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Model-based approach for change propagation analysis in requirements 需求中的变更传播分析的基于模型的方法
Pub Date : 2013-04-15 DOI: 10.1109/SysCon.2013.6549928
Sarayut Nonsiri, E. Coatanéa, M. Bakhouya, Faisal Mokammel
The need for support related to the complexity management of systems engineering problems, specifically for requirements management and changes is especially necessary during the early stages of the systems engineering process. Indeed, these stages have a tremendous impact on the overall outcome of a project. If not anticipated at early stages, changes in requirements are leading to changes in the design and in the later implementation stages, resulting in an unexpected increase in costs (monetary, time, etc.). The framework proposed in this article for requirements change prediction consists of a three steps process. First, requirements are modeled using SysML with predefined relationships. Second, all the relationships between requirements in the SysML model are transformed into an adjacency matrix also named DSM. A higher order Dependency Structure Matrix is applied; this matrix-based methodology allows support in the prediction of which requirements will be affected after a change in a specific requirement. Third, the change propagation path is visualized. Using this framework, it is possible to predict the possible propagation of changes in requirements. In addition, it is also possible to identify the requirements that can be reused. This can help to save the time and cost for developing a new system.
与系统工程问题的复杂性管理相关的支持需求,特别是需求管理和变更,在系统工程过程的早期阶段是特别必要的。实际上,这些阶段对项目的总体结果有巨大的影响。如果在早期阶段没有预料到,需求的变化将导致设计和后期实现阶段的变化,从而导致成本(金钱、时间等)的意外增加。本文中提出的需求变更预测框架由三个步骤组成。首先,使用带有预定义关系的SysML对需求进行建模。其次,将SysML模型中所有需求之间的关系转换为邻接矩阵(也称为DSM)。采用高阶依赖结构矩阵;这种基于矩阵的方法支持预测在特定需求发生变化后哪些需求将受到影响。第三,可视化变更传播路径。使用这个框架,就可以预测需求变更的可能传播。此外,还可以确定可以重用的需求。这有助于节省开发新系统的时间和成本。
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引用次数: 13
Modeling communication and estimation processes of automated crash avoidance systems 自动防撞系统的建模、通信和估计过程
Pub Date : 2013-04-15 DOI: 10.1109/SysCon.2013.6549956
Ehsan Moradi-Pari, Amin Tahmasbi-Sarvestani, Y. P. Fallah
We present a novel approach to modeling the combined estimation and networking processes of automated crash/collision avoidance systems (ACAS). The estimation and networking processes are two necessary components of the real-time situation awareness component of the system. The existing models for these two components are mostly based on stochastic modeling methods, describing each component separately and in abstract probabilistic terms. Such modeling methods lead to the loss of useful details. In our recent work we presented extended stochastic models using discrete-time Markov chains for the networking component and empirical statistical models for the estimation process. Although these models led to significantly improved designs for the situation awareness component of ACAS, it was observed that the extent of the improvement was limited. The limitation is due the fact that stochastic models are limited in describing the system which inherently has many deterministic features. In this paper we attempt to advance the approach to modeling the ACAS systems (and other similar systems) through developing a method to model the communication component based on Probabilistic Timed automata and also a Hybrid automata to combine and model the entire system (both estimation and communication/networking processes). This paper presents the new model and verifies it using simulations.
