The femto- and picosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) signals statistics have been studied in detail. The picosecond laser pulse energies distribution function followed to the Gaussian profile while that for the femtosecond pulse energy slightly deviated from the normality. The same laser system generated both femto- (200 fs) and picosecond (120 ps) pulses which ablated aluminum alloy in the air. Spatially, spectrally, and temporally resolved atomic, molecular and background plasma emission signals have been quantified to reveal the LIBS signals statistics. Unlike for nanosecond ablation, femtosecond and picosecond LIBS signals were distributed normally. Plasma electron temperature was determined for each single shot plasma to estimate temperature fluctuations on observed LIBS emission signals distribution functions. It was demonstrated that plasma temperature fluctuations had little influence on femtosecond LIBS signals statistics but had a moderate impact on picosecond plasma case. The greater influence of temperature fluctuations on LIBS signals distribution function for picosecond ablation were attributed to laser-plasma interaction.
{"title":"Femto- and picosecond laser induced breakdown spectrometry signals statistics","authors":"V.N. Lednev , P.A. Sdvizhenskii , A.V. Rogachevskaya , P.A. Chizhov , A.A. Ushakov , V.V. Bulgakova , V.A. Zavozin , S.M. Pershin , A.F. Bunkin","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The femto- and picosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) signals statistics have been studied in detail. The picosecond laser pulse energies distribution function followed to the Gaussian profile while that for the femtosecond pulse energy slightly deviated from the normality. The same laser system generated both femto- (200 fs) and picosecond (120 ps) pulses which ablated aluminum alloy in the air. Spatially, spectrally, and temporally resolved atomic, molecular and background plasma emission signals have been quantified to reveal the LIBS signals statistics. Unlike for nanosecond ablation, femtosecond and picosecond LIBS signals were distributed normally. Plasma electron temperature was determined for each single shot plasma to estimate temperature fluctuations on observed LIBS emission signals distribution functions. It was demonstrated that plasma temperature fluctuations had little influence on femtosecond LIBS signals statistics but had a moderate impact on picosecond plasma case. The greater influence of temperature fluctuations on LIBS signals distribution function for picosecond ablation were attributed to laser-plasma interaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107393"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145569211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2025.107387
Sandan Wang , Wanwan Cao , Jinpeng Yuan , Lirong Wang , Liantuan Xiao , Suotang Jia
Multi-channel fluorescence detection of alkali atoms offers a robust approach to overcome the intrinsically low transition probabilities of conventional single-wavelength spectroscopy and thus enhances the development of frequency standards. Here, we experimentally realize the multi-channel fluorescence spectroscopy of the Rb 5 – 7 monochromatic two-photon transition using a single 760 nm laser. Simultaneous fluorescence emissions at 780 nm, 741 nm, 795 nm, 728 nm, and approximately 420 nm are observed, consistent with the expected decay channels. The dependence of these fluorescence intensities on laser power, polarization, and vapor temperature is systematically investigated, revealing the evolution of atomic transitions under varying experimental conditions. Pressure broadening measurements of the Rb 5 – 7 transition yield a spectral linewidth of MHz. Compared with conventional single-wavelength detection at 420 nm, multi-channel approach significantly improves the signal-to-noise ratio and provides comprehensive insights into the atomic structure. These results establish a reliable foundation for developing optical frequency standards based on the Rb 5S – 7S transition.
