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Palm Oil Based Water-Resistant Coating using Pre-Polymer Method 预聚体法棕榈油基防水涂料
Q3 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-12-02 DOI: 10.30880/jst.2021.13.02.001
S. Soloi, Azrad Usman
The paper presents some results on the ability of palm oil polyol to replace the petroleum-based polyol in polyurethane (PU) synthesis. In this study, palm oil polyol with amine functionality with hydroxyl value (OH value) between 240 -253 mg KOH/g was used as the polyol component to replace the conventional petroleum-based polyol. Four different formulationsof polyurethane coating have been prepared using pre-polymer process namely PU1, PU2, PU3 and PU4 with the polyol to isophorone diisocyanate ratio (OH:NCO) of 1:0.6 and 1:0.5 and acetone within 25-50 wt %. PU1 (1:0.6) and PU2(1:0.5) result in brittle film, while PU3 (1:0.6) and PU4 (1:05) has a soft and flexiblefilm with better transparency. This finding establishes that the acetone content effect the final properties of the polyurethane formed. The polymerization reaction was monitored using thefourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and it was found that the peak correspondsto NH (3302 cm-1), CO (1627 cm-1) and CN (1543 cm-1) stretching of urethane linkage appearingin all the PU films. The water uptake test was done on the films and it was found that the percentage of water uptake is less than 5% within 24 hours of immersion.The surface morphology of the PU films shows thathomogeneitywas achieved in 1:0.6 of OH:NCO ratio with 25 wt% of acetone. The PU films havethe potential to be developed for water resistant coating.
本文介绍了棕榈油多元醇替代石油基多元醇合成聚氨酯(PU)的一些结果。本研究以羟基值(OH值)在240 ~ 253 mg KOH/g之间的胺官能团棕榈油多元醇作为多元醇组分,替代传统的石油基多元醇。采用预聚工艺制备了PU1、PU2、PU3和PU4四种不同配方的聚氨酯涂料,其中多元醇与异福尔酮二异氰酸酯的比例(OH:NCO)分别为1:0.6和1:0.5,丙酮在25-50 wt %范围内。PU1(1:0.6)和PU2(1:0.5)形成脆膜,而PU3(1:0.6)和PU4(1:05)形成柔软柔韧的膜,透明度较好。这一发现表明丙酮的含量对形成的聚氨酯的最终性能有影响。用傅里叶变换红外光谱对聚合反应进行了监测,发现在所有聚氨酯薄膜中都出现了nh3302 cm-1、CO 1627 cm-1和CN 1543 cm-1的聚氨酯链拉伸峰。对膜进行吸水试验,发现浸泡24小时吸水率小于5%。聚氨酯膜的表面形貌表明,在OH:NCO比为1:6 .6、丙酮质量分数为25%时,聚氨酯膜达到均匀性。聚氨酯薄膜具有开发防水涂料的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Voltage Generation in Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting with Magnet: FEA Simulation and Experimental Analysis 磁体压电能量收集中的电压产生:有限元模拟与实验分析
Q3 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-12-02 DOI: 10.30880/jst.2021.13.02.003
Muhammad Imran Jaafar, Hossameldin M.M.M. Rabah, N. D. Nordin, A. Muthalif, A. N. Wahid
Energy harvesting devices are needed as an alternative to batteries as it is costly to power up wireless sensor network. However, the power generated and operating bandwidth for the typical energy harvester are still compromised. Therefore, in this work, the use of permanent magnet in Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (PEH) is proposed to increase the operating bandwidth. A simulation study was conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics software to observe the effect of mechanical tuning using magnet on the voltage produced. It shows that PEH with oscillating magnetic field is capable of reaching generated peak power of 0.775 mW and increase the operating bandwidth by 10%. Experimental setup was also fabricated to further validate the observation at different polarities and varying distances with permanent magnets. It is observed that while the peak power achieved in the attractive mode is smaller as compared to its counterpart, however, its bandwidth is larger.
