Sleep and Biological Rhythms最新文献

Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterised by a delay in the main sleep period, with patients experiencing difficulty getting to sleep and waking up at socially appropriate times. This often causes insomnia and compromised sleep, results in impairment to daytime function and is associated with a range of comorbidities. Besides interventions aimed at ameliorating symptoms, there is good evidence supporting successful phase advancement with bright light therapy or melatonin administration. However, no treatment to date addresses the tendency to phase delay, which is a common factor amongst the various contributing causes of DSWPD. Circadian phase markers such as core body temperature and circulating melatonin typically correlate well with sleep timing in healthy patients, but numerous variations exist in DSWPD patients that can make these unpredictable for use in diagnostics. There is also increasing evidence that, on top of problems with the circadian cycle, sleep homeostatic processes actually differ in DSWPD patients compared to controls. This naturally has ramifications for management but also for the current approach to the pathogenesis itself in which DSWPD is considered a purely circadian disorder. This review collates what is known on the causes and treatments of DSWPD, addresses the pitfalls in diagnosis and discusses the implications of current data on modified sleep homeostasis, making clinical recommendations and directing future research.

Purpose: The efficacy of sleep extension therapy using a remote support system (SET-R) was investigated in university students with increased social jetlag (SJL).

Methods: For this two-arm parallel randomized controlled trial, we recruited Japanese university students with SJL ≥ 60 min. The SET-R provided an individualized sleep schedule for gradual sleep extension using email and sleep hygiene education, stimulus control therapy, and progressive muscle relaxation as web content. The control group was sent an email that encouraged them to record their sleep. The duration of the intervention program was two weeks. The primary outcome was the mean change in SJL two weeks later, assessed using the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ). The other outcomes included Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Insomnia Severity Index, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and sleep quiz. A follow-up survey was conducted 6 months after the intervention.

Results: Of 54 students, 26 were assigned to an intervention group and 28 to a control group. The difference in the mean change in SJL between the two groups (n = 26, n = 27) at two weeks was statistically significant (27.7 min, P = 0.048). The scores for the ESS, PHQ-9, and sleep quiz were improved in the intervention group relative to the control group. At the 6-month follow-up point, the difference in the mean change in SJL between the two groups (n = 22, n = 27) was not statistically significant, but scores for the PHQ-9, and sleep quiz remained significant.

Conclusions: This study demonstrated the efficacy of the SET-R among university students with increased SJL.

Trial registration: The study was registered with the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000042634, 2021/02/01).

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) corresponds to episodes of complete or partial upper airway obstruction during sleep. The gold standard for diagnosing OSA is polysomnography; however, metabolomics is an innovative and highly sensitive method that seeks to identify and quantify small molecules in biological systems. Identify the metabolites most frequently associated with obstructive sleep apnea in adults. The search for articles was conducted between October 2020 and August 2021, in electronic databases, such as MEDLINE/PubMed, Scielo, Embase, and Cochrane, through the combination of descriptors: obstructive sleep apnea, metabolomic, adult. This systematic review included all cross-sectional studies published, including human patients aged 18 years or older, of both genders who underwent type I or II polysomnography and metabolomics study. The search strategy selected 3697 surveys, and 4 of them were selected to be a part of this systematic review. Based on the analyzed surveys, it was found that all of them were able to diagnose OSA, reaching a sensitivity of 75-97%, and specificity that ranged from 72 to 100%; besides differentiating patients with OSA (severe, moderate, and mild) from simple snorers with a mean sensitivity of 77.2% and specificity of 66.25%. These findings suggest that, in addition to being used as a screening and diagnostic strategy for OSA, metabolomics has the potential to be used for severity stratification and to monitor the disease's progression.

Dreaming may be affected by sleep behavior; however, evidence of the effect of chronotypes on dreaming is limited. We investigated sleep patterns, dream recall, and nightmare distress according to chronotypes. This cross-sectional study retrospectively enrolled adult participants (age > 18 years) who visited a sleep laboratory between 2016 and 2021 and underwent standard polysomnography (PSG) and completed a self-reported questionnaire. Patients with major sleep disorders were excluded. Chronotypes and dreaming components were assessed using the Korean version of the morningness-eveningness questionnaire and a nine-item dreaming questionnaire (nightmare distress and dream recall), respectively. Among healthy participants without major sleep disorders, the eveningness chronotype correlated with better dream recall than the morningness and intermediate chronotypes. Participants with the eveningness chronotype were younger and more likely to be unmarried than those with the other chronotypes. No significant chronotype-based difference was observed in the subjective measurements of sleep quality, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, depression, and anxiety or in respiration and movement events on PSG. In multivariate linear regression analysis, the chronotypes were independently related to nightmare distress (b = - 0.296; p = 0.002) and dream recall (b = - 0.334; p = 0.002). The apnea-hypopnea index was associated with nightmare distress (b = - 0.209; p = 0.029) and dream recall (b = - 0.189; p = 0.044). Depression was positively correlated with nightmare distress (b = 0.450; p = 0.002). Dream recall was best in the eveningness group among healthy adults. Greater eveningness was associated with higher nightmare distress and better dream recall. Further research is needed to understand the role of chronotypes in dreaming.