{"title":"Multi-channel fluorescence spectroscopy of the Rb 5S1/2 – 7S1/2 transition via monochromatic two-photon excitation","authors":"Sandan Wang , Wanwan Cao , Jinpeng Yuan , Lirong Wang , Liantuan Xiao , Suotang Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-channel fluorescence detection of alkali atoms offers a robust approach to overcome the intrinsically low transition probabilities of conventional single-wavelength spectroscopy and thus enhances the development of frequency standards. Here, we experimentally realize the multi-channel fluorescence spectroscopy of the Rb 5<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> – 7<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> monochromatic two-photon transition using a single 760 nm laser. Simultaneous fluorescence emissions at 780 nm, 741 nm, 795 nm, 728 nm, and approximately 420 nm are observed, consistent with the expected decay channels. The dependence of these fluorescence intensities on laser power, polarization, and vapor temperature is systematically investigated, revealing the evolution of atomic transitions under varying experimental conditions. Pressure broadening measurements of the Rb 5<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> – 7<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> transition yield a spectral linewidth of <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span> <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>08</mn><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> MHz. Compared with conventional single-wavelength detection at 420 nm, multi-channel approach significantly improves the signal-to-noise ratio and provides comprehensive insights into the atomic structure. These results establish a reliable foundation for developing optical frequency standards based on the Rb 5<em>S</em> – 7<em>S</em> transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107387"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145569212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the widespread use of calibration model transfer in spectroscopy, its application to X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instruments has been largely unexplored. This study investigates the feasibility of transferring regression models between different XRF instruments: energy dispersive XRF (EDX) under varying conditions and between wavelength dispersive (WDX) and EDX. Metal ore samples were employed as a case study. We compared three model transfer algorithms (direct standardization, piecewise direct standardization, and slope and bias correction) for quantification of Al2O3, SiO2, K2O, CaO, TiO2, MnO, Fe2O3. It was found that piecewise direct standardization generally performed best in terms of prediction accuracy on a test set with transferred models. For example, in case of Fe2O3 the direct EDX data plugging into WDX model leads to tenfold increase in quantification error (from 5.34 % for WDX to 52.75 % for raw EDX in the range from 0.03 to 97.52 %) which is definitely not acceptable even for semi-quantitative analysis. Model transfer allows decreasing the error down to original WDX model (quantification error for EDX data after direct standardization is 5.09 %). The study demonstrates the potential and the practicability of calibration transfer protocol in XRF studies.
{"title":"Feasibility study on multivariate calibration transfer in X-ray fluorescence spectrometry","authors":"Vitaly Panchuk , Zahars Selivanovs , Victor Chubarov , Galina Pashkova , Dmitry Kirsanov","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the widespread use of calibration model transfer in spectroscopy, its application to X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instruments has been largely unexplored. This study investigates the feasibility of transferring regression models between different XRF instruments: energy dispersive XRF (EDX) under varying conditions and between wavelength dispersive (WDX) and EDX. Metal ore samples were employed as a case study. We compared three model transfer algorithms (direct standardization, piecewise direct standardization, and slope and bias correction) for quantification of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, SiO<sub>2</sub>, K<sub>2</sub>O, CaO, TiO<sub>2</sub>, MnO, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. It was found that piecewise direct standardization generally performed best in terms of prediction accuracy on a test set with transferred models. For example, in case of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> the direct EDX data plugging into WDX model leads to tenfold increase in quantification error (from 5.34 % for WDX to 52.75 % for raw EDX in the range from 0.03 to 97.52 %) which is definitely not acceptable even for semi-quantitative analysis. Model transfer allows decreasing the error down to original WDX model (quantification error for EDX data after direct standardization is 5.09 %). The study demonstrates the potential and the practicability of calibration transfer protocol in XRF studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107373"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145418382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2025.107349
X. Liu , F.H. Qu , W.Q. Wen , X.P. Zhou , A.V. Volotka , Y.S. Kozhedub , D.A. Glazov , D.V. Zinenko , J.G. Li , B. Tu , K. Yao , Y. Yang , B. Wei , X. Ma , Y. Zou , J. Xiao
The hyperfine splitting of highly charged ions has attracted significant interest as a sensitive probe for testing bound-state quantum electrodynamics (QED) and exploring nuclear properties in extreme electromagnetic fields. In this study, we report the first measurement of hyperfine structure in B-like ions using visible emission spectroscopy with a Czerny–Turner spectrometer at the Shanghai high-temperature superconducting electron beam ion trap (SH-HtscEBIT). Through multi-Gaussian fitting, we extracted the hyperfine structure constants: GHz, GHz, and GHz/barn, along with the corresponding fine-structure splitting energies. These results are in good agreement with ab initio QED calculations for , and provide direct experimental validation of higher-order interelectronic interaction effects. The present measurement establishes a valuable benchmark for theoretical models of hyperfine structure in mid- highly charged ions and paves the way for precision tests of bound-state QED in strong-field regimes.
