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Chapter 17 What I Think You Think about Family and Work: Pluralistic Ignorance and the Ideal Worker Norm 第十七章我认为你对家庭和工作的看法:多元无知和理想工人规范
Pub Date : 2018-10-08 DOI: 10.1108/S1530-353520180000013019
Christin L. Munsch, L. O'Connor
Abstract The ideal worker norm refers to the belief that employees can and should be singularly devoted to work. Our purpose is to understand the extent to which workers buy into various components of ideal work and how unpopular components of the ideal worker norm persist. We hypothesize they persist, at least in part, because of pluralistic ignorance. Pluralistic ignorance entails situations in which most people privately reject a norm, but incorrectly assume others accept it. Drawing on original survey data, we examine the extent to which US workers subscribe to a range of factors described in the ideal work literature. We test the pluralistic ignorance hypothesis by comparing workers’ agreement with, and their perceptions of their coworkers’ agreement with, these factors. We find workers embrace some components of ideal work. Yet, regardless of gender or parental status, they dislike those components that involve working extremely long hours and prioritizing work at the expense of personal or family life. In addition, regardless of gender or parental status, workers experience pluralistic ignorance with respect to those components that involve prioritizing work at the expense of personal or family life. Our findings suggest that researchers distinguish between different components of ideal work. They also suggest that everyone – not just women or parents – desire work–family balance. Lastly, because people often behave in ways that are congruent with what they mistakenly believe to be the norm, our findings suggest workers may unintentionally perpetuate family-unfriendly workplace standards.
理想员工规范是指认为员工能够而且应该全身心投入工作的信念。我们的目的是了解工人在多大程度上接受理想工作的各种组成部分,以及理想工人规范中不受欢迎的组成部分是如何持续存在的。我们假设,它们之所以持续存在,至少在一定程度上是因为多元无知。多元无知导致这样的情况:大多数人私下拒绝某种规范,但错误地认为其他人接受它。根据原始调查数据,我们研究了美国工人在多大程度上认同理想工作文献中描述的一系列因素。我们通过比较员工对这些因素的认同,以及他们对同事对这些因素的认同的看法,来检验多元无知假说。我们发现工人们接受了理想工作的某些组成部分。然而,无论性别或父母身份如何,他们都不喜欢那些工作时间超长、以牺牲个人或家庭生活为代价优先考虑工作的工作。此外,无论性别或父母身份如何,员工对那些以牺牲个人或家庭生活为代价优先考虑工作的组成部分都有多元化的无知。我们的研究结果表明,研究人员区分了理想工作的不同组成部分。研究还表明,每个人——不仅仅是女性或父母——都渴望工作与家庭的平衡。最后,由于人们的行为方式往往与他们错误地认为是规范的方式一致,我们的研究结果表明,员工可能无意中延续了对家庭不友好的工作场所标准。
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引用次数: 2
The Role of Stepfathers in Families Receiving Support from Child Protective Services 继父在接受儿童保护服务支持的家庭中的作用
Pub Date : 2016-09-29 DOI: 10.1108/S1530-353520160000010006
C. Parent, C. Robitaille, Marie-Christine Fortin, A. Avril
Abstract Purpose Despite the over-representation of stepfamilies in the clientele receiving protective services, there is still very little information about the different forms of the parental commitment of stepfathers in those families. However, the characteristics of families receiving child protective services (CPS) are likely to influence the way that the stepfathers’ commitment is expressed. Methodology/approach Taking into account the viewpoint of mothers (n = 10), stepfathers (n = 10), and adolescents (n = 10), this study attempted to document, using the free association method and semistructured interviews, the following: (1) the representations that the members of these stepfamilies had of the stepfathers’ parental commitment; and (2) the way in which engagement was expressed in daily life. Findings While the participants agreed that the stepfather had a parental role to play, that is to take care of the children, they did not necessarily agree about which dimensions were the most important. Whereas the adults emphasized the child-rearing dimension of this role and the necessary cooperation with the biological parents, the adolescents insisted on the relational aspect. The results likewise indicated that these men were very committed to their partners’ adolescents and showed that even in families challenged by problems that lead to involvement with CPS, stepfathers can play a positive, supportive role. Originality/value This study represents an important addition to the existing literature on the role of stepfathers in that it uses multiple measures and direct reports from father figures allowing us to explore the main dimensions of stepfather commitment.
