Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy最新文献

{"title":"Energy transfer mechanism of Kr atoms influenced by He atoms during laser-induced ionization for metastable state generation","authors":"Shu Hu ,&nbsp;Jia Wu ,&nbsp;Shangmin Wang ,&nbsp;Tao Li ,&nbsp;Zihao Liu ,&nbsp;Xianglong Cai ,&nbsp;Baodong Gai ,&nbsp;Ming Xu ,&nbsp;Yannan Tan ,&nbsp;Jialiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingwei Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The laser-induced ionization of Kr<img>He mixture was used to prepare metastable 5s[3/2]₂ level Kr atoms. By analyzing the temporal evolution of the Kr 760.15 nm (5p[3/2]₂ → 5s[3/2]₂) spectral line intensity, three stages of metastable production were confirmed: the “photon excitation + radiation” process, the “electron-impact excitation + radiation” process, and the “ion-electron recombination” process. In the “electron-impact excitation + radiation” stage, the total collisional decay rate constant for Kr^⁎ atoms at the 5p[3/2]₂ level associated with the buffer gas He atoms was (0.0179 ± 0.0012) × 10⁻¹¹ cm³ s⁻¹, which confirmed that under laser-induced ionization, the collision contributions from other levels to the 5p[3/2]₂ level Kr atoms were significant. This revealed that He atoms inhibit the reionization of Kr atoms due to their interference and slowing effect on the energy pooling process of Kr atomic levels. In the “ion-electron recombination” stage, the total collisional decay rate constant for Kr^⁎ atoms at the 5p[3/2]₂ level associated with He atoms was (0.0008 ± 0.0001) × 10⁻¹¹ cm³ s⁻¹, which was essentially the same as the total collisional decay rate constant for pure Kr gas in this stage. This again indicated that in the continuous recombination process of ions and electrons, the collisional replenishment rate from the Rydberg states to the 5p[3/2]₂ level dominates, masking the difference in collisional decay rates between the Kr<img>He mixture and pure Kr gas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107391"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative LIBS imaging of cadmium in plant tissues with matrix-based calibration supported by micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy","authors":"Ludmila Čechová ,&nbsp;Daniel Holub ,&nbsp;Michal Kurka ,&nbsp;Miloslav Pouzar ,&nbsp;Pavel Pořízka ,&nbsp;Jozef Kaiser","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is an increasingly popular method for elemental bioimaging, primarily due to its fast and multi-elemental analysis. However, achieving quantitative accuracy is highly challenging, mainly due to the strong matrix effect present in biological matrices and the lack of spatially adaptive calibration strategies. When using the conventional pixel-to-pixel calibration approach, it typically assumes a uniform sample matrix, which leads to high quantification errors when applied to biological and plant tissues. Therefore, there is a need for novel calibration methods based on a delocalized approach that take matrix variability into consideration when dealing with biological samples. This study introduces a novel delocalized approach for quantitative bioimaging of elements, particularly cadmium (Cd) and calcium (Ca), in plant tissue. A controlled sample set of <em>Cannabis sativa</em> plants contaminated with three different Cd concentrations was analysed at matching spatial resolution using micro-X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) and LIBS. A conventional pixel-to-pixel calibration was initially employed as a baseline strategy but yielded high mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) exceeding 40 % for Cd. Therefore, a delocalised approach was developed to overcome these limitations, leveraging clustering algorithms to construct a matrix-based calibration model. This method significantly improved quantification accuracy, reducing MAPE for Cd to as low as 8.7 %, while Ca quantification achieved a score of 1.1 % MAPE. The model also exhibited minimal bias, with errors in the parts-per-million range. These results demonstrate that advanced feature selection and clustering-based calibration enable accurate quantification in highly heterogeneous plant matrices. The proposed delocalized approach demonstrates a significant advance in LIBS imaging methodology by addressing a key limitation in pixel-to-pixel calibration and may be applicable to a broader range of elements in other biological and heterogeneous systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107389"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving limit of detection for Cr in total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis via freeze concentration with double-internal-reference method","authors":"Tsugufumi Matsuyama ,&nbsp;Airi Tsuji ,&nbsp;Arinori Inagawa ,&nbsp;Lee Wah Lim","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We developed a sample preparation method for total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis based on a freeze concentration technique to enhance sensitivity. To stabilize the frozen concentration, glycerol, which contains three hydroxyl groups, was added to the sample solution. We also developed a double-internal-reference method for simultaneously determining the concentration rate and the target element concentration before freezing. A Cr-containing sample solution was prepared as the target element, mixed with glycerol and Mn (first internal reference element), and then frozen. The exuded solution was collected and mixed with In (second internal reference element). The concentration rate was determined by comparing the X-ray fluorescence signals of the internal references, whereas the target element concentration was derived from the relationship between the fluorescent X-rays of the target and internal reference elements. Without freeze concentration, the limit of detection (LOD) for Cr using a portable TXRF instrument was 257 ng/mL. With freeze concentration and the addition of glycerol (0.05 mL), the average concentration rate was increased by 29.4-time, improving the LOD to 42.7 ng/mL, and a recovery rate of 100 % was achieved. The freeze concentration combined with a double-internal-reference was proven to be highly effective for sensitive TXRF analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107390"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145569214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interference-free nitrogen detection under the atmospheric condition with LIBS in cements using a commercially available fiber laser","authors":"Tianyang Sun,&nbsp;Yunfei Rao,&nbsp;Li Wang,&nbsp;Ding Li,&nbsp;Haoyu Yang,&nbsp;Chen Sun,&nbsp;Jin Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Determination of nitrogen in solid-state materials using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) under the atmospheric pressure faces the challenge of interference from nitrogen present in the ambient gas. Previous studies have proposed various strategies to address this issue, such as employing a vacuum chamber or purging the laser interaction zone with an inert gas, with the cost of increasing the complexity of a LIBS instrument. Fiber lasers with their recent industrial development present a promising opportunity for LIBS applications due to their inherent advantages, such as compactness, stability, and cost-effectiveness. Determination of a nonmetal element such as nitrogen in solid-state materials using a fiber laser remains to be demonstrated. Performing a such demonstration, with a particular focus on investigating an interference-free regime in LIBS operation, is precisely the purpose of this work. A series of nitrogen-bearing samples was prepared using cement as the matrix material and silicon nitride as the nitrogen-containing dopant. The experiments were conducted using a commercially available Q-switched Nd:YAG fiber laser operating at 1064 nm, with a pulse duration of 100 ns, a repetition rate of 5 kHz, and a pulse energy of 640 μJ. The N I 744.2 nm emission line was clearly observed, and our investigation confirmed that it originated from the sample rather than the ambient gas. This enabled a univariate regression of the spectral intensity against the nitrogen concentration. To further improve the analytical performance, feature selection was combined with multivariate regression using the partial least squares (PLS) algorithm. The resulting model achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.46 wt%, a relative error of prediction (REP) of 2.22 %, and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.12 wt%. Such results represent a significant improvement with respect to the state-of-art performance for nitrogen determination in solid-state materials with LIBS, with for example a reported LOD of 0.8 wt% for a determination of nitrogen in sands (Harris et al., 2004 [1]), demonstrating thus the capability of fiber laser LIBS for accurate nitrogen determination in solid-state materials under the atmospheric conditions, without the need of additional equipment such as vacuum or gas purging systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107383"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Casting-solidification preparation combined with substitution-dilution algorithm for accurate EDXRF analysis of silicate rocks","authors":"Bo Wang ,&nbsp;Wenbao Jia ,&nbsp;Xiaoran Chen ,&nbsp;Kai Zeng ,&nbsp;Zhichao Zhang ,&nbsp;Qing Shan ,&nbsp;Yongsheng Ling","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accurate energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis of high-silica silicate rocks is notoriously challenging due to their poor cohesiveness, which prevents the formation of stable pressed pellets, and the scarcity of matrix-matched reference materials. To address these limitations, this study introduces a novel integrated methodology that synergistically combines an innovative <!--> <!