Sukumar Ghosh, S. Bandyopadhyay, C. Mazumdar, S. Bhattacharya
Programs for dataflow machines often require efficient support for recursive procedure invocation to achieve high performance and programming flexibility. This paper discusses different methods presently used in contemporary dataflow models for handling recursion. Also, an alternative approach is proposed for handling recursion in token storage type of packet communication dataflow architecture.
{"title":"Handling of recursion in dataflow model","authors":"Sukumar Ghosh, S. Bandyopadhyay, C. Mazumdar, S. Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1145/800171.809621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800171.809621","url":null,"abstract":"Programs for dataflow machines often require efficient support for recursive procedure invocation to achieve high performance and programming flexibility. This paper discusses different methods presently used in contemporary dataflow models for handling recursion. Also, an alternative approach is proposed for handling recursion in token storage type of packet communication dataflow architecture.","PeriodicalId":218138,"journal":{"name":"ACM '84","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133047828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fm is an object oriented language designed to serve as a testbed for experiments in the development of conceptual structure in continuous domains. Possibilistic truth representation is fully integrated into a language for building knowledge based systems offerring support for object, rule, and data-access based programming styles as well as the more traditional procedural form. A prototype implementation of Fm has been written in Franzlisp and has been used to construct two simple expert systems, one a data structure consultant and the other a knowledge based automobile driver. This paper describes the facilities provided in Fm for representing and reasoning with uncertain information.
{"title":"Integrating uncertainty into a language for knowledge based systems","authors":"B. D'Ambrosio","doi":"10.1145/800171.809664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800171.809664","url":null,"abstract":"Fm is an object oriented language designed to serve as a testbed for experiments in the development of conceptual structure in continuous domains. Possibilistic truth representation is fully integrated into a language for building knowledge based systems offerring support for object, rule, and data-access based programming styles as well as the more traditional procedural form. A prototype implementation of Fm has been written in Franzlisp and has been used to construct two simple expert systems, one a data structure consultant and the other a knowledge based automobile driver. This paper describes the facilities provided in Fm for representing and reasoning with uncertain information.","PeriodicalId":218138,"journal":{"name":"ACM '84","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131570184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Automation in the 1950's sparked predictions of massive unemployment, and similar gloomy forecasts have been voiced many times since then. Although "Detroit automation" (transfer lines) did increase productivity and contribute to a decline in manufacturing employment, expansion of job opportunities in the service and information sectors more than compensated for that loss. Moreover, the rapid diffusion of computer applications has been accompanied by the creation of new kinds of jobs. With the advent of microelectronics and, more recently, intelligent systems in the marketplace, the specter of unemployment looms large once again. However, many observers are reluctant to predict widespread unemployment for fear of emulating the little boy who cried wolf.
{"title":"Wealth and jobs in the fifth new world","authors":"A. Mowshowitz","doi":"10.1145/800171.809645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800171.809645","url":null,"abstract":"Automation in the 1950's sparked predictions of massive unemployment, and similar gloomy forecasts have been voiced many times since then. Although \"Detroit automation\" (transfer lines) did increase productivity and contribute to a decline in manufacturing employment, expansion of job opportunities in the service and information sectors more than compensated for that loss. Moreover, the rapid diffusion of computer applications has been accompanied by the creation of new kinds of jobs.\u0000 With the advent of microelectronics and, more recently, intelligent systems in the marketplace, the specter of unemployment looms large once again. However, many observers are reluctant to predict widespread unemployment for fear of emulating the little boy who cried wolf.","PeriodicalId":218138,"journal":{"name":"ACM '84","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134106760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the demand for greater system functionality is being met with software, the productivity of software development has been receiving increasing attention. The trend has been to provide software developers with automated tools to assist in many of the methodical tasks. More recently there has been a recognition that a development environment is more than simply a collection of tools. Several projects have investigated the issues involved in building software development environments. The use of very large scale integration techniques have likewise introduced the need for hardware developer to manage increasing levels of complexity. The VLSI and VHSIC communities have built a large number of tools to support their design activites. These communities are engaged in evolving those tools into integrated design environments.
{"title":"Visions of future programming environments","authors":"L. Druffel","doi":"10.1145/800171.809625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800171.809625","url":null,"abstract":"As the demand for greater system functionality is being met with software, the productivity of software development has been receiving increasing attention. The trend has been to provide software developers with automated tools to assist in many of the methodical tasks. More recently there has been a recognition that a development environment is more than simply a collection of tools. Several projects have investigated the issues involved in building software development environments.\u0000 The use of very large scale integration techniques have likewise introduced the need for hardware developer to manage increasing levels of complexity. The VLSI and VHSIC communities have built a large number of tools to support their design activites. These communities are engaged in evolving those tools into integrated design environments.","PeriodicalId":218138,"journal":{"name":"ACM '84","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123074454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The introduction and use of apparently intelligent systems and machines require a new paradigm for society and its economic order. The panel discusses the ramifications of industrial AI. Robotics, expert systems, medical consultation, and other AI programs and machines are already in use. What are the effects of these products? Expert systems may be called on to make medical or military judgments in real time. Industrial robots may obviate the need for a blue-collar work force. Natural language interfaces and automated programming tools may allow naive users a range of powerful tools which appear genuinely intelligent. Are there differences between the employment of these tools and older (unintelligent) tools?