摘要目的尽管在接受保护服务的客户中,继父的父母承诺的不同形式的信息仍然很少。然而,接受儿童保护服务(CPS)的家庭的特点可能会影响继父承诺的表达方式。考虑到母亲(n = 10)、继父(n = 10)和青少年(n = 10)的观点,本研究试图使用自由联想法和半结构化访谈来记录以下内容:(1)这些继家庭成员对继父父母责任的表述;(2)参与在日常生活中的表达方式。虽然参与者同意继父扮演父母的角色,即照顾孩子,但他们并不一定同意哪个方面最重要。成年人强调这一角色的养育方面以及与亲生父母的必要合作,而青少年则坚持关系方面。结果同样表明,这些男性对其伴侣的青少年非常忠诚,并表明即使在家庭中受到导致参与CPS的问题的挑战,继父也可以发挥积极的支持作用。原创性/价值本研究是对现有关于继父角色的文献的重要补充,因为它使用了多种测量方法和来自父亲形象的直接报告,使我们能够探索继父承诺的主要维度。
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引用次数: 3
Coparenting in the Digital Era: Exploring Divorced Parents’ Use of Technology 数字时代的亲子教育:探讨离异父母对科技的使用
Pub Date : 2016-09-29 DOI: 10.1108/S1530-353520160000010011
J. Dworkin, Ellie McCann, Jenifer K. McGuire
Abstract Purpose The current study was designed to examine how and why divorced parents use computers and the Internet for communication with their coparent and with their child(ren). Methodology/approach The current study utilized the uses and gratification perspective. A subsample of 178 divorced parents with at least one child aged 25 or younger from a larger research project participated. Parents were recruited to participate in a 15-minute online survey through email listservs with a nationwide and demographically diverse reach. Findings Analyses revealed that divorced parents are active users of technology, for communicating with their child(ren) as well as with the child(ren)’s other parent. In addition, parents were comfortable using the Internet and accessing online parenting information, citing few barriers to use. Research limitations/implications We did not capture the reasons for communicating or the content of communication. Future research should use innovative methodologies and measures to better understand the use of specific technologies and tools to negotiate boundaries between coparents living apart. In addition, a larger, more diverse sample might reveal different patterns of divorced parents’ technology use. Practical implications Technology allows for asynchronous communication, staying up to date, making plans, and making decisions with minimal interaction, and thus maintaining boundaries. Our evidence suggests technology could help parents find areas of agreement around their children’s lives in a less contentious environment. Originality/value This study provides the essential groundwork for further examination of ways to support coparent communication via technology.
摘要目的本研究旨在探讨离异父母如何以及为何使用电脑和互联网与父母及子女进行沟通。目前的研究采用了使用和满足的视角。从一个更大的研究项目中抽取了178对离异父母的子样本,他们至少有一个25岁或以下的孩子。父母们通过电子邮件参与了一项15分钟的在线调查,该调查在全国范围内和人口统计学上都很广泛。调查结果分析显示,离异父母是技术的积极使用者,用于与他们的孩子以及孩子的另一位父母交流。此外,父母们对使用互联网和获取在线育儿信息感到自在,认为使用互联网几乎没有什么障碍。研究局限/启示我们没有捕捉到交流的原因或交流的内容。未来的研究应采用创新的方法和措施,以更好地了解具体技术和工具的使用,以协商分居父母之间的界限。此外,一个更大、更多样化的样本可能会揭示离婚父母使用科技产品的不同模式。实际含义技术允许异步通信、保持最新状态、制定计划和以最小的交互做出决策,从而维护边界。我们的证据表明,科技可以帮助父母在争议较少的环境中找到孩子生活中共识的领域。原创性/价值本研究为进一步研究通过技术支持父母沟通的方式提供了必要的基础。
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引用次数: 11
Situating the Experience of Maternal Incarceration: Childhood and Young Adult Context 定位母亲监禁的经验:童年和青年的背景
Pub Date : 2015-09-03 DOI: 10.1108/S1530-353520150000009011
Xing Zhang, A. D. Emory
Abstract Purpose We descriptively examined measures of family structure, socioeconomic disadvantage, and exposure to crime, violence, and substance use in young adulthood and childhood for those who experienced maternal incarceration as children. Methodology/Approach We used data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We compared these individuals to two groups: those who did not experience maternal incarceration and those who experienced paternal incarceration. We generated weighted means and conducted F-tests using bivariate regressions to determine where these groups significantly differed. Findings We found that individuals whose mothers were incarcerated during their childhoods experienced greater hardships in both