-->casting-solidification preparation technique with a robust substitution-dilution quantification algorithm. The preparation method employs metallographic resin to embed powdered samples, effectively overcoming cohesion issues and producing highly homogeneous (RSD &lt; 4 %) and reproducible (RSD &lt; 5.19 %) pellets. The mathematical algorithm leverages a fundamental hyperbolic relationship between the X-ray intensity and the substitution factor, enabling highly accurate quantification of major oxides (SiO₂, Al₂O₃, K₂O, CaO) using only a single standard reference material—thereby eliminating the critical dependency on multiple matrix-matched standards. Validation against a range of certified reference materials demonstrated excellent accuracy, with relative errors for major oxides ranging from 1.53 % to 6.72 %<!--> <!-->. A comprehensive uncertainty evaluation confirmed expanded uncertainties below <!--> <!-->7.4 % at a 95 % confidence level. This integrated approach establishes a new, cost-effective, and reliable paradigm for EDXRF analysis of complex silicate materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107385"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ag NP-coated filter paper as a nanoparticle-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy substrate for quantitative detection of potassium","authors":"Xinxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yumeng Yuan ,&nbsp;Zihao Guo ,&nbsp;Xue Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate monitoring of serum potassium (K) levels is essential for clinical diagnostics due to their vital roles in maintaining physiological functions. Although laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) enables rapid elemental analysis, its limited sensitivity and precision restrict its effectiveness in quantifying K in complex biological samples. This study explores the application of silver nanoparticle-coated filter paper (Ag NPs paper) as a substrate for nanoparticle-enhanced LIBS (NELIBS) to improve the quantitative detection of K. First, the preparation process of the Ag NPs paper substrate was systematically optimized. The optimal K detection signal was obtained with the Ag NPs paper substrate treated with 1.5 mol/L NaCl and colloidal Ag NPs at neutral pH. Then, the optimized Ag NPs paper was employed for quantitative determination of K in potassium-chloride (KCl) aqueous solution and fetal bovine serum (FBS), including hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, and normal potassium levels. Under these conditions, the limit of detection (LoD) of NELIBS for K was lower than that of normal LIBS, decreasing from 2.29 mmol/L (89.3 mg/L) to 0.81 mmol/L (31.6 mg/L) in KCl aqueous solution and from 0.96 mmol/L (37.4 mg/L) to 0.32 mmol/L (12.5 mg/L) in FBS, respectively. It also enabled reliable discrimination of concentration changes as small as 0.5 mmol/L. These findings highlight the feasibility of NELIBS for sensitive and accurate detection of electrolyte elements in complex biological samples, offering promising prospects for clinical diagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107386"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the influence of molecular structures and laser parameters on the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy features of CN and C2 in plastic","authors":"Hao Zhou ,&nbsp;Yongyue Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiangjun Xu ,&nbsp;Geer. Teng ,&nbsp;Zhifang Zhao ,&nbsp;Mengyu Bao ,&nbsp;Bingheng Lu ,&nbsp;Leifu Wang ,&nbsp;Yuge Liu ,&nbsp;Shuai Xu ,&nbsp;Q.Q. Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) emission characteristics of CN(378.3–379.1 nm) and C₂(504.2–519.0 nm) in four representative types of polymer synthetic materials, examining their evolution pathways and the influence of different molecular structures to establish correlations linking CN emission with carbon atoms, and C₂ with C<img>C bonds. The impacts of laser wavelength (from visible to near infrared) and pulse duration (from nanoseconds to femtoseconds) on these emissions is emphatically explored. Findings show that the specificity of CN and C₂ molecular bands serves as a robust basis for organic material analysis. Using a 532 nm Nd:YAG laser can boost the emission intensity of CN, C₂, due to its higher single-photon energy than that of fundamental frequency. Furthermore, a fs-laser, with a pulse duration shorter than the lattice vibration time, ensures excellent signal reproducibility. The specific formation mechanism and influencing factors of laser-induced molecular fragmentation at different timescales from nanoseconds to femtoseconds was investigated. The experimental results show that the plastic classification accuracy of ns-LIBS exceeded 90 %, outperforming that of fs-LIBS. When using the CN and C₂ molecular bands from ns-LIBS (532 nm) as input, the SVM model achieved the highest accuracy of 96.35 %. On the other hand, fs-LIBS demonstrated