{"title":"Precision measurement of hyperfine structure of the 2P1/2 and 2P3/2 states in B-like 35,37Cl12+ ions","authors":"X. Liu , F.H. Qu , W.Q. Wen , X.P. Zhou , A.V. Volotka , Y.S. Kozhedub , D.A. Glazov , D.V. Zinenko , J.G. Li , B. Tu , K. Yao , Y. Yang , B. Wei , X. Ma , Y. Zou , J. Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hyperfine splitting of highly charged ions has attracted significant interest as a sensitive probe for testing bound-state quantum electrodynamics (QED) and exploring nuclear properties in extreme electromagnetic fields. In this study, we report the first measurement of hyperfine structure in B-like <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>Cl</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>12</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> ions using visible emission spectroscopy with a Czerny–Turner spectrometer at the Shanghai high-temperature superconducting electron beam ion trap (SH-HtscEBIT). Through multi-Gaussian fitting, we extracted the hyperfine structure constants: <span><math><mrow><mi>A</mi><mtext>(</mtext><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mtext>)</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>36</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>83</mn><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>39</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> GHz, <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></msup><mtext>(</mtext><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mtext>)</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>17</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> GHz, and <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></msup><mtext>(</mtext><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mtext>)</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>12</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>99</mn><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>64</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> GHz/barn, along with the corresponding fine-structure splitting energies. These results are in good agreement with <em>ab initio</em> QED calculations for <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>35</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>37</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>Cl</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>12</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, and provide direct experimental validation of higher-order interelectronic interaction effects. The present measurement establishes a valuable benchmark for theoretical models of hyperfine structure in mid-<span><math><mi>Z</mi></math></span> highly charged ions and paves the way for precision tests of bound-state QED in strong-field regimes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107349"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2025.107380
Hao Zhou , Yongyue Zheng , Xiangjun Xu , Geer. Teng , Zhifang Zhao , Mengyu Bao , Bingheng Lu , Leifu Wang , Yuge Liu , Shuai Xu , Q.Q. Wang
This paper investigates the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) emission characteristics of CN(378.3–379.1 nm) and C2(504.2–519.0 nm) in four representative types of polymer synthetic materials, examining their evolution pathways and the influence of different molecular structures to establish correlations linking CN emission with carbon atoms, and C2 with CC bonds. The impacts of laser wavelength (from visible to near infrared) and pulse duration (from nanoseconds to femtoseconds) on these emissions is emphatically explored. Findings show that the specificity of CN and C2 molecular bands serves as a robust basis for organic material analysis. Using a 532 nm Nd:YAG laser can boost the emission intensity of CN, C2, due to its higher single-photon energy than that of fundamental frequency. Furthermore, a fs-laser, with a pulse duration shorter than the lattice vibration time, ensures excellent signal reproducibility. The specific formation mechanism and influencing factors of laser-induced molecular fragmentation at different timescales from nanoseconds to femtoseconds was investigated. The experimental results show that the plastic classification accuracy of ns-LIBS exceeded 90 %, outperforming that of fs-LIBS. When using the CN and C2 molecular bands from ns-LIBS (532 nm) as input, the SVM model achieved the highest accuracy of 96.35 %. On the other hand, fs-LIBS demonstrated significantly greater robustness, with its highest accuracy of 50.00 % substantially exceeding the 30.50 % obtained by ns-LIBS. Experimental results are expected to advance LIBS techniques for partial materials identification, with implications for environmental monitoring, waste management, and resource recovery, highlighting the potential of LIBS in analyzing plastics and promoting sustainability.