childhood and young adulthood than those whose mothers were not incarcerated. Individuals who experienced maternal incarceration reported similar levels of socioeconomic disadvantage and exposure to crime and violence as those who experienced paternal incarceration. One notable exception was family structure, where maternal incarceration was associated with significantly fewer respondents reporting living with their mother or either biological parent. Social Implications With the exception of family structure, the childhood and transition to adulthood were comparable for individuals experiencing any form of parental incarceration. These children were significantly more disadvantaged and exposed to more risk factors than those whose parents were never incarcerated. Additional support and resources are necessary for families who have incarcerated parents, with special outreach made to families without a biological mother in the household. Originality/Value of Paper There has been no overarching, descriptive study comparing child and young adult outcomes of those with an incarcerated mother using a nationally representative, longitudinal dataset in the United States.
摘要目的:我们描述性地研究了那些在童年时期经历过母亲监禁的人在成年和童年时期的家庭结构、社会经济劣势、犯罪、暴力和物质使用情况。我们使用的数据来自全国青少年到成人健康纵向研究的第一和第四波。我们将这些人与两组进行了比较:一组没有经历过母亲监禁,另一组经历过父亲监禁。我们生成加权平均值,并使用双变量回归进行f检验,以确定这些组的显著差异。我们发现,母亲在童年时期被监禁的人在童年和青年时期都比母亲没有被监禁的人经历了更大的苦难。经历过母亲监禁的人与经历过父亲监禁的人报告的社会经济劣势和犯罪和暴力的暴露程度相似。一个值得注意的例外是家庭结构,母亲监禁与报告与母亲或亲生父母生活在一起的受访者明显减少有关。除了家庭结构不同,经历过任何形式的父母监禁的个体的童年和向成年的过渡都是相似的。这些孩子明显比那些父母从未入狱的孩子处境更不利,面临更多的风险因素。对于父母被监禁的家庭,需要额外的支持和资源,并对家中没有生母的家庭进行特别的外联。论文的原创性/价值在美国,还没有使用具有全国代表性的纵向数据集来比较母亲被监禁的儿童和年轻人的结果的总体描述性研究。
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引用次数: 4
Multiple Motherhoods: The Effect of the Internalization of Motherhood Ideals on Life Satisfaction 多重母性:母性理想内化对生活满意度的影响
Pub Date : 2014-10-20 DOI: 10.1108/S1530-35352014000008B011
Kayla M. Pritchard, Lisa A. Kort-Butler
Abstract Purpose This study examined whether life satisfaction varied among women who occupy different motherhood statuses, and if these variations were influenced by differences in women’s internalization of cultural motherhood norms. We distinguished among women as biological mothers, stepmothers, and “double mothers,” who were both biological and stepmothers. We also included two groups of women without children: voluntary childfree and involuntary childless women. Design/methodology/approach Data were drawn from the National Study of Fertility Barriers and analyzed using OLS regression. Findings Biological mothers reported greater life satisfaction than women in other motherhood statuses. Accounting for the internalization of motherhood norms, double mothers had significantly lower life satisfaction compared to biological mothers, but voluntary childfree women had significantly greater life satisfaction. More detailed analyses indicated that internalization of cultural norms only appears to influence the life satisfaction of women with biological children. Research limitations/implications The results suggest that it may not simply be motherhood that affects women’s well-being, but rather that women’s internalization of motherhood ideals, particularly when it corresponds with their motherhood status, significantly impacts well-being. Limitations of this study include small cell sizes for some categories of women where additional distinctions may have been useful, such as lesbian or adoptive mothers. Future work should incorporate diverse family forms and expand on the newly named category “double mothers.” Originality/value By providing a more nuanced approach to categorizing motherhood status, including identifying double mothers, stepmothers-only, and two groups of childless women, the study added detail that has been overlooked in previous work on well-being.