significantly greater robustness, with its highest accuracy of 50.00 % substantially exceeding the 30.50 % obtained by ns-LIBS. Experimental results are expected to advance LIBS techniques for partial materials identification, with implications for environmental monitoring, waste management, and resource recovery, highlighting the potential of LIBS in analyzing plastics and promoting sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107380"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drop-spark discharge atomic emission determination of silver with a liquid anode sample introduction: Analytical possibilities and unusual matrix interferences","authors":"Andrey Zhirkov,&nbsp;Vladimir Yagov","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The metrological characteristics of drop-spark optical emission spectrometry determination of Ag with anode sampling were established. The influence of a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds has been studied. The application of 0.15 M ammonia background solution is shown to provide maximum analysis sensitivity and increases possible range of sample types due to tolerance to chloride. Under these optimal conditions, the detection limit is 1 ppb, and the linear calibration range is 3 orders of magnitude. The developed procedure was successfully applied in the Ag determination in copper electrical cable (9.5 ppm) and antiquarian copper coin (0.14% wt.).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107382"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State-of-the-art MC-ICP-MS methodology for precise plutonium isotope ratios","authors":"SiQi Guo,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;ZhiMing Li,&nbsp;Jiang Xu,&nbsp;RuiYang Xi,&nbsp;YaLong Wang,&nbsp;XiuFang Zhai,&nbsp;Liang Zhang,&nbsp;Lei Feng,&nbsp;XinYi Zhang,&nbsp;Mao Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work details technical advancements in multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC–ICP–MS) for high-precision plutonium (Pu) isotope ratio analysis. Uranium (U) and Pu isotopes have been proven to exhibit similar mass fractionation effects, as measured using MC–ICP–MS, within analytical uncertainty. Herein, ²³³U-²³⁶U double spike method with IRMM3636 was developed to correct the mass fractionation while measuring Pu isotope measurement, achieving an RSD% of 0.0029 % for Pu isotope ratios at 10⁻² level. This method was the first one to precisely measure low-abundance isotopes such as ²⁴¹Pu and ²⁴²Pu via combining Faraday cup (10¹³Ω amplifier) and secondary electron multiplier detector configuration. At trace levels (ng), long-term RSDs of ²³⁹Pu at a laboratory working standard reached 0.019 % (²⁴¹Pu/²³⁹Pu) and 0.046 % (²⁴²Pu/²³⁹Pu) near the 10⁻⁴ level, demonstrating exceptionally high precision in the isotope ratio analysis and representing the highest precision reported to date for these ratios. This state-of-the-art method maintained high sample throughput while delivering exceptional accuracy. Its robustness was confirmed through successful application to Pu isotope analysis in irradiated nuclear fuel samples, highlighting its broad applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107375"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatially resolved studies of laser-induced plasma by a two-line fluorescence thermometry","authors":"Babken G. Beglaryan,&nbsp;Aleksandr S. Zakuskin,&nbsp;Andrey M. Popov,&nbsp;Timur A. Labutin","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) thermometry technique was developed for spatially resolved diagnostics of laser-induced plasma (LIP). The method adapts the two-line fluorescence approach by using two independent three-level excitation schemes of Ti I. Analysis of excitation–relaxation kinetics shows that, under typical experimental conditions, absorption and stimulated emission rates exceed spontaneous decay by several orders of magnitude, enabling rapid fluorescence saturation. An analytical expression was derived that relates the ratio of saturated fluorescence intensities from two schemes to the plasma temperature. Two Ti I schemes, a³P₂ → x³P°₁ → a³P₀ (Scheme A) and z⁵G°₅ → e⁵G₆ → z⁵F°₅ (Scheme B), were implemented, producing stable signals with substantial enhancement over spontaneous emission at 405.501 and 403.051 nm, respectively. Using these schemes, a two-dimensional temperature distribution of the central plasma cross-section was obtained with high spatial resolution. The temperature near the plasma axis (radius of 2 mm) was ≈4000 K, increasing to 6000–8000 K in the periphery, forming a pronounced radial gradient. The occurrence of this high-temperature zone coincides with regions influenced by shock-wave propagation, suggesting two possible mechanisms: direct shock-wave heating and the transport of excited particles with the wave front.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107381"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}