由于为无线传感器网络供电的成本很高,因此需要能量收集设备作为电池的替代品。然而,典型的能量收集器产生的功率和工作带宽仍然受到损害。因此,本文提出在压电能量采集器(PEH)中使用永磁体来增加其工作带宽。利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件进行仿真研究,观察磁体机械调谐对产生电压的影响。结果表明,振荡磁场作用下的PEH能达到0.775 mW的峰值功率,使工作带宽提高10%。为了进一步验证永磁体在不同极性和不同距离下的观测结果,还制作了实验装置。可以观察到,虽然在吸引模式下获得的峰值功率比其对应模式小,但其带宽更大。
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引用次数: 0
Analysing Land-use Land Cover (LULC) and Development Change in Nearby University Campuses’ Area: A Case of Universiti Teknologi MARA Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 大学校园周边地区土地利用覆盖与发展变化分析——以马来西亚森美兰州玛拉理工大学为例
Q3 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-12-02 DOI: 10.30880/jst.2021.13.02.004
Wahidah Mohd Zain, Sufy Rabea Adawiya Idris, Mohd Faizal Mohd Ramsi, S. K. Nordin
After 20 years of establishment, the number of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) campuses across Malaysia has reached 35 in number. Although the campuses' development of campuses had somehow made the location widely known as one of the education hubs in Malaysia, there exist doubts about the extent of development of each campus in an area that can benefit the locality. The focus of this paper is assessing the land-use changes due to the development of three campuses of UiTM Negeri Sembilan from 1999 to 2019. This study uses satellite images, GIS technology, and web-based maps applications as data collection tools. Two aspects were assessed, viz; Land-use Land Cover (LULC) and change detection. The result shows an increasing pattern of LULC. Also, the land conversion occurred more in Seremban compared to UiTM Kuala Pilah and Rembau. Change detection analysis in this paper reveals that the green area is declining via a higher percentage of deforestation and urbanization. Land-use change detection technique is confirmed as an effective method for measuring and evaluating urban development operations and their effect. Therefore, this research emphasized that LULC and change detection analysis results beneficial in identifying the development impact and important to facilitate strategize steps and policies in averting the affected areas from pollution and deforestation side effects. This study also suggests that such research extended to more Institutes of Higher Learning in Malaysia and South East Asia. The findings should be valuable to researchers, town planners, university administrators, and local authorities alike and contribute towards sustainable land-use planning and management in Malaysiain the near future.
经过20年的发展,马来西亚理工大学(Universiti technologii MARA)的校园数量已达到35个。虽然校园的发展在某种程度上使该地区成为马来西亚广为人知的教育中心之一,但人们对每个校园在一个地区的发展程度是否能使当地受益存在疑问。本文的重点是评估1999年至2019年因南森美兰理工大学三个校区的发展而导致的土地利用变化。本研究使用卫星图像、地理信息系统技术和基于网络的地图应用程序作为数据收集工具。评估了两个方面,即;土地利用-土地覆盖(LULC)及其变化检测。结果表明,LULC呈增加趋势。此外,与吉隆坡和伦堡相比,雪兰邦的土地转换发生得更多。本文的变化检测分析表明,由于森林砍伐和城市化的比例较高,绿地面积正在下降。土地利用变化检测技术是衡量和评价城市发展运作及其效果的有效方法。因此,本研究强调,LULC和变化检测分析结果有助于识别发展影响,并有助于制定策略步骤和政策,以避免受影响地区受到污染和森林砍伐的副作用。本研究亦建议将此研究推广至马来西亚及东南亚的更多高等学府。研究结果对研究人员、城市规划者、大学管理人员和地方当局都有价值,并有助于在不久的将来实现马来西亚的可持续土地利用规划和管理。
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引用次数: 1
On the Generalized Pareto Probability Density Function of the Mean Annual Rainfall of Katsina State 卡齐纳州年平均降雨量的广义帕累托概率密度函数
Q3 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-12-02 DOI: 10.30880/jst.2021.13.02.002
Dauda Taofik O, Adetayo Adewale O
This work was accomplished to assess the rainfall probability density function (pdf) of Katsina State and adopt the most parsimonious density function using 2003 –2018 rainfall data from the Nigeria Institute of Meteorological Services. The data were subjected to cleaning, descriptive statistics and investigation of five distribution functions (General pareto, general extreme value, Gumbel maximum, Uniform and Normal distribution) through parameterizations. The results intimated that Daura experienced the highest mean annual rainfall ranging between 75.667 mm for 2003 and 82.417 mm for 2018. Both Dutsin-Ma and Safana local Government returned the least mean annual rainfall alternately and it ranged between 57.500 mm (2009 rainfall for Dutsin-Ma) and 67.167 mm for 2018 mean annual rainfall of Safana. The order of performance of the five (5) prominent pdf in each of the sites differs but the Generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) ranked highest across all the sites. The distribution characteristics for the GPD (the most parsimonious of the pdf) are, mean = 61.15098 (Duara), 58.93371 (Dutsinma) and 79.20851 (Safana) and variance of 9212.603 (Duara), 6709.908 (Dutsinma) and 6687.102 (Safana). The examination of the visual analysis of the residuals of the mean annual rainfall indicated that only the mean rainfall for Dutsin-Ma gave the most precise parameter estimates.
