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Chapter 5 Parental Involvement and Educational Performance among Taiwanese Adolescents: Comparing Dual-Earner and Single-Earner Families 第五章父母参与与台湾青少年的教育表现:双职工家庭与单职工家庭之比较
Pub Date : 2018-10-08 DOI: 10.1108/S1530-353520180000013006
Y. Shih, Wen-Hsu Lin, C. Yi
Abstract This chapter aims to delineate the indigenous pattern of parental involvement in Taiwan by investigating the effects of specific practices in schools and in the family, such as school selection, school involvement, preparing a study place at home, and providing nutritious food. We use two waves of data from the Taiwan Youth Project (2000, 2003) to examine how parental involvement varies between dual- and single-earner families, and we further demonstrate how sons and daughters have different access in terms of recognizing their parents’ effort, and how children’s subjective appraisals promote their academic performance with respect to test scores. We find that dual-earner families have higher incomes, higher educational levels, and have fewer children than single-earner ones. Our multivariate analyses show that parental involvement does increase youngsters’ Basic Competence Test (BCT) score. However, we are unable to find any direct or indirect effects from parental employment status on BCT scores. Further analysis indicates that the relationship between parental school involvement and BCT score is only significant among dual-earner families, but not for the single-earner ones. In addition, our multiple group analysis reveals that sons’ BCT scores are affected more by parents’ school involvement, whereas daughters’ are affected more by special home provision. Our findings from adolescents’ subjective responses imply that sons may be more responsive to a non-familial context in contrast with daughters, who react more positively to familial provision.
摘要本章旨在透过调查学校与家庭的具体实践,如学校选择、学校参与、在家准备学习场所、提供营养食物等,来描绘台湾家长参与的本土模式。我们使用台湾青年计划(2000年、2003年)的两波数据来检视双亲参与在双薪家庭与单薪家庭之间的差异,并进一步证明儿子与女儿在承认父母努力方面有不同的途径,以及孩子的主观评价如何促进他们的学习成绩。我们发现,双职工家庭比单职工家庭收入更高,受教育程度更高,孩子也更少。我们的多变量分析表明,父母的参与确实提高了孩子的基本能力测试(BCT)分数。然而,我们无法发现父母的就业状况对BCT分数有任何直接或间接的影响。进一步分析表明,父母学校参与与BCT成绩之间的关系仅在双职工家庭中显著,而在单职工家庭中不显著。此外,我们的多群体分析显示,儿子的BCT成绩受父母学校参与的影响更大,而女儿的BCT成绩受特殊家庭条件的影响更大。我们从青少年的主观反应中发现,与女儿相比,儿子对非家庭环境的反应可能更积极,而女儿对家庭条件的反应更积极。
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引用次数: 0
Chapter 13 Penalty for Success? Career Achievement and Gender Differences in Divorce 第13章成功的惩罚?离婚中的职业成就与性别差异
Pub Date : 2018-10-08 DOI: 10.1108/S1530-353520180000013015
H. C. Stuart, S. Moon, Tiziana Casciaro
Abstract This chapter examines the implications of career achievement for divorce, and whether they differ for men and women. Consistent with theory suggesting that women’s workplace achievement violates traditional expectations of gender and marriage, therefore creating domestic strain, the authors predict that career achievement is associated with a greater risk of divorce for women, but not for men. Using data from the Academy Awards, the authors find that for women, a sudden shift in achievement from winning an Oscar increases their risk of divorce compared to Best Actress nominees. There was no difference in the risk of divorce between Best Actor winners and nominees. The authors additionally examine two potential mitigating factors: whether the actor was already successful at the time of their marriage, and whether their spouse was comparably successful. For Best Actress winners, but not for Best Actor winners, the authors find evidence for the latter, indicating that women’s marriages are more stable when spouses are equally successful, or when relative achievement within the couple aligns with broadly-held norms of traditional marriage.