我们提出了一种新的方法来建模自动碰撞/避碰系统(ACAS)的组合估计和网络过程。估计过程和组网过程是系统实时态势感知组件的两个必要组成部分。现有的这两个组成部分的模型大多是基于随机建模方法,分别用抽象的概率术语描述每个组成部分。这样的建模方法会导致丢失有用的细节。在我们最近的工作中,我们提出了使用离散时间马尔可夫链作为网络组件的扩展随机模型和用于估计过程的经验统计模型。虽然这些模型显著改进了ACAS的态势感知组件的设计,但观察到改进的程度是有限的。这种限制是由于随机模型在描述具有许多固有确定性特征的系统时受到限制。在本文中,我们试图通过开发一种基于概率时间自动机和混合自动机的通信组件建模方法来推进ACAS系统(和其他类似系统)的建模方法,以组合和建模整个系统(估计和通信/网络过程)。本文提出了新模型,并用仿真进行了验证。
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引用次数: 6
Cyber-physical framework for early integration of autonomous maritime capabilities 早期整合自主海上能力的网络物理框架
Pub Date : 2013-04-15 DOI: 10.1109/SysCon.2013.6549937
C. Insaurralde, Y. Pétillot
The increasing demand for more self-governed assistance in maritime activities is leading ocean engineering research projects to combine diverse autonomous capabilities developed at geographically-dispersed locations. Availability of such capabilities as well as experiments in water is a critical issue that can seriously impact on the project milestones. The ability to perform verification and validation at an initial integration stage of maritime capabilities while they are still physically located at the partner's site can reduce significantly costs and risks. This paper proposes an early integration framework for autonomous capabilities of maritime vehicles by means of system and context simulation (including emulation of maritime vehicles and operational environment). This makes interaction between the computational and physical process become crucial as in cyber-physical systems. The framework proposed allows project patterns to pre-verify and pre-validate requirements before the system is physically integrated. This paper presents a review of the research context, and the autonomous maritime capabilities to be integrated. An illustrative case study of simulation and trials carried out on cooperative maritime navigation is also presented.
在海上活动中,对更多自主援助的需求日益增长,这促使海洋工程研究项目将地理分散地点开发的各种自主能力结合起来。这些能力以及水中实验的可用性是一个关键问题,可能严重影响项目的里程碑。在海上能力的初始集成阶段进行验证和确认的能力,而它们仍然位于合作伙伴的站点,可以显着降低成本和风险。本文通过系统和环境仿真(包括海上车辆和操作环境仿真)提出了海上车辆自主能力的早期集成框架。这使得计算和物理过程之间的交互变得至关重要,就像在网络物理系统中一样。提出的框架允许项目模式在系统物理集成之前预先验证和预先确认需求。本文综述了该领域的研究背景,以及有待整合的自主海事能力。最后给出了海上协同导航仿真与试验的实例分析。
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引用次数: 5
Modeling the impact of maintenance on naval fleet total ownership cost 对海军舰队维修对总拥有成本影响的建模
Pub Date : 2013-04-15 DOI: 10.1109/SysCon.2013.6549975
Karen B. Marais, Jessica Rivas, Isaac J. Tetzloff, W. Crossley
The US Navy is making a concerted effort to use total ownership cost (TOC) as a metric for decision-making about the various systems needed to perform the Navy's missions. System Total Ownership Cost seeks to combine aspects related to acquisition costs, operating costs, maintenance costs, and manpower costs (both staffing and training) over the lifecycle of the system. Here, this paper presents initial efforts to consider deferred maintenance and its impact on TOC for long-lived systems, like the DDG-51 class destroyers. Near-term cost pressures often result in decisions that defer maintenance to a later time than scheduled or well after first notice of a maintenance need. Deferring maintenance allows the costs of performing maintenance to be postponed, saving short term costs, but the choice to defer maintenance may also result in the system moving to a state of further degradation. If this is true, later maintenance tasks needed to restore the ship's capability or reliability may become more costly. While these trade-offs are conceptually well understood, they have not been adequately quantified to allow decision makers to make the best decisions when funds are constrained. One reason such quantification has been lacking is that the necessary data is often not available. This paper presents initial work aimed at using data recorded by the Navy to construct a model that could allow for quantitative decision support. The principal challenge is that most of the recorded data is at the system level, implying that the ship must be modeled as a single unit. This assumption results in an underestimation of the impact on reliability of deferring corrective maintenance. Our results show that given the data available, a stochastic renewal process can model the Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) class guided-missile destroyers, implying that the ship returns to a “like new” condition following successful maintenance. The stochastic renewal process model provides a first step in using reported data to develop a model of delayed maintenance and its effect on TOC.