利用尼日利亚气象服务研究所2003 -2018年的降雨数据,完成了对卡齐纳州降雨概率密度函数(pdf)的评估,并采用了最简洁的密度函数。对数据进行清洗、描述性统计,并通过参数化对一般帕累托分布、一般极值分布、Gumbel最大值分布、均匀分布和正态分布进行调查。结果表明,2003年至2018年,道拉的年平均降雨量最高,在75.667 mm至82.417 mm之间。Dutsin-Ma和Safana地方政府交替返回了最小的年平均降雨量,其范围在57500 mm(2009年Dutsin-Ma降雨量)和67.167 mm(2018年Safana年平均降雨量)之间。五个突出的pdf在每个站点中的表现顺序不同,但广义帕累托分布(GPD)在所有站点中排名最高。GPD (pdf中最简洁的)的分布特征为,均值为61.15098 (Duara)、58.93371 (Dutsinma)和79.20851 (Safana),方差为9212.603 (Duara)、6709.908 (Dutsinma)和6687.102 (Safana)。对年平均降雨量残差的目视分析表明,只有Dutsin-Ma的平均降雨量给出了最精确的参数估计。
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引用次数: 0
New Inequality for L-Lipschitzian Functions and Applications L-Lipschitzian函数的新不等式及其应用
Q3 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-12-02 DOI: 10.30880/jst.2021.13.02.007
P. Chhabra
This article gives a really vital and curiously inequality on Jain-Saraswat’s functional discrimination in terms of the Hellinger discrimination and Bhattacharya discrimination by taking into thoughtL-Lipschitzian functions. Encourage, we outlined a few vital results by utilizing the inferred inequality with numerical confirmation.
本文从Hellinger歧视和Bhattacharya歧视的角度,通过考虑到thoughtL-Lipschitzian函数,给出了Jain-Saraswat的功能歧视的一个非常重要和奇怪的不平等。鼓励,我们概述了一些重要的结果,利用推断不等式与数值确认。
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引用次数: 0
Application of Mathematical Models for Optimizing Inspection Frequency in Maintenance and Management of Pavement 优化检测频率的数学模型在路面养护管理中的应用
Q3 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-12-02 DOI: 10.30880/jst.2021.13.02.005
M. Khabiri, Zohreh Ghafoori Fard
Mathematical optimization, also called mathematical programming, is the process by which the best answer (according to a set of criteria) is selected from a set of possible answers to a particular problem. Today, optimization problems are used in all quantitative fields such as computer science, engineering, operations research, economics, and more; one of the engineering disciplines in which optimization is very important is road and transportation engineering. Road repair is one of the most important componentsof pavement management that requires regular road inspection by road specialists. One of the most important measures to prevent failure is maintenance inspection; Assessment of the condition of road surfaces to ensure their performance, while the road still provides maximum safety for existing traffic, should be done to ensure timely and effective repair and reconstruction operations. But exactly when these inspections should take place and when they are effective is an issue that is addressed in this study. The aim of this study is to optimize the frequency of maintenance inspections for a high-traffic suburban road by optimizing the frequency of inspections with a certain degree of reliability; so, the breakage function was considered as a pavement condition index (PCI). The results show that in order to pave the suburban road with high traffic in order to perform the desired pavement with 95% reliability, 218 inspections should be carried out annually (on average once every two days).
数学优化,也称为数学规划,是从一组可能的答案中选择最佳答案(根据一组标准)的过程。今天,优化问题被用于所有定量领域,如计算机科学、工程、运筹学、经济学等;道路与运输工程是其中一个非常重要的工程学科。道路维修是路面管理中最重要的组成部分之一,需要道路专家定期检查道路。预防故障最重要的措施之一是维修检查;在道路仍然为现有交通提供最大安全的情况下,应对路面状况进行评估,以确保其性能,以确保及时有效地进行维修和重建作业。但这些检查应该在什么时候进行,什么时候有效,这是本研究要解决的问题。本研究的目的是通过优化具有一定可靠性的维修检查频率来优化城郊高速公路的维修检查频率;因此,将破碎函数作为路面状况指标(PCI)。结果表明,为了使城郊高交通量道路的铺装可靠性达到95%,每年需要进行218次检查(平均每两天一次)。
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引用次数: 1
A Comparison of Beat Frequency Estimation Methods for Large Ring Laser 大环形激光器拍频估计方法的比较
Q3 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-05-25 DOI: 10.30880/JST.2021.13.01.004
J. Nzumile
Autoregressive (AR2) technique has always been used to estimate frequency of the output signal from Large ring laser. However, the acquisition rate is not at near real time which is the requirement and noise level still challenge the process resulting to errors in the final estimation. A research was done to compare the Autoregressive (AR2) with the counterparts such as Pisarenko, Quinn, Hilbert and Phase looking for a better technique that will estimate the frequency at near real time to minimize errors. Secondary data from G and C – II ring laser were used during the comparison between the techniques and Autoregressive (AR2). Results shows that, the output characteristics from the counterpart does not depict the oscillations of the Earth rotation as expected contrast to that of Autoregressive (AR2) which does. Moreover, there were much deviation from the expected true value for the techniques contrast to that of AR2 which is very minimum. On the other hand, when the C – II data were used, it was observed that both techniques resemble on their output characteristics though AR2 was still better in the acquisition rate expect for Hilbert transform which does not resemble with others. Following the scope of this paper, Autoregressive (AR2) technique still emerge as a favorite frequency estimation technique contrast to the four counterparts due to its robustness, high acquisition rate as well as low noise level.