本章探讨了职业成就对离婚的影响,以及对男性和女性的影响是否不同。理论认为,女性在职场上的成就违背了对性别和婚姻的传统期望,因此造成了家庭压力,与此一致的是,作者预测,职业成就与女性更大的离婚风险相关,而与男性无关。研究人员利用奥斯卡金像奖的数据发现,与获得最佳女主角提名的女性相比,获得奥斯卡奖后的成就突然转变会增加她们离婚的风险。最佳男主角奖得主和提名者的离婚风险没有差别。作者还研究了两个潜在的减轻因素:行为人在结婚时是否已经很成功,以及他们的配偶是否同样成功。对于最佳女演员奖得主,而不是最佳男演员奖得主,作者发现了后者的证据,表明当配偶同样成功时,或者当夫妻之间的相对成就符合传统婚姻的普遍规范时,女性的婚姻会更稳定。
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引用次数: 0
Chapter 6 A Longitudinal Examination of Work–Family Conflict among Working Mothers in the United States 第六章美国职业母亲工作家庭冲突的纵向研究
Pub Date : 2018-10-08 DOI: 10.1108/S1530-353520180000013007
H. Raza, B. Eeden-Moorefield, J. Grzywacz, M. Linver, Soyoung Lee
Abstract The current longitudinal study investigated the within- and between-person variance in work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict among working mothers over time. It also examined the effects of a nonstandard work schedule and relationship quality on work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict using bioecological theory. Results of multilevel modeling analyses showed that there was significant within- and between-person variance in work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict. The linear and quadratic terms were significantly related to family-to-work conflict, whereas the quadratic term was significantly associated with work-to-family conflict. There was also a positive relationship between a nonstandard work schedule and work-to-family conflict, whereas relationship quality was negatively associated with family-to-work conflict. Future studies should consider diversity among working mothers to adequately predict work–family conflict. The current study provides important implications for employers to consider, concerning within-and between-person differences among working mothers, which could in turn allow for accommodations and help to decrease work–family conflict.
摘要本研究旨在探讨职业母亲在工作-家庭冲突和家庭-工作冲突方面的个体内部和个体之间随时间的变化。研究还运用生物生态学理论研究了非标准工作时间表和关系质量对工作-家庭冲突和家庭-工作冲突的影响。多水平模型分析结果显示,工作与家庭冲突和家庭与工作冲突存在显著的内部和人际差异。线性项和二次项与家庭与工作冲突显著相关,而二次项与工作与家庭冲突显著相关。非标准工作时间与工作与家庭冲突之间存在正相关关系,而关系质量与家庭与工作冲突之间存在负相关关系。未来的研究应考虑职场母亲的多样性,以充分预测工作与家庭的冲突。目前的研究为雇主提供了重要的启示,让他们考虑职场母亲之间的内部和人与人之间的差异,这反过来可能会允许调整,并有助于减少工作与家庭的冲突。
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引用次数: 5
Chapter 7 Motivation for Night Work and Parents’ Work-to-Family Conflict and Life Satisfaction 第七章夜班动机与父母工作家庭冲突及生活满意度
Pub Date : 2018-10-08 DOI: 10.1108/S1530-353520180000013008
Matthew Weinshenker
Abstract The author tests the hypothesis that the effects of evening and night employment on working parents’ work-to-family conflict and life satisfaction depend on the reasons that individuals name for their schedules. Regression models are fitted to data from an original sample of 589 employed US parents. Partnered (married and cohabiting) fathers who work partially in the evening or night experience less work-to-family conflict if they report personal motives, but schedule motivation does not affect work-to-family conflict among partnered or single mothers. Partnered mothers who work primarily in the evening or at night report higher life satisfaction if they do so for personal reasons, but this effect is not found for single mothers or partnered fathers. Specifically seeing their schedules as facilitating family care matters for partnered mothers, but not fathers. Although nonstandard employment schedules have been linked to poor well-being among working parents, this is the first quantitative study to assess the role of worker motivation to the author’s knowledge. The results are suggestive because they are based on a nonprobability sample of modest size. However, they demonstrate the need for future studies of employment scheduling to collect information on worker motivations. Most night workers in the United States do not select their shifts for personal reasons, putting them at risk for work-to-family conflict and reduced life satisfaction. They deserve extra support in exchange for laboring while others sleep or spend time with family.