美国海军正在共同努力使用总拥有成本(TOC)作为执行海军任务所需的各种系统决策的度量标准。系统总所有权成本试图将系统生命周期中与获取成本、操作成本、维护成本和人力成本(包括人员配备和培训)相关的方面结合起来。在这里,本文介绍了考虑延迟维护及其对长寿命系统(如DDG-51级驱逐舰)TOC影响的初步努力。近期的成本压力通常会导致将维护推迟到比计划更晚的时间,或者在第一次通知维护需求之后。推迟维护可以推迟执行维护的成本,从而节省短期成本,但是选择推迟维护也可能导致系统进一步退化。如果这是真的,以后的维护任务需要恢复船舶的能力或可靠性可能会变得更加昂贵。虽然这些权衡在概念上得到了很好的理解,但它们还没有得到充分的量化,以使决策者在资金有限的情况下做出最佳决策。缺乏这种量化的一个原因是往往无法获得必要的数据。本文介绍了旨在使用海军记录的数据来构建一个模型的初步工作,该模型可以提供定量决策支持。主要的挑战是,大多数记录的数据都在系统级别,这意味着必须将船舶建模为单个单元。这种假设导致低估了延迟纠正性维修对可靠性的影响。我们的研究结果表明,给定可用的数据,随机更新过程可以对阿利伯克(DDG-51)级导弹驱逐舰进行建模,这意味着该舰在成功维护后返回到“像新的”状态。随机更新过程模型为利用已报告的数据建立延迟维修及其对TOC的影响模型提供了第一步。
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引用次数: 4
Scenario-driven architecture assessment methodology for large data analysis systems 大数据分析系统的场景驱动架构评估方法
Pub Date : 2013-04-15 DOI: 10.1109/SysCon.2013.6549857
Edmon Begoli, Theodore F. Chila, W. Inmon
The methodology we present in this paper emerged as a result of the technical and organizational assessment we conducted for a large data analytic system and for its expansion to support a significant new mission in healthcare domain. We developed a 4+1 dimensional approach for examining the different characteristics of a system with four traditional dimensions and a fifth, scenarios-based, dimension, introduced as an exploration device of the entire system in its business context. We present the principles, guidelines, and structure of the methodology as well as the results of the application of this process leading to a credible evaluation that better assesses current large data analysis systems than the previous, purely static assessment.
我们在本文中提出的方法是我们为大型数据分析系统及其扩展以支持医疗保健领域的重要新任务而进行的技术和组织评估的结果。我们开发了一种4+1维方法,用于使用四个传统维度和第五个基于场景的维度来检查系统的不同特征,第五个维度是作为整个系统在其业务环境中的探索设备引入的。我们提出了该方法的原则、指导方针和结构,以及应用该过程的结果,从而得出一个可靠的评估,比以前的纯静态评估更好地评估当前的大数据分析系统。
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引用次数: 0
Linking FMI-based components with discrete event systems 将基于fmi的组件与离散事件系统连接起来
Pub Date : 2013-04-15 DOI: 10.1109/SysCon.2013.6549955
W. Müller, E. Widl
The simulation of cyber-physical systems involves modular heterogeneous systems. When embedding continuous subsystems in a discrete event system, in a classic approach the different subsystems use the same communication points and wait for each other. The approach presented in this paper uses predictions for every single continuous subsystem. That way the continuous subsystems can be used as discrete components in a discrete event system. This concept is implemented with FMUs (Functional Mock-up Units) generated with OpenModelica and the Discrete Event domain of Ptolemy II as a proof of concept. A model is implemented using this environment and compared to another implementation that uses only Ptolemy II. The results show the better scalability and shorter runtime of the presented approach compared to the pure Ptolemy II approach.