{"title":"Study on the influence of molecular structures and laser parameters on the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy features of CN and C2 in plastic","authors":"Hao Zhou , Yongyue Zheng , Xiangjun Xu , Geer. Teng , Zhifang Zhao , Mengyu Bao , Bingheng Lu , Leifu Wang , Yuge Liu , Shuai Xu , Q.Q. Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) emission characteristics of CN(378.3–379.1 nm) and C<sub>2</sub>(504.2–519.0 nm) in four representative types of polymer synthetic materials, examining their evolution pathways and the influence of different molecular structures to establish correlations linking CN emission with carbon atoms, and C<sub>2</sub> with C<img>C bonds. The impacts of laser wavelength (from visible to near infrared) and pulse duration (from nanoseconds to femtoseconds) on these emissions is emphatically explored. Findings show that the specificity of CN and C<sub>2</sub> molecular bands serves as a robust basis for organic material analysis. Using a 532 nm Nd:YAG laser can boost the emission intensity of CN, C<sub>2</sub>, due to its higher single-photon energy than that of fundamental frequency. Furthermore, a fs-laser, with a pulse duration shorter than the lattice vibration time, ensures excellent signal reproducibility. The specific formation mechanism and influencing factors of laser-induced molecular fragmentation at different timescales from nanoseconds to femtoseconds was investigated. The experimental results show that the plastic classification accuracy of ns-LIBS exceeded 90 %, outperforming that of fs-LIBS. When using the CN and C<sub>2</sub> molecular bands from ns-LIBS (532 nm) as input, the SVM model achieved the highest accuracy of 96.35 %. On the other hand, fs-LIBS demonstrated significantly greater robustness, with its highest accuracy of 50.00 % substantially exceeding the 30.50 % obtained by ns-LIBS. Experimental results are expected to advance LIBS techniques for partial materials identification, with implications for environmental monitoring, waste management, and resource recovery, highlighting the potential of LIBS in analyzing plastics and promoting sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107380"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-02DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2025.107375
SiQi Guo, Wei Wang, ZhiMing Li, Jiang Xu, RuiYang Xi, YaLong Wang, XiuFang Zhai, Liang Zhang, Lei Feng, XinYi Zhang, Mao Fan
This work details technical advancements in multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC–ICP–MS) for high-precision plutonium (Pu) isotope ratio analysis. Uranium (U) and Pu isotopes have been proven to exhibit similar mass fractionation effects, as measured using MC–ICP–MS, within analytical uncertainty. Herein, 233U-236U double spike method with IRMM3636 was developed to correct the mass fractionation while measuring Pu isotope measurement, achieving an RSD% of 0.0029 % for Pu isotope ratios at 10−2 level. This method was the first one to precisely measure low-abundance isotopes such as 241Pu and 242Pu via combining Faraday cup (1013Ω amplifier) and secondary electron multiplier detector configuration. At trace levels (ng), long-term RSDs of 239Pu at a laboratory working standard reached 0.019 % (241Pu/239Pu) and 0.046 % (242Pu/239Pu) near the 10−4 level, demonstrating exceptionally high precision in the isotope ratio analysis and representing the highest precision reported to date for these ratios. This state-of-the-art method maintained high sample throughput while delivering exceptional accuracy. Its robustness was confirmed through successful application to Pu isotope analysis in irradiated nuclear fuel samples, highlighting its broad applicability.
{"title":"State-of-the-art MC-ICP-MS methodology for precise plutonium isotope ratios","authors":"SiQi Guo, Wei Wang, ZhiMing Li, Jiang Xu, RuiYang Xi, YaLong Wang, XiuFang Zhai, Liang Zhang, Lei Feng, XinYi Zhang, Mao Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work details technical advancements in multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC–ICP–MS) for high-precision plutonium (Pu) isotope ratio analysis. Uranium (U) and Pu isotopes have been proven to exhibit similar mass fractionation effects, as measured using MC–ICP–MS, within analytical uncertainty. Herein, <sup>233</sup>U-<sup>236</sup>U double spike method with IRMM3636 was developed to correct the mass fractionation while measuring Pu isotope measurement, achieving an RSD% of 0.0029 % for Pu isotope ratios at 10<sup>−2</sup> level. This method was the first one to precisely measure low-abundance isotopes such as <sup>241</sup>Pu and <sup>242</sup>Pu via combining Faraday cup (10<sup>13</sup>Ω amplifier) and secondary electron multiplier detector configuration. At trace levels (ng), long-term RSDs of <sup>239</sup>Pu at a laboratory working standard reached 0.019 % (<sup>241</sup>Pu/<sup>239</sup>Pu) and 0.046 % (<sup>242</sup>Pu/<sup>239</sup>Pu) near the 10<sup>−4</sup> level, demonstrating exceptionally high precision in the isotope ratio analysis and representing the highest precision reported to date for these ratios. This state-of-the-art method maintained high sample throughput while delivering exceptional accuracy. Its robustness was confirmed through successful application to Pu isotope analysis in irradiated nuclear fuel samples, highlighting its broad applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107375"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2025.107378
Huizhi Han
Cultural heritage paintings, as important carrier of human cultural heritage, contain extremely high historical, artistic, and cultural value. With the continuous advancement of science and technology, the application of non-destructive, sensitive, and accurate analysis methods in the field of cultural heritage painting is becoming increasingly widespread, providing key technical support for revealing information such as the pigments, binders, production process, age, and restoration status of cultural heritage paintings. In recent years, some advanced identification techniques applied for cultural heritage paintings have also emerged, promoting the in-depth development of cultural heritage protection and researches. Herein, the purpose of this review is to highlight the latest developments in the characterization techniques and compositional analysis of cultural heritage paintings, as well as the classification of their components. Some new technologies and methods have also been provided to reveal the hidden details and degradation processes of cultural heritage paintings. Meanwhile, the challenges and prospects of component identification for cultural heritage paintings are also pointed out. This review is expected to provide new insights for researchers to better identify and protect cultural heritage paintings.