Sleep disorder is very common during pregnancy. Non-pharmacological treatments are a priority to improve the sleep pattern. This study aimed to determine the effect of cognitive-behavioral counseling with or without Citrus aurantium essential oil on sleep quality (primary outcome) and anxiety and quality of life (secondary outcomes). This randomized controlled trial was performed on 75 pregnant women in Tabriz, Iran. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. The first intervention group received 8 sessions of cognitive-behavioral counseling and aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium essential oil 15-20 min before bedtime. The second intervention group received cognitive-behavioral counseling and aromatherapy with placebo and the control group received only routine prenatal care. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Pregnancy-Specific Quality of life Questionnaire, and Pregnancy-Specific Anxiety Scale were completed before and after intervention. After the intervention based on ANCOVA test and by adjusting the baseline score, the mean score of anxiety in the intervention group 1 (AMD: - 4.54; 95% CI - 6.79 to - 2.28) and intervention group 2 (AMD: - 3.30; 95% CI - 5.60 to - 0.97) was significantly lower than the control group. Also, the mean score of quality of life in intervention group 1 (AMD: 2.55; 95% CI 0.45-4.65) and intervention group 2 (AMD: 2.72; 95% CI 0.60-4.83) was significantly higher than the control group, but there was no statistically significant difference between the study groups in terms of sleep quality (P > 0.05). Also, there was no statistically significant difference between the two intervention groups after the intervention in terms of anxiety (P = 0.379) and quality of life (P = 0.996). Cognitive-behavioral counseling reduced anxiety and improved quality of life. However, further trials are required to reach a definitive conclusion. Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT): IRCT20120718010324N63. Date of registration: 4/10/2020. URL: https://en.irct.ir/user/trial/54986/view; Date of first registration: 18/10/2020.

Prolactin is affected by several factors: sex, age, BMI, sleep duration, menopausal status, and menstrual cycle phases. However, previous studies on this topic have caused some confusion, and the duration from the wake-up hour to sample collection has not been correlated with prolactin levels. This study aims to assess the correlation of prolactin levels with sleep duration, the durations from waking to sample collection and some demographic factors. To compare serum prolactin levels between males, reproductive females, and menopausal females and between menstrual cycle phases. In a study of 192 healthy adult subjects. Prolactin was compared between males, reproductive females, and menopausal females and different ages, BMI groups, and different menstrual cycle phases. The correlation between prolactin levels with the duration from waking to sample collection, sleep duration, age, BMI, and waist circumference were assessed. The highest median prolactin was among reproductive females, and menopausal females showed the lowest prolactin level compared to reproductive females and males. Prolactin levels were not significantly different between phases of the menstrual cycle. The only significant predictor of prolactin levels in males and females was the duration between the wake-up hour and sample collection. The duration from the wake-up hour to sample collection significantly predicts prolactin levels in healthy subjects. Prolactin levels are highest in reproductive females and lowest during menopause, while no significant differences were found between menstrual cycle phases. Sleep duration and other demographic factors are not significantly correlated with prolactin levels in healthy subjects with normal prolactin levels.

Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been a reduction in patient uptake of in-person care, likely in part, due to patients' fear of contracting COVID infection. We aimed to examine changes in the proportion of patients assessed in a sleep clinic who subsequently underwent in-lab polysomnography before and during the pandemic. A retrospective study was conducted, comparing the periods September 2018-April 2019 (pre-pandemic) and September 2020-April 2021 (pandemic). Among the patients who were referred to an ambulatory sleep clinic in Toronto, Ontario for assessment of possible sleep apnea, the number of patients who underwent diagnostic PSG within 90 days from the first consultation with a physician was analyzed. Significantly lower number of patients underwent PSG in the pandemic than the pre-pandemic period [122/229 patients (53.3%) vs. 169/208 patients (81.3%), p < 0.001]. Older age and having a consultation in the months of full-blown pandemic, which was defined as month with its average of newly confirmed COVID-19 positive cases in Ontario > 1000 cases/day, were associated with declining PSG in the pandemic period. Among patients who underwent PSG, sleep apnea was found in 114/169 (67.5%) and 85/122 (69.7%) patients in the pre-pandemic and the pandemic period, respectively (p = 0.69). During the pandemic, there was a dramatic reduction in uptake of in-lab PSG. It is very likely that a significant proportion of patients in this cohort had sleep apnea that went undiagnosed with significant implications for health outcomes.