucial research clues for future efforts to clarify the nature of the Martian ionospheric irregularities.

通过探索火星大气和挥发物进化(MAVEN)航天器的现场测量数据,对火星电离层等离子体密度不规则现象进行了气候学调查。首先将不规则现象分为增强、耗竭和振荡。通过检查同时发生的磁场波动,不规则现象被分为两类:有磁场特征和无磁场特征。根据类型和太阳天顶角的不同,有磁特征的不规则体往往出现在地壳磁异常(MA)的外围附近,而无磁特征的不规则体则出现在地壳磁异常的内部或外部。在大多数情况下,不规则现象在电离层动力高度(200 公里以上)以上的高度有相当高的出现率,离子的磁化状态似乎与它们的出现无关。此外,不规则现象并不取决于磁场的几何形状,只是无磁特征的增强有利于垂直磁场线,这意味着它等同于局部隆起。与以往研究相比,还存在其他相似之处和差异。我们认为这次全球调查是对以往研究的补充,为今后澄清火星电离层不规则现象的性质提供了重要的研究线索。
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引用次数: 0
Microseismic observations reveal that internal waves intensify seabed methane release 微地震观测显示内波加剧了海底甲烷释放
IF 5.7 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11430-023-1351-2
Zhaoyang Tian, Yonggang Jia, Junjiang Zhu, Tian Chen, Hui Wang, Chunsheng Ji, Chengyu Liu, Longyu Lu, Manchao He

Internal waves transport material and energy from the upper water column to the deep ocean, disturbing seabed sediments and resulting in phenomena such as seabed erosion and changes in topography. On the northern slope of the South China Sea and in many coastal margins worldwide, the zones with internal wave action closely overlap with areas where natural gas hydrates are present. However, due to significant differences in the spatial and temporal scales, understanding the influence of internal waves on methane releases from deep seabeds is challenging. In this study, in situ observations of seabed microseismicity and internal waves are conducted at water depths of 655 meters and 1450 meters in the Pearl River Canyon of the South China Sea. The microseismicity caused by internal waves and seabed methane releases is identified, and a method to establish the correlation between internal waves and seabed methane releases through the use of microseismic recordings is proposed, aiming to obtain direct observational evidence of internal waves intensifying seabed methane releases. The results show that internal waves and seabed methane releases generate significant microseismic signals, indicating the continuous influence of internal waves on the deep seabed of the northern slope of the South China Sea and revealing active methane release phenomena on the seabed. At both long and short time scales, internal waves increase the frequency of seabed methane releases by 4.2 times and 2.4 times, respectively, while also enhancing the intensity of these releases. These changes are influenced by the alterations in seabed flow velocity, pressure, and temperature that are induced by internal wave activities. This study emphasizes that microseismic signals are effective carriers of information for multiscale geological processes on seabeds and suggests that internal waves exacerbate marine geological hazards and contribute to global climate change by intensifying seabed methane releases.

内波将物质和能量从上层水体输送到深海,扰动海底沉积物,造成海底侵蚀和地形变化等现象。在南海北坡和世界上许多沿海边缘地区,内波作用区与存在天然气水合物的区域密切重叠。然而,由于时空尺度的显著差异,了解内波对深海海底甲烷释放的影响具有挑战性。本研究在南海珠江峡谷水深 655 米和 1450 米处对海底微地震和内波进行了现场观测。确定了内波和海底甲烷释放引起的微地震,提出了利用微地震记录建立内波和海底甲烷释放相关性的方法,旨在获得内波加剧海底甲烷释放的直接观测证据。结果表明,内波和海底甲烷释放产生了显著的微地震信号,表明内波对南海北坡深海海底的持续影响,揭示了海底活跃的甲烷释放现象。在长短时间尺度上,内波使海底甲烷释放的频率分别增加了 4.2 倍和 2.4 倍,同时也增强了这些释放的强度。这些变化受到内波活动引起的海底流速、压力和温度变化的影响。这项研究强调,微地震信号是海底多尺度地质过程的有效信息载体,并表明内波加剧了海底甲烷的释放,从而加剧了海洋地质灾害并加剧了全球气候变化。
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引用次数: 0
Tropical cyclone genesis over the western north Pacific in La Niña decay summers: Comparison between 2018 and 2021 拉尼娜衰减夏季北太平洋西部的热带气旋成因:2018 年与 2021 年的比较
IF 5.7 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11430-023-1405-8
Yunyun Liu, Zhensong Gong