{"title":"Recent advances and trends of non-destructive spectral identification of pigments in cultural heritage paintings","authors":"Huizhi Han","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107378","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107378","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cultural heritage paintings, as important carrier of human cultural heritage, contain extremely high historical, artistic, and cultural value. With the continuous advancement of science and technology, the application of non-destructive, sensitive, and accurate analysis methods in the field of cultural heritage painting is becoming increasingly widespread, providing key technical support for revealing information such as the pigments, binders, production process, age, and restoration status of cultural heritage paintings. In recent years, some advanced identification techniques applied for cultural heritage paintings have also emerged, promoting the in-depth development of cultural heritage protection and researches. Herein, the purpose of this review is to highlight the latest developments in the characterization techniques and compositional analysis of cultural heritage paintings, as well as the classification of their components. Some new technologies and methods have also been provided to reveal the hidden details and degradation processes of cultural heritage paintings. Meanwhile, the challenges and prospects of component identification for cultural heritage paintings are also pointed out. This review is expected to provide new insights for researchers to better identify and protect cultural heritage paintings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107378"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145418380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2025.107401
Zehua Liu , Ran Hai , Guoliang Xu , Zhenhua Hu , Rui Ding , Guizong Zuo , Xue Bai , Huace Wu , Cong Li , Ding Wu , Hongbin Ding
Boronization is a critical wall conditioning technique that improves the plasma performance of nuclear fusion devices by effectively reducing impurity levels. The team associated with the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) has identified boronization as an effective means of mitigating the release of high-Z impurities. High-power long-pulse discharges conducted at the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) have demonstrated the feasibility of ITER operations. A real-time monitoring of boron (B) layer thickness deposited on the first wall is crucial under these conditions. In this study, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied to measure the thickness of ultra-thin boron films deposited on molybdenum (Mo) substrates at 5 × 10−5 mbar to simulate the EAST vacuum conditions. A series of boron films on Mo substrate samples with thicknesses ranging from 30 to 300 nm were produced by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). In ns-laser ablation, the first laser pulse penetrates the boron film and excites the underlying Mo substrate, producing stable spectral lines from boron (B II 703.19 nm) and molybdenum (Mo I 710.99 nm). A direct correlation is established between the intensity ratio of the B II 703.19 nm to Mo I 710.99 nm signals and the boron film thickness. A laser ablation model has been established and used to fit the experimental results, demonstrating consistency with the data. In addition, the relationship between the B/Mo signal intensity ratio and the relative amount of ablated material, calculated by calibration-free LIBS (CF-LIBS), has confirmed the validity of this approach. Based on experiments conducted using four different laser fluences, in-situ diagnostics of ultra–thin B film thickness in the 3.9–7.8 J/cm2 laser fluence range is recommended. The findings of this study have demonstrated the feasibility of LIBS technology for in-situ diagnostics of ultra-thin B layers as a means of monitoring the plasma-wall interaction (PWI) in fusion devices.