自回归(AR2)技术一直被用于估计大环形激光器输出信号的频率。然而,获取速率不是接近实时的,这是要求,噪声水平仍然挑战过程,导致最终估计误差。我们进行了一项研究,将自回归(AR2)与Pisarenko、Quinn、Hilbert和Phase等同类方法进行比较,寻找一种更好的技术,可以在接近实时的情况下估计频率,以尽量减少误差。用G和C - II环形激光的二次数据与自回归(AR2)进行比较。结果表明,与自回归(AR2)相比,对应的输出特征不能像预期的那样描述地球自转的振荡。此外,与AR2相比,该技术与预期真值的偏差很大,这是非常小的。另一方面,当使用C - II数据时,可以观察到两种技术的输出特性相似,尽管除了希尔伯特变换之外,AR2在采集率方面仍然更好,这与其他技术不同。在本文的范围内,自回归(AR2)技术由于其鲁棒性、高采集率和低噪声水平,仍然成为与四种同类技术相比最受欢迎的频率估计技术。
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引用次数: 0
Adsorption of Aqueous Using Granular Adsorbents from Accanthospermum hispendum DC 棘皮颗粒吸附剂对水的吸附研究
Q3 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-05-25 DOI: 10.30880/JST.2021.13.01.003
Sunusi A. Zubair, U. Gaya
Granular activated carbons have been important adsorbents for the decontamination of aqueous environmental contaminants. Acanthospermum hispidum weed represents a ready available source of low-cost adsorbents in sub-Saharan Africa that has barely been paid attention. The effects of pH, contact time, concentration, adsorbent dosage, particle size and temperature on the adsorptive removal of Pb (II) from aqueous solutions over activated carbon granules from the thorns of Accanthospermum hispindum (AC-T) were for the first time investigated and compared with those of the leaves (L), the sodium hydroxide modified thorns (NaOH-T) and regular thorns (T) of this plant. These adsorbents were characterised by the surface charge analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform infrared (ATR FTIR) spectroscopy. The SEM revealed a wafer-like appearance for the AC-T with a large distribution of open pores. The adsorption data of lead uptake onto the adsorbents were examined using two pseudo-order kinetic schemes and three isotherm models. To fully understand the adsorption capacities of the adsorbents, batch desorption recoveries were studied. The FTIR depicted the various functionalities responsible for the adsorption. Adsorption over AC-T was found to agree with pseudo second-order kinetic scheme, the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. This material exhibited the highest adsorption capacity. The order of reusability of the adsorbents is T < AC-T < NaOH-T.