As the primary interannual signal of variability in the tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation has a considerable impact on tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the western North Pacific (WNP). Both 2018 and 2021 were La Niña decay years, but TC activity over the WNP during the two summers (June–August) showed notable differences. In 2018, summer TC activity was unusually high with a total of 18 TCs, and the region of TC genesis was mainly in the central and eastern WNP. In contrast, only 9 TCs were generated in summer 2021, and the region of TC genesis was primarily in the western WNP. By comparing the characteristics of the large-scale environmental conditions over the regions of TC genesis, the thermal factors of the tropical oceans, and the activity of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), this study revealed the possible causes for the marked differences in TC genesis over the WNP during the two summers, which both had a similar background of La Niña decay. The Indian Ocean Basin Mode (IOBM) transitioned of a cold anomaly in the winter of 2017/2018 and persisted until summer 2018. At the same time, the Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) maintained a positive phase, leading to eastward and northward displacement of the Western Pacific Subtropical High in summer, and eastward extension of the tropical monsoon trough, which presented conditions conducive to TC genesis over the Northwest Pacific. Moreover, the days when the MJO stagnated in phases 5 and 6 in the summer of 2018 increased by approximately 150% relative to climatological state, providing dynamic conditions favorable for TC formation. In 2021, the IOBM quickly turned to a warm anomaly in March and persisted until summer, whereas the PMM became a negative phase in January and remained so until summer. At the same time, the MJO stagnated in phases 2 and 3 for up to 47 days, with the center of convection located over the western Maritime Continent, producing conditions unconducive to TC genesis over the Northwest Pacific. Thus, despite being under a similar background of La Niña decaying year, the distinct evolutions of the IOBM, PMM, and MJO in spring and summer of 2018 and 2021 were the main causes of the notable differences in TC activity over the WNP during these two summers, and the anomalies in IOBM and MJO contributed more significantly than those of the PMM.

作为热带海洋-大气相互作用中主要的年际变化信号,厄尔尼诺-南方涛动对北太平洋西部热带气旋(TC)活动有相当大的影响。2018 年和 2021 年都是拉尼娜衰减年,但两个夏季(6 月至 8 月)WNP 上的热带气旋活动却有明显差异。2018 年,夏季热带气旋活动异常活跃,共出现了 18 个热带气旋,热带气旋生成区域主要位于西 北太平洋中部和东部。相比之下,2021 年夏季仅产生了 9 个 TC,TC 生成区域主要在西部世界自然保护联盟。该研究通过比较气旋生成区域的大尺度环境条件特征、热带海洋热力因子和马登-朱利安涛动(MJO)的活动,揭示了在拉尼娜衰减背景相似的两个夏季,西太平洋暖湿气流生成明显不同的可能原因。印度洋海盆模式(IOBM)在 2017/2018 年冬季转为冷异常,并持续到 2018 年夏季。同时,太平洋经向模式(PMM)维持正相位,导致夏季西太平洋副热带高压东移和北移,热带季风槽东伸,为西北太平洋上空热带气旋的生成提供了有利条件。此外,2018 年夏季 MJO 在第 5 和第 6 阶段停滞的日数相对于气候状态增加了约 150%,为 TC 的形成提供了有利的动态条件。2021 年,IOBM 在 3 月迅速转为暖异常并持续到夏季,而 PMM 在 1 月转为负相并持续到夏季。与此同时,MJO 在第 2 和第 3 阶段停滞长达 47 天,对流中心位于西部海洋大陆上空,西北太平洋上空产生了不利于形成热带气旋的条件。因此,尽管在相似的拉尼娜衰减年背景下,2018 年和 2021 年春夏 IOBM、PMM 和 MJO 的不同演变是造成这两个夏季西北太平洋上空 TC 活动显著差异的主要原因,而且 IOBM 和 MJO 的异常比 PMM 的异常贡献更大。
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引用次数: 0
Contribution of high-latitude permafrost regions in the Northern Hemisphere to global wildfire carbon emissions 北半球高纬度永久冻土地区对全球野火碳排放的贡献
IF 5.7 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11430-024-1397-2
Xingru Zhu, Xiyan Xu, Gensuo Jia