硼化是一种关键的壁调节技术，通过有效地降低杂质水平来改善核聚变装置的等离子体性能。与国际热核实验反应堆（ITER）相关的团队已经确定硼化是减轻高z杂质释放的有效手段。在实验先进超导托卡马克（EAST）上进行的高功率长脉冲放电证明了ITER运行的可行性。在这种条件下，实时监测沉积在第一壁的硼(B)层厚度至关重要。本研究采用激光诱导击穿光谱法（LIBS）测量了在5 × 10−5 mbar条件下沉积在钼（Mo）衬底上的超薄硼膜的厚度，以模拟EAST真空条件。采用脉冲激光沉积（PLD）技术在Mo衬底样品上制备了一系列厚度在30 ~ 300 nm之间的硼薄膜。在ns激光烧蚀中，第一个激光脉冲穿透硼膜，激发底层的Mo衬底，从硼（B II 703.19 nm）和钼（Mo I 710.99 nm）产生稳定的光谱线。硼膜厚度与B I 703.19 nm与Mo I 710.99 nm信号的强度比有直接的相关关系。建立了激光烧蚀模型，并对实验结果进行了拟合，结果与实验数据一致。此外，用免校准LIBS （CF-LIBS）计算了B/Mo信号强度比与烧蚀材料相对量的关系，证实了该方法的有效性。基于四种不同激光通量的实验，推荐在3.9 ~ 7.8 J/cm2激光通量范围内对超薄B膜厚度进行原位诊断。这项研究的结果证明了LIBS技术用于超薄B层原位诊断作为监测聚变装置中等离子体壁相互作用（PWI）的一种手段的可行性。
{"title":"Application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to measure the thickness of ultra-thin boron films on molybdenum tiles","authors":"Zehua Liu , Ran Hai , Guoliang Xu , Zhenhua Hu , Rui Ding , Guizong Zuo , Xue Bai , Huace Wu , Cong Li , Ding Wu , Hongbin Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Boronization is a critical wall conditioning technique that improves the plasma performance of nuclear fusion devices by effectively reducing impurity levels. The team associated with the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) has identified boronization as an effective means of mitigating the release of high-Z impurities. High-power long-pulse discharges conducted at the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) have demonstrated the feasibility of ITER operations. A real-time monitoring of boron (B) layer thickness deposited on the first wall is crucial under these conditions. In this study, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied to measure the thickness of ultra-thin boron films deposited on molybdenum (Mo) substrates at 5 × 10<sup>−5</sup> mbar to simulate the EAST vacuum conditions. A series of boron films on Mo substrate samples with thicknesses ranging from 30 to 300 nm were produced by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). In ns-laser ablation, the first laser pulse penetrates the boron film and excites the underlying Mo substrate, producing stable spectral lines from boron (B II 703.19 nm) and molybdenum (Mo I 710.99 nm). A direct correlation is established between the intensity ratio of the B II 703.19 nm to Mo I 710.99 nm signals and the boron film thickness. A laser ablation model has been established and used to fit the experimental results, demonstrating consistency with the data. In addition, the relationship between the B/Mo signal intensity ratio and the relative amount of ablated material, calculated by calibration-free LIBS (CF-LIBS), has confirmed the validity of this approach. Based on experiments conducted using four different laser fluences, in-situ diagnostics of ultra–thin B film thickness in the 3.9–7.8 J/cm<sup>2</sup> laser fluence range is recommended. The findings of this study have demonstrated the feasibility of LIBS technology for in-situ diagnostics of ultra-thin B layers as a means of monitoring the plasma-wall interaction (PWI) in fusion devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107401"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2025.107400
Muhammad Imran , Zhenhua Hu , Fang Ding , Harse Sattar , Guang-Nan Luo
In a fusion device, the high-energy ions and neutrals of impurities cause excessive erosion and redeposition of plasma-facing materials (PFMs) that lead to a reduction in fusion power output and strongly affect the divertor's lifespan. This study examined impurity types, concentration of chemical species, impurity distribution, and co-deposits on the plasma-facing components (PFCs). Collisional drag from plasma flow accelerates impurities to elevate the impact energies of impurity deposits. The test tiles of molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), and carbon (C) were exposed to fusion plasma in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) to investigate co-deposition and sputtering yield by high-energy particle bombardment and high heat flux. The redeposition patterns of local and global impurities on each test tile were analysed using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The characterization of the test tiles reveals that enhanced gross erosion of the PFCs is caused by impurity entrainment. An uneven, thin layer co-deposited with W, Mo, Cu, Cr, Fe, Li, and Ti was observed on the test tiles. The observed high redeposition mitigates the migration of eroded materials and suppresses net erosion. Consequently, this phenomenon reduces core dilution and enhances the operational lifetime of plasma-facing components (PFCs).