摘要本文检验了晚班和夜班工作对工作父母的工作家庭冲突和生活满意度的影响取决于个人对其工作时间安排的原因。回归模型拟合了589名美国就业父母的原始样本数据。有伴侣的(已婚和同居的)父亲在晚上或晚上部分工作,如果他们报告个人动机,他们的工作与家庭冲突较少,但计划动机对有伴侣或单身母亲的工作与家庭冲突没有影响。如果有伴侣的母亲因为个人原因而主要在晚上或晚上工作,那么她们的生活满意度会更高,但这种影响在单身母亲或有伴侣的父亲身上没有发现。特别是把他们的日程安排看作是促进家庭照顾对有伴侣的母亲很重要,而不是父亲。尽管不标准的工作时间表与在职父母的不良幸福感有关,但据作者所知,这是第一次定量研究评估工人动机的作用。这些结果具有启发性,因为它们是基于中等规模的非概率样本。然而,他们表明需要未来的就业调度研究,以收集有关工人动机的信息。在美国,大多数夜班工人都不会因为个人原因而选择轮班,这使他们面临工作与家庭冲突的风险,并降低了生活满意度。当其他人睡觉或与家人共度时光时,他们应该得到额外的支持。
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引用次数: 0
Chapter 15 Telework and Work–Family Conflict across Workplaces: Investigating the Implications of Work–Family-Supportive and High-Demand Workplace Cultures 第15章远程工作和工作-家庭冲突跨工作场所:调查工作-家庭支持和高要求的工作场所文化的含义
Pub Date : 2018-10-08 DOI: 10.1108/S1530-353520180000013017
Anja‐Kristin Abendroth, Mareike Reimann
Abstract The aim of this chapter is to investigate the context dependence of the implications of telework for work–family conflict. It examines whether and how the implications of telework for strain-based and time-based work–family conflict depend on work–family-supportive and high-demand workplace cultures. Based on a sample of 4,898 employees derived from a unique linked employer–employee study involving large organizations in different industries in Germany, multilevel fixed-effects regressions were estimated. The results show that telework is associated with perceived higher levels of both time-based and strain-based work–family conflict, and that this is partly related to overtime work involved in telework. However, teleworkers experience higher levels of work–family conflict if they perceive their workplace culture to be highly demanding, and lower levels if supervisor work–family support is readily available. Future research is required to investigate how the conclusions from this research vary between heterogonous employees and how work–family-supportive and high-demand workplace cultures interrelate in their implications on the use of telework for work–family conflict. The findings show how important it is to implement telework in a way that not only accommodates employers’ interest in flexibilization, but that it also makes it possible to reconcile work with a family life that involves high levels of responsibility. This is the first study which examines whether telework is either a resource that reduces or a demand that promotes work–family conflict by focusing on whether this depends on perceived workplace culture.
摘要本章的目的是研究远程办公对工作家庭冲突影响的语境依赖性。它研究了远程办公对基于压力和基于时间的工作-家庭冲突的影响是否以及如何取决于工作-家庭支持和高要求的工作场所文化。基于4,898名员工的样本,该样本来自一项独特的关联雇主-雇员研究,涉及德国不同行业的大型组织,我们估计了多层次固定效应回归。结果表明,远程办公与基于时间和基于压力的工作-家庭冲突的感知水平较高有关,这在一定程度上与远程办公中涉及的加班有关。然而,如果远程工作者认为他们的工作场所文化要求很高,他们会经历更高程度的工作-家庭冲突,如果主管工作-家庭支持随时可用,则会经历更低程度的工作-家庭冲突。未来的研究需要调查本研究的结论在异质员工之间的差异,以及工作-家庭支持和高要求的工作场所文化在使用远程办公解决工作-家庭冲突的影响中如何相互关联。研究结果表明,实施远程办公的方式不仅要满足雇主对灵活性的兴趣,而且要使工作与涉及高度责任的家庭生活相协调成为可能,这是多么重要。这是第一个通过关注是否取决于感知的工作场所文化来检验远程办公是减少工作家庭冲突的资源还是促进工作家庭冲突的需求的研究。
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引用次数: 31
Chapter 8 Strategies for Balance: Examining How Parents of Color Navigate Work and Life in the Academy 第八章平衡策略:有色人种父母如何在学校工作和生活
Pub Date : 2018-10-08 DOI: 10.1108/S1530-353520180000013009
M. Novich, Janet Garcia-Hallett
Abstract Research indicates that faculty of color in the United States face numerous challenges in the academy. To complicate their experiences further, children significantly impact academics’ work. Additional difficulties can arise in balancing work with familial responsibilities. Indeed, strategies to navigate parental obligations while engaging in professional activities are seldom examined among minority parents, across genders and institution types. In response, the current study investigates the intersectionality of race, gender, and parenthood on navigating a work–life balance in academia. This study examines 13 male and female minority parents from an array of institutions and explores their strategies for navigating professional advancement while managing familial obligations. Our data suggest that parents of color often develop timesaving strategies to complete their work more efficiently. However, in order to do so, they tend to engage in professional and social isolation and to recalibrate personal expectations of work and accomplishments. Of importance, the study uncovered significant gender differences. While fathers faced comparable challenges, the findings indicate that familial responsibilities can disadvantage women more so by impacting their ability to foster professional relationships and potentially harm their emotional well-being. While most faculty of color face difficulties in the workplace, we argue that those with children, especially mothers, face additional challenges that should be addressed by home institutions to foster more equitable opportunities for professional growth.