摘要目的探讨不同母性地位的女性生活满意度是否存在差异,以及这些差异是否受到母性文化规范内化差异的影响。我们把女性分为生母、继母和“双重母亲”,即既是亲生母亲又是继母。我们还包括两组没有孩子的妇女:自愿不生孩子和非自愿不生孩子的妇女。设计/方法/方法数据来自国家生育障碍研究,并使用OLS回归进行分析。生母报告的生活满意度高于其他母亲身份的女性。考虑到母性规范的内化,双胎母亲的生活满意度显著低于亲生母亲,而自愿无子女妇女的生活满意度显著高于亲生母亲。更详细的分析表明,文化规范的内化似乎只会影响有亲生子女的妇女的生活满意度。研究局限/启示研究结果表明,可能不仅仅是母性影响妇女的幸福,而是妇女对母性理想的内化,特别是当它与她们的母性地位相对应时,显著影响了幸福。这项研究的局限性在于,对于某些类型的女性来说,细胞大小较小,在这种情况下,额外的区分可能是有用的,比如女同性恋或养母。未来的工作应该纳入不同的家庭形式,并扩大新命名的“双妈妈”类别。通过提供一种更细致入微的方法来对母性状态进行分类,包括识别双重母亲、纯继母和两组无子女的女性,该研究增加了之前关于幸福感的研究中被忽视的细节。
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引用次数: 5
Extramarital Relationships in the Context of Spousal Alzheimer’s Disease: A Mixed-Methods Exploration of Public Attitudes 配偶阿尔茨海默病背景下的婚外情关系:公众态度的混合方法探索
Pub Date : 2014-10-13 DOI: 10.1108/S1530-35352014000008A003
A. London, J. Wilmoth
Abstract Purpose To conduct an exploratory mixed-methods study of attitudes toward extramarital relationships in the context of spousal Alzheimer’s disease. Design We present descriptive analyses of quantitative data from the National Social, Health, and Aging Project and of qualitative comments posted online by readers of newspaper articles that focus on extramarital relationships in the context of caring for a spouse with Alzheimer’s disease. Findings Analyses of the quantitative data indicate the Alzheimer’s caregivers report more negative attitudes toward extramarital sex in the context of spousal Alzheimer’s disease. However, this difference is driven by non-spousal caregivers’ attitudes; spousal caregivers have substantially less negative attitudes. Analyses of public comments suggest that those who are most negative are focused on traditional religious and family values. Those who express less negative attitudes espouse a compassionate pragmatism that makes allowances for caregiver needs in the context of managing the difficulties of the spouse-caregiver role. Research limitations Quantitative data are limited by the small number of Alzheimer’s caregivers; qualitative analyses are based on a convenience sample of online comments. Practical implications Findings can inform future research, educational initiatives for professionals, the media, and people living with Alzheimer’s disease and their family members. Social implications The number of individuals living with Alzheimer’s disease and spousal caregivers will increase as the Baby Boomer generation ages. Norms regarding extramarital relationships in the context of caring for a spouse with Alzheimer’s disease are evolving. Originality Little social scientific research examines attitudes toward extramarital relationships in the context of spousal Alzheimer’s disease.