Wildfires are major disturbances in permafrost ecosystems, with increasing frequency and intensity in recent years. In permafrost regions, wildfires not only burn surface and subsurface organic matter but also accelerate permafrost thawing, releasing significant amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. However, the contribution of high-latitude permafrost regions in the Northern Hemisphere to global wildfire carbon emissions remains poorly understood. This study integrates remote sensing data and ground observations to analyze the contributions of aboveground and belowground fuel combustion in high-latitude permafrost regions to global wildfire carbon emissions from 2002 to 2020, as well as the spatiotemporal variations in these contributions. Our findings indicate that permafrost regions contribute approximately 11.96% of global wildfire carbon emissions, with aboveground emissions accounting for approximately 3.94% of global aboveground emissions and belowground emissions contributing approximately 63.57% of global belowground emissions. The contribution of high-latitude permafrost regions to global emissions peaked in July and August, whereas the continuous permafrost zones (areas with more than 90% permafrost coverage) showed the most significant increase in June and July. The contributions of both aboveground and belowground emissions from high-latitude permafrost regions to global wildfire emissions have been increasing, primarily due to the reduction in global wildfire emissions, in contrast with the rising emissions from wildfires in high-latitude permafrost regions. This study highlights the significant role of wildfires, particularly the combustion of belowground biomass in high-latitude permafrost regions, in global carbon emissions. The decomposition and combustion of organic carbon in permafrost regions due to wildfires release more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, potentially amplifying the positive feedback between atmospheric greenhouse gas accumulation and climate warming.

野火是永冻土生态系统的主要干扰因素,近年来其发生频率和强度不断增加。在永久冻土地区,野火不仅会燃烧地表和地下有机物,还会加速永久冻土融化,向大气释放大量二氧化碳和甲烷等温室气体。然而,人们对北半球高纬度永久冻土地区在全球野火碳排放中所占的比例仍然知之甚少。本研究整合了遥感数据和地面观测数据,分析了 2002 年至 2020 年期间高纬度永久冻土地区地面和地下燃料燃烧对全球野火碳排放的贡献,以及这些贡献的时空变化。我们的研究结果表明,永久冻土地区约占全球野火碳排放量的 11.96%,其中地上排放量约占全球地上排放量的 3.94%,地下排放量约占全球地下排放量的 63.57%。高纬度永久冻土区对全球排放量的贡献在 7 月和 8 月达到峰值,而连续永久冻土区(永久冻土覆盖率超过 90% 的地区)在 6 月和 7 月的增幅最为显著。高纬度永久冻土地区的地上和地下排放量对全球野火排放量的贡献一直在增加,这主要是由于全球野火排放量的减少,而与此形成鲜明对比的是高纬度永久冻土地区野火排放量的上升。这项研究强调了野火在全球碳排放中的重要作用,尤其是高纬度永久冻土地区地下生物质的燃烧。野火导致的永冻土地区有机碳的分解和燃烧向大气释放了更多的温室气体,有可能扩大大气温室气体积累与气候变暖之间的正反馈。
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引用次数: 0
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Science China Earth Sciences
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