{"title":"Social implications of artificial intelligence","authors":"I. Pohl","doi":"10.1145/800171.809654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800171.809654","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction and use of apparently intelligent systems and machines require a new paradigm for society and its economic order. The panel discusses the ramifications of industrial AI. Robotics, expert systems, medical consultation, and other AI programs and machines are already in use. What are the effects of these products? Expert systems may be called on to make medical or military judgments in real time. Industrial robots may obviate the need for a blue-collar work force. Natural language interfaces and automated programming tools may allow naive users a range of powerful tools which appear genuinely intelligent. Are there differences between the employment of these tools and older (unintelligent) tools?","PeriodicalId":218138,"journal":{"name":"ACM '84","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121385887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A prototype automated software design evaluator was implemented as part of a project whose long-term goal is the application of AI techniques to the tools in a software engineering environment. The purposes of undertaking this prototype were to: 1) identify the attributes of a software design that could be captured as design rules, 2) investigate machine-processable representations of a software design, and 3) build a proof-of-principle prototype that demonstrates that an automated design assistant can be built.
{"title":"An automated software design evaluator","authors":"N. Giddings, Timothy R. Colburn","doi":"10.1145/800171.809611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800171.809611","url":null,"abstract":"A prototype automated software design evaluator was implemented as part of a project whose long-term goal is the application of AI techniques to the tools in a software engineering environment. The purposes of undertaking this prototype were to: 1) identify the attributes of a software design that could be captured as design rules, 2) investigate machine-processable representations of a software design, and 3) build a proof-of-principle prototype that demonstrates that an automated design assistant can be built.","PeriodicalId":218138,"journal":{"name":"ACM '84","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115915870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Fifth-Generation Computer System (FGCS), as usually understood, requires break-throughs in artificial intelligence and parallel processing. We identify “near-term” FGCS's relying only on existing developments in hardware, user interfaces, and software techniques integrating databases and a wide range of programming paradigms to achieve much of the social utility expected of FGCS's of the long-term variety. We identify these developments and argue that logic programming is too good to be left to the Japanese: that it is an economical basis for a Western near-term FGCS project.
{"title":"Towards a western Fifth-Generation Computer System project","authors":"M. H. Emden","doi":"10.1145/800171.809661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800171.809661","url":null,"abstract":"A Fifth-Generation Computer System (FGCS), as usually understood, requires break-throughs in artificial intelligence and parallel processing. We identify “near-term” FGCS's relying only on existing developments in hardware, user interfaces, and software techniques integrating databases and a wide range of programming paradigms to achieve much of the social utility expected of FGCS's of the long-term variety. We identify these developments and argue that logic programming is too good to be left to the Japanese: that it is an economical basis for a Western near-term FGCS project.","PeriodicalId":218138,"journal":{"name":"ACM '84","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130287504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A large knowledge based system can be considered equivalent to a large data base system; but, instead of the more usual algorithmic rules, most of the rules are expressed in the form of specifications. Such a form of expression has the considerable advantage that theorem provers can be used to detect inconsistencies between the rules. The proposed general architecture can be summarized in a diagram: (Diagram) In this diagram, the APPLICATION involves physical variables such as time, part, distance, etc. The MODEL of the application defines a relationship between any combination of the corresponding mathematical variables. This is because the model contains general rules which relate these variables. These rules come either •from the user, who himself has induced general rules about the data, or •from the system's own GENERALISER, an adaptive pattern recogniser which induces rules from the data.
{"title":"Functional requirements for very large knowledge bases","authors":"E. Babb","doi":"10.1145/800171.809604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800171.809604","url":null,"abstract":"A large knowledge based system can be considered equivalent to a large data base system; but, instead of the more usual algorithmic rules, most of the rules are expressed in the form of specifications. Such a form of expression has the considerable advantage that theorem provers can be used to detect inconsistencies between the rules. The proposed general architecture can be summarized in a diagram:\u0000 (Diagram)\u0000 In this diagram, the APPLICATION involves physical variables such as time, part, distance, etc. The MODEL of the application defines a relationship between any combination of the corresponding mathematical variables. This is because the model contains general rules which relate these variables. These rules come either\u0000 •from the user, who himself has induced general rules about the data, or\u0000 •from the system's own GENERALISER, an adaptive pattern recogniser which induces rules from the data.","PeriodicalId":218138,"journal":{"name":"ACM '84","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122137301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we present a new and practical approach to program verification based on the transformational program development method. We believe this system, which we call the Practical Verification System, is both user-friendly and mathematically powerful. A user of this system would present the system with an initial abstract specification, written in the user-interface language, and the system, under the guidance of the user, would generate a program guaranteed to satisfy the goals set forth in the initial specification. The advantages of the transformational method are its potential ability to act as a rich source of high-level, reusable theorems, to allow efficient verification of resulting programs, and to track the user's understanding of a program. Simplicity of design is also achieved through the use of a single, powerful internal language, and through reliance on a large information database.