颗粒活性炭已成为水体环境污染物净化的重要吸附剂。棘棘草代表了撒哈拉以南非洲地区一种现成的低成本吸附剂来源,几乎没有得到重视。首次研究了pH、接触时间、吸附剂浓度、吸附剂用量、粒径和温度对棘棘刺活性炭颗粒吸附水中Pb (II)的影响,并与棘棘刺叶片(L)、氢氧化钠改性棘棘刺(NaOH-T)和普通棘棘刺(T)进行了比较。通过表面电荷分析、扫描电镜(SEM)和衰减全反射傅立叶变换红外光谱(ATR FTIR)对这些吸附剂进行了表征。扫描电镜显示AC-T呈晶圆状,有大量开孔分布。采用两种拟序动力学方案和三种等温线模型研究了吸附剂对铅的吸附数据。为了充分了解吸附剂的吸附能力,研究了间歇解吸回收率。FTIR描述了负责吸附的各种功能。在AC-T上的吸附符合拟二级动力学模式,即Langmuir和Freundlich等温线。该材料表现出最高的吸附能力。吸附剂的重复使用顺序为T < AC-T < NaOH-T。
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引用次数: 0
Computational Study for Molecular Properties of Some of the Isolated Chemicals from Leaves Extract of Guiera Senegalensis as Aluminium Corrosion Inhibitor Senegalensis叶提取物中部分分离化学物质作为铝缓蚀剂的分子性质计算研究
Q3 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-05-25 DOI: 10.30880/JST.2021.13.01.006
A. Ayuba, M. Abubakar
The present work describes the computational methods for the corrosion inhibition of aluminium using three selected chemical constituents (5-methyldihydroflavasperone, 5-methylflavasperone and methoxylated naphthyl butanone) reportedly obtained from the leaves extract of Guirea senegalensis. Quantum chemical calculations including EHOMO, ELUMO, energy gap (ΔE), electronegativity (χ), global hardness (η) and fraction of electrons transfer from the inhibitor molecule to the aluminium surface (ΔN) were calculated. The local reactive sites through Fukui indices which explain the effect of structural features of these components in relation to electrophilic and nucleophilic point of attack were evaluated. The similarities in quantum chemical parameters for the compounds obtained revealed that the adsorption strengths of the molecules will be mostly determined by molecular size rather than electronic structure parameters. Fukui indices showed that the point of interaction of inhibitor molecule with the Al(l10) surface were through aromatic carbon atom rich in pi-electrons and oxygen atom of the alkanone functional group in the inhibitor molecules. Molecular dynamics simulations describing the adsorption behavior of the inhibitor molecule on Al(110) surface through Forcite quench molecular dynamics were carried out. The compounds were found to all obey the mechanism of physical adsorption because of their relatively low adsorption energies.
本工作描述了使用三种选定的化学成分(5-甲基二氢黄酮、5-甲基黄酮和甲氧基萘丁酮)对铝的缓蚀计算方法,据报道,这些化学成分是从塞内加尔的叶子提取物中获得的。量子化学计算包括EHOMO、ELUMO、能隙(ΔE)、电负性(χ)、整体硬度(η)和从抑制剂分子转移到铝表面的电子分数(ΔN)。通过福井指数评价了局部反应位点,该指数解释了这些组分的结构特征对亲电和亲核攻击点的影响。所得化合物在量子化学参数上的相似性表明,分子的吸附强度主要由分子大小而不是电子结构参数决定。Fukui指数表明,抑制剂分子与Al(10)表面的相互作用点是通过抑制剂分子中富含pi电子的芳香碳原子和烷酮官能团的氧原子。通过Forcite猝灭分子动力学模拟了抑制剂分子在Al(110)表面的吸附行为。这些化合物的吸附能相对较低,均服从物理吸附机理。
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引用次数: 2
Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure and Temperature on Quantum Confinement of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs 静水压力和温度对AlGaN/GaN HEMTs量子约束的影响
Q3 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-04-18 DOI: 10.30880/JST.2021.13.01.001
R. Yahyazadeh, Z. Hashempour
In this paper, an analytical model for quantum confinement electron density in two-dimensional quantum well, has been investigated. In order to obtain the exact AlGaN/GaN HEMTs parameters such as electron density, the wave function, band gap, polarization charge, effective mass and dielectric constant, the hydrostatic pressure and temperature effects are taken into account. It has been found that the electron density decreases with increasing temperature and increases with increasing hydrostatic pressure. With increasing hydrostatic pressure, the effective mass decreases and the quantum confinement electrons are increased in the quantum well. Also with increasing hydrostatic pressure, the height of wave functions increase and decreases electron wave functions to penetrate the quantum barrier but increasing the temperature behaves the opposite of increasing the pressure. However, with increasing temperature, the effective mass is increased and the quantum confinement electrons are reduced. The calculated results for electron density are in good agreement with existing experimental data.
本文研究了二维量子阱中量子约束电子密度的解析模型。为了得到准确的AlGaN/GaN HEMTs参数,如电子密度、波函数、带隙、极化电荷、有效质量和介电常数,考虑了静水压力和温度效应。电子密度随温度的升高而减小,随静水压力的增大而增大。随着静水压力的增大,有效质量减小,量子阱中的量子约束电子增加。随着静水压力的增加,波函数的高度增加,电子波函数穿透量子势垒的高度降低,但温度的增加与压力的增加相反。然而,随着温度的升高,有效质量增加,量子约束电子减少。电子密度的计算结果与已有的实验数据吻合较好。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology
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