目的对配偶阿尔茨海默病背景下的婚外恋态度进行探索性混合方法研究。设计:我们对来自国家社会、健康和老龄化项目的定量数据进行了描述性分析,并对读者在报纸上发表的关于照顾患有阿尔茨海默病的配偶的婚外恋关系的文章进行了定性分析。结果定量数据分析表明,在配偶患有阿尔茨海默病的情况下,阿尔茨海默病照顾者对婚外性行为的态度更为消极。然而,这种差异是由非配偶照顾者的态度驱动的;配偶照顾者的负面态度要少得多。对公众评论的分析表明,那些最消极的人关注的是传统的宗教和家庭价值观。那些表达较少消极态度的人支持一种富有同情心的实用主义,在处理配偶-照顾者角色的困难时,考虑到照顾者的需要。定量数据受限于阿尔茨海默病护理人员数量较少;定性分析是基于方便的在线评论样本。研究结果可以为未来的研究、针对专业人士、媒体、阿尔茨海默病患者及其家庭成员的教育活动提供信息。随着婴儿潮一代的老龄化,阿尔茨海默病患者和配偶照顾者的数量将会增加。在照顾患有阿尔茨海默病的配偶的情况下,有关婚外恋的规范正在演变。很少有社会科学研究在配偶患有阿尔茨海默病的情况下调查人们对婚外情的态度。
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引用次数: 1
Families of children with autism spectrum disorder: the role of family-centered care in perceived family challenges 自闭症谱系障碍儿童的家庭:以家庭为中心的护理在感知家庭挑战中的作用
Pub Date : 2013-05-01 DOI: 10.1108/S1530-35352014000008A008
Jennifer S. Reinke, Catherine A. Solheim
University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. May 2013. Major: Family social science. Advisor: Catherine Ann Solheim. 1 computer file (PDF); ix, 102 pages, appendices A-C.
明尼苏达大学博士学位论文。2013年5月。专业:家庭社会科学。指导老师:凯瑟琳·安·索尔海姆。1个计算机文件(PDF);ix, 102页,附录A-C。
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引用次数: 8
9. AMBIGUOUS LOSS AND AMBIVALENCE WHEN A PARENT HAS DEMENTIA 9. 当父母患有痴呆症时,模棱两可的失落和矛盾的心理
Pub Date : 2003-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/S1530-3535(03)04009-3
P. Boss, L. Kaplan
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引用次数: 13
Stress and Support Among People Caring for Homeless Adult Relatives 照顾无家可归的成年亲属的人的压力和支持
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1108/S1530-35352014000008B016
M. Polgar, C. North, D. Pollio
Abstract Purpose This research documents the responsibilities and stresses of people with homeless relatives. Health and housing problems create a variety of challenges and sometimes burdens within families which are particularly stressful for family caregivers who are actively involved with helping homeless adults. Design Our study and data examine stress proliferation and stress buffering among people with homeless relatives using quantitative data from 118 interviews, mostly with parents and siblings of homeless adults. Findings Quantitative data from 118 interviews, largely from parents and siblings of homeless adults, show that people who spend more time or money helping homeless relatives experience higher levels of stress. Stress levels are also higher among those who help a homeless relative with activities of daily living and those who work to prevent harm that involves a homeless relative. Stress derived from efforts to prevent harm is associated with stronger social support to people with homeless relatives. Value Social and health service providers can provide helpful social support for both homeless people and for people with homeless relatives, particularly in circumstances where harm reduction is required.
摘要目的研究无家可归者的责任与压力。健康和住房问题给家庭带来各种挑战,有时甚至是负担,这对积极参与帮助无家可归的成年人的家庭照顾者来说压力尤其大。我们的研究和数据使用118个访谈的定量数据来检验有无家可归亲属的人的压力扩散和压力缓冲,这些访谈主要来自无家可归成年人的父母和兄弟姐妹。118次访谈的定量数据显示,花更多时间或金钱帮助无家可归的亲戚的人承受的压力更大。这些访谈主要来自无家可归的成年人的父母和兄弟姐妹。那些帮助无家可归的亲戚进行日常生活活动的人,以及那些为防止无家可归的亲戚受到伤害而工作的人,压力水平也更高。防止伤害的努力产生的压力与对有无家可归亲人的人的更强的社会支持有关。社会和保健服务提供者可以为无家可归者和有无家可归亲属的人提供有益的社会支助,特别是在需要减少伤害的情况下。
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引用次数: 0
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Contemporary Perspectives in Family Research
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