摘要研究表明,美国有色人种学院面临着诸多挑战。使他们的经历进一步复杂化的是,孩子们显著地影响了学术工作。在平衡工作与家庭责任方面可能会出现额外的困难。事实上,无论性别还是机构类型,少数族裔父母很少研究在从事专业活动的同时履行父母义务的策略。作为回应,目前的研究调查了种族、性别和父母关系在学术界工作与生活平衡中的交叉性。本研究调查了来自不同机构的13位少数族裔父母,并探讨了他们在管理家庭责任的同时实现职业发展的策略。我们的数据表明,有色人种的父母通常会想出节省时间的策略来更有效地完成他们的工作。然而,为了做到这一点,他们倾向于在职业和社会上孤立自己,并重新调整个人对工作和成就的期望。重要的是,这项研究揭示了显著的性别差异。虽然父亲面临着类似的挑战,但研究结果表明,家庭责任会影响女性培养职业关系的能力,并可能损害她们的情感健康,从而对女性更不利。虽然大多数有色人种教师在工作场所面临困难,但我们认为,那些有孩子的教师,尤其是有孩子的母亲,面临着额外的挑战,这些挑战应该由家庭机构来解决,以促进更公平的职业发展机会。
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引用次数: 2
Chapter 10 Multi-Faceted Household Dependency, Work–Family Conflict, and Self-Rated Health in Five High-Income Countries 第十章:五个高收入国家的家庭依赖、工作-家庭冲突和自评健康
Pub Date : 2018-10-08 DOI: 10.1108/S1530-353520180000013012
T. Myroniuk, S. Davis
Abstract Under the Demand-Resources framework, more household dependents and higher levels of work–family conflict are demands on workers in high-income countries, yielding negative effects on worker wellbeing. The authors investigate how living in a household characterized by multiple types of dependency – where children and other adults are living with married, working respondents – shapes self-rated health. The authors further investigate whether work–family conflict mediates or moderates the relationship between this multi-faceted dependency and self-rated health, as expected. The authors exploit data from the 2014 General Social Survey and 2015 International Social Survey Program on over 2,000 individuals in Austria, France, Iceland, Switzerland, and the United States – the available countries with indicators appropriate to their research purpose. The authors employ logistic regression techniques to estimate individual self-rated health. The authors find that living in a multi-faceted dependent household is actually associated with better self-rated health, while work–family conflict has a negative influence on self-rated health. There is also no evidence of strong mediating or moderating effects of work–family conflict on the positive association between living in a multi-faceted dependent household and health. These results suggest that individuals experience similar effects with regard to dependents and work–family conflict, regardless of their country of residence. Policy implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
在需求-资源框架下,高收入国家对工人的需求是更多的家庭依赖者和更高水平的工作-家庭冲突,这对工人的福祉产生了负面影响。作者调查了生活在一个以多种依赖类型为特征的家庭中——孩子和其他成年人与已婚、有工作的受访者生活在一起——如何影响自我评估的健康状况。作者进一步调查了工作-家庭冲突是否如预期的那样,调解或缓和了这种多方面依赖与自评健康之间的关系。作者利用了2014年综合社会调查和2015年国际社会调查项目的数据,这些数据来自奥地利、法国、冰岛、瑞士和美国的2000多人,这些国家都有适合其研究目的的指标。作者采用逻辑回归技术来估计个人自评健康。研究人员发现,生活在一个多方面依赖的家庭中,实际上与更好的自评健康有关,而工作与家庭冲突对自评健康有负面影响。也没有证据表明工作-家庭冲突对生活在多面依赖型家庭和健康之间的正相关有很强的中介或调节作用。这些结果表明,无论居住在哪个国家,个人在受抚养人和工作-家庭冲突方面都有类似的影响。最后讨论了政策影响及对未来研究的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Chapter 11 For Better or For Worse: Nonstandard Work Schedules and Self-Rated Health across Marital Status 第11章是好是坏:不标准的工作时间表和婚姻状况的自我评估健康
Pub Date : 2018-10-08 DOI: 10.1108/S1530-353520180000013013
S. Shen
Abstract Nonstandard work schedules are increasingly common in today’s economy, and work during these nonstandard hours has a negative impact on health. Scholars investigating work schedules have yet to explore how marital status, which is linked with better health, may protect the health of US workers with nonstandard schedules. This study uses binomial logistic regression models to analyze pooled data from the National Study of the Changing Workforce (N = 6,376). Interaction terms are utilized to test if marital status variations occur in the relationship between work schedule and health for men and women. The results demonstrate that while working a nonstandard schedule puts men and women at a lower odds of reporting good health compared to those who work a standard schedule, there is no difference in this relationship across marital status for men. However, nonstandard schedules are worse for the health of cohabiting and divorced, separated, or widowed women than for married women. The results indicate a significant interaction between work schedule and marital status exists for female workers and should be considered when examining the health of the population with nonstandard work schedules.