{"title":"PVS - design for a practical verification system","authors":"C. Applebaum, James G. Williams","doi":"10.1145/800171.809605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800171.809605","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present a new and practical approach to program verification based on the transformational program development method. We believe this system, which we call the Practical Verification System, is both user-friendly and mathematically powerful. A user of this system would present the system with an initial abstract specification, written in the user-interface language, and the system, under the guidance of the user, would generate a program guaranteed to satisfy the goals set forth in the initial specification.\u0000 The advantages of the transformational method are its potential ability to act as a rich source of high-level, reusable theorems, to allow efficient verification of resulting programs, and to track the user's understanding of a program. Simplicity of design is also achieved through the use of a single, powerful internal language, and through reliance on a large information database.","PeriodicalId":218138,"journal":{"name":"ACM '84","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114361785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Browne, J. Dutton, Vincent Fernandes, A. Palmer, J. Silverman, A. Tripathi, Pong-Sheng Wang
This paper presents the principles followed in designing Zeus, an object-oriented distributed operating system designed to study integration of recovery mechanisms into the designs of distributed command and control systems. The primary goal of the Zeus design is to define reliable object management functions for distributed command and control systems and to evaluate the performance and the correctness of the recovery mechanisms for these functions. Therefore, no implementation of this design currently exists. The user provided functions support definition of object types, creation of objects, and updating of distributed objects using atomic transactions. We are currently evaluating the performance characteristics of this design using simulation models and proving the correctness of the recovery mechanisms using formal methods based on Gypsy language [AKER83], events and state transition based models [TRIP83b], and simulation models. To achieve these goals we have refined the Zeus design to a significantly detailed level. To date we have explored this design only from the viewpoint of these goals. Several research problems necessary to implement this system remain unexplored. For example, a linguistic mechanism is needed to introduce object type definitions into the system and to define processes and transactions. A distributed operating system for highly reliable applications must provide 1) recovery mechanisms that are transparent to the application developers and 2) naming mechanisms that make the physical distribution of objects and functions transparent to the application programmer. The second feature is important to make development of distributed software no more difficult than the development of conventional software systems. The Zeus design has made a significant contribution In this direction. Other systems have integrated these two concepts in their designs, however they typically limit object management to the file storage level. To date, Argus [LISK82] is the only other system which provides a set of general mechanisms for reliable management of distributed objects of any type. Zeus provides these mechanisms and addresses several other issues such as object relocation, authentication and object protection, not included in the Argus design. Another novel feature in Zeus is the integration of the conventional database management functions into the operating system object management functions. This is important because most of the todays popular operating systems do not provide efficient machanisms for database applications [STON81]. Even with respect to its recovery model, the Zeus design differs significantly from other known designs.
{"title":"Zeus: An object-oriented distributed operating system for reliable applications","authors":"J. Browne, J. Dutton, Vincent Fernandes, A. Palmer, J. Silverman, A. Tripathi, Pong-Sheng Wang","doi":"10.1145/800171.809620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800171.809620","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the principles followed in designing Zeus, an object-oriented distributed operating system designed to study integration of recovery mechanisms into the designs of distributed command and control systems. The primary goal of the Zeus design is to define reliable object management functions for distributed command and control systems and to evaluate the performance and the correctness of the recovery mechanisms for these functions. Therefore, no implementation of this design currently exists. The user provided functions support definition of object types, creation of objects, and updating of distributed objects using atomic transactions. We are currently evaluating the performance characteristics of this design using simulation models and proving the correctness of the recovery mechanisms using formal methods based on Gypsy language [AKER83], events and state transition based models [TRIP83b], and simulation models. To achieve these goals we have refined the Zeus design to a significantly detailed level. To date we have explored this design only from the viewpoint of these goals. Several research problems necessary to implement this system remain unexplored. For example, a linguistic mechanism is needed to introduce object type definitions into the system and to define processes and transactions.\u0000 A distributed operating system for highly reliable applications must provide 1) recovery mechanisms that are transparent to the application developers and 2) naming mechanisms that make the physical distribution of objects and functions transparent to the application programmer. The second feature is important to make development of distributed software no more difficult than the development of conventional software systems. The Zeus design has made a significant contribution In this direction. Other systems have integrated these two concepts in their designs, however they typically limit object management to the file storage level. To date, Argus [LISK82] is the only other system which provides a set of general mechanisms for reliable management of distributed objects of any type. Zeus provides these mechanisms and addresses several other issues such as object relocation, authentication and object protection, not included in the Argus design. Another novel feature in Zeus is the integration of the conventional database management functions into the operating system object management functions. This is important because most of the todays popular operating systems do not provide efficient machanisms for database applications [STON81]. Even with respect to its recovery model, the Zeus design differs significantly from other known designs.","PeriodicalId":218138,"journal":{"name":"ACM '84","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129018167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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