网络物理系统的仿真涉及模块化异构系统。当在离散事件系统中嵌入连续子系统时,在经典方法中,不同的子系统使用相同的通信点并相互等待。本文提出的方法对每个单独的连续子系统进行预测。这样,连续子系统就可以作为离散事件系统中的离散组件使用。这个概念是用OpenModelica和托勒密二世的离散事件域生成的fmu(功能模型单元)来实现的,作为概念的证明。使用此环境实现模型,并将其与仅使用托勒密II的另一个实现进行比较。结果表明,与纯托勒密II方法相比,该方法具有更好的可扩展性和更短的运行时间。
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引用次数: 14
Using data envelopment analysis for supplier evaluation with environmental considerations 利用数据包络分析对供应商进行环境评价
Pub Date : 2013-04-15 DOI: 10.1109/SysCon.2013.6549852
Sun Zhe, T. Wong, L. Lee
With the proliferation of outsourcing in global market place, supplier selection has become a key strategic consideration in forming a competitive supply chain. Supplier selection has been recognized as a multi-criteria decision making problem in which suppliers are evaluated according to multiple criteria such as price, quality, delivery and service simultaneously. Facing with excessive pressures from government and customers, increasing number of companies are beginning to consider environmental issues in the procurement and supplier selection process to practice the sustainable development. It is therefore necessary to measure a supplier's environmental performance. This paper aims to find out what kind of environmental criteria can be applied to assess suppliers overall performances. The multi-criteria decision making approach data envelopment analysis (DEA) is applied to help companies to evaluate suppliers' various environmental performance and other capabilities simultaneously.
随着外包在全球市场的扩散,供应商选择已成为形成竞争供应链的关键战略考虑因素。供应商选择是一个多标准决策问题,同时根据价格、质量、交货和服务等多个标准对供应商进行评价。面对来自政府和客户的过度压力,越来越多的公司开始在采购和供应商选择过程中考虑环境问题,以实践可持续发展。因此,有必要衡量供应商的环境绩效。本文旨在找出什么样的环境标准可以适用于评估供应商的整体绩效。应用多准则决策方法数据包络分析(DEA)来帮助企业同时评估供应商的各种环境绩效和其他能力。
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引用次数: 10
Power-efficiency study using SPECjEnterprise2010 使用SPECjEnterprise2010进行电源效率研究
Pub Date : 2013-04-15 DOI: 10.1109/SysCon.2013.6549977
Hitoshi Oi, Sho Niboshi
In this paper, we present a case study of the power consumption and performance trade-offs in Java application servers. We use the industry-standard benchmark for the Java application servers, SPECjEnterprise2010, on two platforms with different CPUs, AMD Phenom II and Intel Atom, We investigated the performance and power consumption behaviors against the increasing system size and the relative performance between Phenom vs Atom. Phenom is capable of dynamic frequency scaling (DFS) and we studied the effects of clock frequency control parameters on the performance and power consumption. In terms of the maximum system sizes with valid quality of service (QoS) metrics, Phenom could handle 9.7 times more transactions than Atom. In terms of dynamic power consumption normalized to the system size, Atom was 2.5 times more power-efficient than Phenom. Increasing the sampling rate, one of the DFS parameters, was effective in reducing the power consumption in low load level regions. It reduced the dynamic power up to 7.7 Watt, about 40% lower than the default setting.