在当今的经济中,不规范的工作时间安排越来越普遍,在这些不规范的时间内工作对健康有负面影响。研究工作时间安排的学者们尚未探索婚姻状况如何保护那些工作时间不规范的美国工人的健康,婚姻状况与健康状况有更好的联系。本研究使用二项逻辑回归模型来分析来自国家劳动力变化研究(N = 6,376)的汇总数据。相互作用术语用于检验婚姻状况在男女工作时间表和健康之间的关系中是否发生变化。研究结果表明,虽然与按标准时间表工作的人相比,按非标准时间表工作的男性和女性报告身体健康的几率较低,但对男性来说,这种关系在婚姻状况上没有差异。然而,与已婚女性相比,不规范的作息时间对同居女性、离婚女性、分居女性或丧偶女性的健康影响更大。研究结果表明,女性工作者的工作时间与婚姻状况之间存在显著的相互作用,在检查工作时间不规范的人群的健康状况时应予以考虑。
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引用次数: 2
The Work-Family Interface: Spillover, Complications, and Challenges 工作-家庭界面:溢出效应、复杂性和挑战
Pub Date : 2018-10-08 DOI: 10.1108/s1530-3535201813
S. Blair
Past studies suggest that full-time maternal employment may be negatively related to children’s cognitive development. Most studies measure maternal employment at one time point, while mothers’ work hours may not be stable during early childrearing years. Using data from the 2001 Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Birth Cohort (N ≈ 6,500), the authors examine stability in mothers’ work hours across four waves when children are 9 and 24 months old, in preschool, and in kindergarten, mothers’ background characteristics associated to it, and its link to child cognitive development. Results show that the majority of mothers change work hours across the four waves. Analysis using multinomial logistic regression models suggests that mothers’ older age, fewer children, and higher household income are related to working full time at all four waves compared to varying work hours across the waves; more children and less than high school completion are related to staying home at all four waves; and mothers’ older age, being White, no change in partnership status, and holding a college degree are related to working part time at all four waves. Compared to mothers’ changing work hours, mothers’ stable work hours, full time or part time, at all four waves is related to children’s better reading, math, and cognitive scores in kindergarten, whereas mothers’ staying The Work-Family Interface: Spillover, Complications, and Challenges Contemporary Perspectives in Family Research, Volume 13, 1–21 Copyright © 2018 by Emerald Publishing Limited All rights of reproduction in any form reserved ISSN: 1530-3535/doi:10.1108/S1530-353520180000013002 2 KEI NOMAGUCHI AND MARSHAL NEAL FETTRO home at all four waves is negatively related to these scores. These associations disappear when background characteristics are controlled for in ordinary least squares regression models. These findings underscore the role of background characteristics in shaping both mothers’ stable employment and children’s cognitive development.
过去的研究表明,全职母亲的工作可能与儿童的认知发展负相关。大多数研究都是在一个时间点测量母亲的就业情况,而母亲的工作时间在幼儿时期可能并不稳定。利用2001年早期儿童纵向研究——出生队列(N≈6,500)的数据,作者研究了在孩子9个月和24个月大、学前班和幼儿园四个阶段母亲工作时间的稳定性、与之相关的母亲的背景特征及其与儿童认知发展的联系。研究结果显示,大多数母亲会在四次工作周期中改变工作时间。使用多项逻辑回归模型的分析表明,与不同工作时间相比,母亲年龄较大、子女较少和家庭收入较高与所有四个浪潮中的全职工作有关;在所有四次浪潮中,孩子多、高中毕业率低都与待在家里有关;母亲年龄较大、是白人、伴侣关系没有变化以及是否拥有大学学历都与兼职工作有关。《工作-家庭界面:溢出效应、复杂性与挑战——家庭研究的当代视角》第13卷第1-21期版权所有©2018 by Emerald Publishing Limited,版权所有,转载请访问:ISSN:KEI NOMAGUCHI和MARSHAL NEAL FETTRO的家在所有四个波上都与这些分数负相关。当背景特征在普通最小二乘回归模型中得到控制时,这些关联就消失了。这些发现强调了背景特征在塑造母亲稳定就业和儿童认知发展方面的作用。
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引用次数: 2
Prelims 预备考试
Pub Date : 2018-10-08 DOI: 10.1108/s1530-353520180000013001
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Contemporary Perspectives in Family Research
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