{"title":"Evaluation of erosion and redeposition of irradiated plasma-facing materials by high-energy particles in fusion plasma","authors":"Muhammad Imran , Zhenhua Hu , Fang Ding , Harse Sattar , Guang-Nan Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In a fusion device, the high-energy ions and neutrals of impurities cause excessive erosion and redeposition of plasma-facing materials (PFMs) that lead to a reduction in fusion power output and strongly affect the divertor's lifespan. This study examined impurity types, concentration of chemical species, impurity distribution, and co-deposits on the plasma-facing components (PFCs). Collisional drag from plasma flow accelerates impurities to elevate the impact energies of impurity deposits. The test tiles of molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), and carbon (C) were exposed to fusion plasma in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) to investigate co-deposition and sputtering yield by high-energy particle bombardment and high heat flux. The redeposition patterns of local and global impurities on each test tile were analysed using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The characterization of the test tiles reveals that enhanced gross erosion of the PFCs is caused by impurity entrainment. An uneven, thin layer co-deposited with W, Mo, Cu, Cr, Fe, Li, and Ti was observed on the test tiles. The observed high redeposition mitigates the migration of eroded materials and suppresses net erosion. Consequently, this phenomenon reduces core dilution and enhances the operational lifetime of plasma-facing components (PFCs).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107400"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2025.107352
Cifuentes MEA , Y. Rodríguez , L.M. Avellaneda-Torres , R. Quiroga-Mateus , D. Bravo
Cadmium in cacao is a key barrier to Colombian exports. Therefore, emergent technologies need to improve Cd testing capacity for cacao. Monochromatic X-ray fluorescence (MXRF) is a cost-effective alternative to conventional techniques such as inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES/MS) for Cd quantification. MXRF can be applied to solid or liquid samples of cacao farming systems. Although this new technique has demonstrated high accuracy, it has not been validated against major analytical parameters to date. Therefore, the aim of this study was to demonstrate MXRF suitability for cacao and liquid culture samples. The method was validated using soil, soil litter, root, stem, leaf, pod, nib, shell, and Luria-Bertani microbial culture medium. The robustness, limit of quantification (LOQ), trueness, repeatability, intermediate precision, and reproducibility of Cd testing were assessed. Cd correlations between MXRF and ICP was performed using 363 field samples from cacao. The statistical analysis showed a Pearson correlation coefficient between 0.96 and 0.99 and a recovery percentage between 74.8 and 129.9 % for MXRF in comparison to ICP. The robustness parameter identified appropriate laboratory and field pretreatments. Likewise, the choice of measurement time of 60 and 200 s was critical. The LOQ ranged from 0.124 to 0.148 mg kg−1. For the parameter trueness, the % R ranged from 90.7 % to 109.0 %. The Z'-scores for reproducibility ranged from −0.50 to 0.62. The validation demonstrated the suitability of MXRF for Cd testing in cacao systems and liquid media. The impact of this new technology on cacao and food safety is discussed.
{"title":"Assessment of monochromatic X-ray fluorescence spectrometry as a reliable analytical technique for cadmium quantification in cacao systems","authors":"Cifuentes MEA , Y. Rodríguez , L.M. Avellaneda-Torres , R. Quiroga-Mateus , D. Bravo","doi":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sab.2025.107352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cadmium in cacao is a key barrier to Colombian exports. Therefore, emergent technologies need to improve Cd testing capacity for cacao. Monochromatic X-ray fluorescence (MXRF) is a cost-effective alternative to conventional techniques such as inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES/MS) for Cd quantification. MXRF can be applied to solid or liquid samples of cacao farming systems. Although this new technique has demonstrated high accuracy, it has not been validated against major analytical parameters to date. Therefore, the aim of this study was to demonstrate MXRF suitability for cacao and liquid culture samples. The method was validated using soil, soil litter, root, stem, leaf, pod, nib, shell, and Luria-Bertani microbial culture medium. The robustness, limit of quantification (LOQ), trueness, repeatability, intermediate precision, and reproducibility of Cd testing were assessed. Cd correlations between MXRF and ICP was performed using 363 field samples from cacao. The statistical analysis showed a Pearson correlation coefficient between 0.96 and 0.99 and a recovery percentage between 74.8 and 129.9 % for MXRF in comparison to ICP. The robustness parameter identified appropriate laboratory and field pretreatments. Likewise, the choice of measurement time of 60 and 200 s was critical. The LOQ ranged from 0.124 to 0.148 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>. For the parameter trueness, the % R ranged from 90.7 % to 109.0 %. The Z'-scores for reproducibility ranged from −0.50 to 0.62. The validation demonstrated the suitability of MXRF for Cd testing in cacao systems and liquid media. The impact of this new technology on cacao and food safety is discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21890,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 107352"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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