在本文中,我们提供了一个关于Java应用程序服务器的功耗和性能权衡的案例研究。我们使用行业标准的Java应用服务器基准,SPECjEnterprise2010,在两种不同的cpu平台上,AMD Phenom II和Intel Atom,我们调查了性能和功耗行为随着系统大小的增加以及Phenom和Atom之间的相对性能。Phenom具有动态频率缩放(DFS)功能,我们研究了时钟频率控制参数对性能和功耗的影响。就具有有效服务质量(QoS)指标的最大系统大小而言,Phenom可以处理比Atom多9.7倍的事务。就按系统大小标准化的动态功耗而言,Atom的功耗效率是Phenom的2.5倍。提高DFS参数之一的采样率可以有效地降低低负载水平区域的功耗。它将动态功率降低到7.7瓦,比默认设置低约40%。
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引用次数: 4
Multi-criteria simulation of program outcomes 项目结果的多标准模拟
Pub Date : 2013-04-15 DOI: 10.1109/SysCon.2013.6549885
D. Bodner, J. Wade
Programs that develop and deploy complex systems typically have multiple criteria by which they are judged to be successful. Categories of such criteria include schedule, cost, technical system performance, quality and customer expectations. Criteria are operationalized via particular metrics, and often there are complex relationships between metrics, e.g., correlations or trade-offs. In an acquisition program, it is critical that systems engineers understand the implications of their actions and decisions with respect to these metrics, since the metrics are used to report the performance and eventual outcome of the program. However, such understanding usually takes many years of on-the-job experience. This paper describes an approach to simulation modeling of program behavior and performance whereby program outputs expressed in these metrics can be studied by systems engineers. An example program simulation model is presented that currently is used in an educational technology system for training systems engineers. The decisions and actions that can be taken by a systems engineer are described, and the impacts of various actions and decisions on program metrics and metric relationships are illustrated. The model is validated via subject matter experts with extensive experience in the program domain.
开发和部署复杂系统的程序通常有多个标准来判断它们是否成功。这些标准的类别包括进度、成本、技术系统性能、质量和客户期望。标准是通过特定的度量来实现的,并且通常在度量之间存在复杂的关系,例如,相关性或权衡。在一个采买项目中,系统工程师理解他们的行动和决策的含义是至关重要的,因为这些指标是用来报告项目的性能和最终结果的。然而,这种理解通常需要多年的工作经验。本文描述了一种对程序行为和性能进行模拟建模的方法,通过这种方法,系统工程师可以研究用这些度量表示的程序输出。给出了一个应用于某系统工程师培训教育技术系统的实例程序仿真模型。系统工程师可以采取的决策和行动被描述,并且各种行动和决策对程序度量和度量关系的影响被说明。该模型由在程序领域具有丰富经验的主题专家进行验证。
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引用次数: 3
Embracing reusable systems architecture 拥抱可重用的系统架构
Pub Date : 2013-04-15 DOI: 10.1109/SysCon.2013.6549934
Julie Peirson, R. Turner, B. Williams
The evolution of systems integration has reduced proprietary interfaces significantly. Aging federated systems contain proprietary interfaces which minimize upgrade flexibility. As product lines evolve their value increase can be attributed to the progress from interface standards to open systems architecture. Systems integration evolution for aircraft design is perpetuated by technology development. The ability to harness that progress could be reusable systems architecture (RSA) which is derived from libraries of systems functional definitions. RSA is an evolutionary concept because it captures the existing systems definitions and addresses the gap of integrating the state of the art emergent technologies in an efficient manner. Library concept uniqueness is attained through the system attributes. The research will identify the required systems attributes (e.g. communication protocols, bonding & grounding requirements, power requirements, etc...) necessary in the functional library to efficiently incorporate state of the art systems. This paper illustrates a high level example of how such a library concept could be constructed. Utilization of prior systems functional definitions leverages new combinations of systems with reduced integration cost, less risk, and improved first time quality.
系统集成的发展大大减少了专有接口。老化的联邦系统包含专有接口,使升级灵活性最小化。随着产品线的发展,其价值的增加可以归因于从接口标准到开放系统架构的进展。飞机设计的系统集成演变是技术发展的延续。利用这一进展的能力可以是可重用系统架构(RSA),它来源于系统功能定义库。RSA是一个进化的概念,因为它捕获了现有的系统定义,并以有效的方式解决了集成最先进的新兴技术状态的差距。图书馆概念的唯一性是通过系统属性实现的。该研究将确定功能库中必要的系统属性(例如通信协议、bonding &接地要求、电源要求等),以有效地整合最先进的系统。本文举例说明了如何构建这样一个库概念的高级示例。利用先前的系统功能定义可以利用系统的新组合,降低集成成本,降低风险,并提高首次质量。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
2013 IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon)
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