Pub Date : 1998-06-01DOI: 10.1177/002234099805200213
Peter Praamsma
A convenient one-pot synthesis of -bromoacrylic acid esters followed by their conver-sion into -bromo-substituted β-amino acid esters via Michael addition with secondary cyclic amines is proposed. Among the amines, morpholine turned most suitable.
{"title":"Brief communications","authors":"Peter Praamsma","doi":"10.1177/002234099805200213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002234099805200213","url":null,"abstract":"A convenient one-pot synthesis of -bromoacrylic acid esters followed by their conver-sion into -bromo-substituted β-amino acid esters via Michael addition with secondary cyclic amines is proposed. Among the amines, morpholine turned most suitable.","PeriodicalId":21864,"journal":{"name":"Soviet Atomic Energy","volume":"75 1","pages":"1253-1255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74162347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1980-01-31DOI: 10.3367/UFNR.0130.198001G.0185
B. Barbashov, G. Efimov, A. Efremov, B. Kadomtsev, M. Markov
{"title":"In memory of Dmitrii Ivanovich Blokhintsev","authors":"B. Barbashov, G. Efimov, A. Efremov, B. Kadomtsev, M. Markov","doi":"10.3367/UFNR.0130.198001G.0185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3367/UFNR.0130.198001G.0185","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21864,"journal":{"name":"Soviet Atomic Energy","volume":"27 1","pages":"325-326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75529379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"γ-Defectoscope rid-32 of normal classification series sév","authors":"A. Mairov, N. S. Orlov","doi":"10.1007/BF01165626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01165626","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21864,"journal":{"name":"Soviet Atomic Energy","volume":"30 1","pages":"1341-1342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83606045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-09-01DOI: 10.1088/0368-3281/8/4/309
B. Chirikov
The author discusses the conditions for stability of a partially compensated electron beam in relation to deflection (“snaking”). It is shown that, with a continuous spectrum of perturbation wave vectors, there is always a region of strong instability (with relatively large increments). With a discrete spectrum (e.g., with a beam of finite length in an accelerator), instability occurs only at beam currents greater than a certain critical value. Landau damping and radiation friction do not eliminate the instability. A weak dissipative instability is discovered, caused by radiation friction. In some cases Landau damping stabilizes this instability, but can also increase it.The investigation is based on a model beam in the form of two pinches, electron and ion, with constant dimensions and uniform densities.
{"title":"Stability of a partially compensated electron beam","authors":"B. Chirikov","doi":"10.1088/0368-3281/8/4/309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0368-3281/8/4/309","url":null,"abstract":"The author discusses the conditions for stability of a partially compensated electron beam in relation to deflection (“snaking”). It is shown that, with a continuous spectrum of perturbation wave vectors, there is always a region of strong instability (with relatively large increments). With a discrete spectrum (e.g., with a beam of finite length in an accelerator), instability occurs only at beam currents greater than a certain critical value. Landau damping and radiation friction do not eliminate the instability. A weak dissipative instability is discovered, caused by radiation friction. In some cases Landau damping stabilizes this instability, but can also increase it.The investigation is based on a model beam in the form of two pinches, electron and ion, with constant dimensions and uniform densities.","PeriodicalId":21864,"journal":{"name":"Soviet Atomic Energy","volume":"21 1","pages":"1149-1155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81713718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1964-01-01DOI: 10.1088/0368-3281/7/2/310
B. P. Ad'yasevich, V. Antonenko, Yu. P. Polunin, D. Fomenko
A polarized ion source giving a current of about 0.1μA has been constructed. The background from nonpolarized deuterons is 1–2%, and that from protons is 10–15%. The degree of alignment of the deuterons has been checked; this is revealed in the anisotropy of the angular distribution of α partides in the reaction T(d,n)He4.The degree of alignment equals P2 = −0.326 ± 0.01, which agrees closely with the theoretical value P2 = −0.328 for an orienting field of 10 Oe. This latter leads to the conclusion that the polarization of the protons is about 50% and that of the deuterons about 33%. Cooling the water dissociator with liquid nitrogen increases the intensity approximately by a factor of two.
{"title":"Polarized ion source","authors":"B. P. Ad'yasevich, V. Antonenko, Yu. P. Polunin, D. Fomenko","doi":"10.1088/0368-3281/7/2/310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0368-3281/7/2/310","url":null,"abstract":"A polarized ion source giving a current of about 0.1μA has been constructed. The background from nonpolarized deuterons is 1–2%, and that from protons is 10–15%. The degree of alignment of the deuterons has been checked; this is revealed in the anisotropy of the angular distribution of α partides in the reaction T(d,n)He4.The degree of alignment equals P2 = −0.326 ± 0.01, which agrees closely with the theoretical value P2 = −0.328 for an orienting field of 10 Oe. This latter leads to the conclusion that the polarization of the protons is about 50% and that of the deuterons about 33%. Cooling the water dissociator with liquid nitrogen increases the intensity approximately by a factor of two.","PeriodicalId":21864,"journal":{"name":"Soviet Atomic Energy","volume":"48 1","pages":"703-708"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1964-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76917354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ConclusionsThe data presented show that the yearly background dose equals on the average about 2 mSv (200 mrem). Two thirds of the dose is attributable to internal radiation from natural radionuclides—primarily the decay products of radon and thoron, entering the human body with inhaled air. The external irradiation is due approximately equally to cosmic radiation and natural γ emitters such as40K and radionuclides of the thorium and uranium series.Comparison with doses owing to the use of artificial radionuclide and other sources of ionizing radiation (Fig. 5) indicates that their contribution is insignificant. Amongst them diagnostic use of radiation (0.4 mSv) still predominates. The dose owing to nuclear tests in the atmosphere, which in 1963 reached approximately 7% of the average yearly dose owing to natural sources, is now less than 1%. The contribution of nuclear power in the first half of the 1980s did not reach 0.1% and, if forecasts of the growth of nuclear power are realized, by the year 2000 it will not exceed 1% of the background dose.Judging from reports by Soviet experts [7–9], the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant will increase insignificantly the collective dose to the population of the European part of the USSR and will not affect the validity of the last conclusion: the dose due to nuclear power up to year 2000 will not exceed 1% of the background dose.
{"title":"Natural background radiation","authors":"Y. Sivintsev","doi":"10.1136/bmj.2.5035.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5035.34","url":null,"abstract":"ConclusionsThe data presented show that the yearly background dose equals on the average about 2 mSv (200 mrem). Two thirds of the dose is attributable to internal radiation from natural radionuclides—primarily the decay products of radon and thoron, entering the human body with inhaled air. The external irradiation is due approximately equally to cosmic radiation and natural γ emitters such as40K and radionuclides of the thorium and uranium series.Comparison with doses owing to the use of artificial radionuclide and other sources of ionizing radiation (Fig. 5) indicates that their contribution is insignificant. Amongst them diagnostic use of radiation (0.4 mSv) still predominates. The dose owing to nuclear tests in the atmosphere, which in 1963 reached approximately 7% of the average yearly dose owing to natural sources, is now less than 1%. The contribution of nuclear power in the first half of the 1980s did not reach 0.1% and, if forecasts of the growth of nuclear power are realized, by the year 2000 it will not exceed 1% of the background dose.Judging from reports by Soviet experts [7–9], the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant will increase insignificantly the collective dose to the population of the European part of the USSR and will not affect the validity of the last conclusion: the dose due to nuclear power up to year 2000 will not exceed 1% of the background dose.","PeriodicalId":21864,"journal":{"name":"Soviet Atomic Energy","volume":"342 1","pages":"55-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1957-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79261600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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