Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.1080/02571862.2021.1956609
P. Parehwa, G. Linsley-Noakes, J. Jordaan, J. Pauw
In South Africa, strawberry Fragaria × ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier growers have not been able to extend the growing season and produce strawberries year-round primarily due to the types of cultivar available and climatic limitations. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of planting date- and day-neutral strawberry varieties on plant growth, yield and quality in the south-eastern region of the Western Cape. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot design with three replications. Planting dates were the whole plot treatments, while varieties constituted the sub-plot treatments. The sub-plot treatments were laid out in a randomised complete block design. Three day-neutral strawberry varieties, ‘Monterey’, ‘San Andreas’ and ‘Albion’ were planted at 30-day intervals from April to September for the 2018/2019 season in standard coir grow-bags at a density of 75 000 ha−1. ‘Monterey’ significantly outperformed ‘San Andreas’ which in turn significantly (p < 0.05) outperformed ‘Albion’ for crown number, flower number, yield and fruit size. ‘San Andreas’ produced significantly fewer runners than ‘Monterey’ and ‘Albion’. ‘Albion’ produced significantly higher total soluble solids followed by ‘Monterey’ and ‘San Andreas’. It was concluded that ‘Monterey’ planted in April and ‘San Andreas’ planted in August, can be used to extend the harvest season.
在南非，草莓Fragaria × ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier种植者无法延长生长季节并全年生产草莓，主要是由于可用的品种类型和气候限制。该研究的目的是确定种植日期和日中性草莓品种对西开普省东南部地区植物生长、产量和质量的影响。试验采用裂区设计，重复3次。种植日期为整块处理，品种为分块处理。子图处理采用随机完全区设计。在2018/2019季节，从4月到9月，在标准椰壳种植袋中，以7.5万公顷的密度，每隔30天种植“蒙特雷”、“圣安德烈亚斯”和“阿尔比恩”三个日间中性草莓品种。“蒙特雷”在冠数、花数、产量和果实大小方面显著优于“圣安德烈亚斯”(p < 0.05)，而“圣安德烈亚斯”又显著优于“阿尔比恩”。“圣安德烈亚斯”产生的跑步者明显少于“蒙特雷”和“阿尔比恩”。“阿尔比恩”产生的可溶性固体总量显著高于“蒙特雷”和“圣安德烈亚斯”。结论是，“蒙特雷”在4月种植，“圣安德烈亚斯”在8月种植，可以用来延长收获季节。
{"title":"Cultivar and planting date effects on the growth, yield and quality of strawberries in the Western Cape, South Africa","authors":"P. Parehwa, G. Linsley-Noakes, J. Jordaan, J. Pauw","doi":"10.1080/02571862.2021.1956609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2021.1956609","url":null,"abstract":"In South Africa, strawberry Fragaria × ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier growers have not been able to extend the growing season and produce strawberries year-round primarily due to the types of cultivar available and climatic limitations. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of planting date- and day-neutral strawberry varieties on plant growth, yield and quality in the south-eastern region of the Western Cape. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot design with three replications. Planting dates were the whole plot treatments, while varieties constituted the sub-plot treatments. The sub-plot treatments were laid out in a randomised complete block design. Three day-neutral strawberry varieties, ‘Monterey’, ‘San Andreas’ and ‘Albion’ were planted at 30-day intervals from April to September for the 2018/2019 season in standard coir grow-bags at a density of 75 000 ha−1. ‘Monterey’ significantly outperformed ‘San Andreas’ which in turn significantly (p < 0.05) outperformed ‘Albion’ for crown number, flower number, yield and fruit size. ‘San Andreas’ produced significantly fewer runners than ‘Monterey’ and ‘Albion’. ‘Albion’ produced significantly higher total soluble solids followed by ‘Monterey’ and ‘San Andreas’. It was concluded that ‘Monterey’ planted in April and ‘San Andreas’ planted in August, can be used to extend the harvest season.","PeriodicalId":21920,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"38 1","pages":"407 - 410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41694798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.1080/02571862.2021.1962421
Patrick Nyambo, B. Thengeni, C. Chiduza, T. Araya
Soil and crop productivity cannot be maintained unless declining soil fertility is replenished. A three-year factorial experiment using a split-split-plot design, replicated three times, was used to evaluate the response of pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na), microbial biomass carbon, total nitrogen and total carbon to conservation agriculture in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The whole plot factors were conservation tillage and no tillage, the sub-plot factors three crop rotation practices (i.e. maize → oat → maize; maize → vetch → maize and maize → fallow → maize) and the sub-sub-plot factors three residue management practices (viz. residue retention; residue removal and biochar amendment). Soil pH and EC were not affected (p > 0.05) by these agricultural practices after 3 years. Magnesium (p < 0.05) and potassium (p < 0.01) were significantly affected by tillage at 0–5 cm depth. The tillage x crop rotation x residue management interaction was only significant (p < 0.01) for MBC at a depth of 0–5 cm depth. Interactions of tillage x crop rotation (p < 0.001) and crop rotation x residue management (p < 0.0001) were also significant. After three years, conservation agriculture resulted in net increases in total carbon, total nitrogen and MBC concentrations compared to conventional agricultural practices.
{"title":"Tillage, crop rotation, residue management and biochar influence on soil chemical and biological properties","authors":"Patrick Nyambo, B. Thengeni, C. Chiduza, T. Araya","doi":"10.1080/02571862.2021.1962421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2021.1962421","url":null,"abstract":"Soil and crop productivity cannot be maintained unless declining soil fertility is replenished. A three-year factorial experiment using a split-split-plot design, replicated three times, was used to evaluate the response of pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na), microbial biomass carbon, total nitrogen and total carbon to conservation agriculture in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The whole plot factors were conservation tillage and no tillage, the sub-plot factors three crop rotation practices (i.e. maize → oat → maize; maize → vetch → maize and maize → fallow → maize) and the sub-sub-plot factors three residue management practices (viz. residue retention; residue removal and biochar amendment). Soil pH and EC were not affected (p > 0.05) by these agricultural practices after 3 years. Magnesium (p < 0.05) and potassium (p < 0.01) were significantly affected by tillage at 0–5 cm depth. The tillage x crop rotation x residue management interaction was only significant (p < 0.01) for MBC at a depth of 0–5 cm depth. Interactions of tillage x crop rotation (p < 0.001) and crop rotation x residue management (p < 0.0001) were also significant. After three years, conservation agriculture resulted in net increases in total carbon, total nitrogen and MBC concentrations compared to conventional agricultural practices.","PeriodicalId":21920,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"38 1","pages":"390 - 397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47612173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.1080/02571862.2021.1959660
S. Adjei-Nsiah, J. K. Ahiakpa, K. Gyan, F. Kanampiu
We conducted on-farm trials in the southern Guinea savannah of Ghana in 2016 and 2017 to evaluate soyabean response to three fertiliser blends to guide farmers towards profitable adoption of appropriate phosphorus fertiliser blend for improved soyabean production. Old Yara Legume, New Yara Legume and Triple Superphosphate fertiliser blends were evaluated. In both years, the phosphorus fertiliser blends were evaluated in a Randomised Complete Block Design with 20, 30, and 40 kg P ha−1 application rates together with control. Phosphorus fertiliser application increased soyabean yields by 1 070 kg ha−1. In 2016, fertiliser blend use efficiency ranged from 2.9 kg grain per kg fertiliser blend applied with the New Yara Legume applied at 40 kg P ha−1 to 7.4 kg grain per kg fertiliser blend applied with the Triple Superphosphate applied at 40 kg P ha−1 with significant differences between treatments. In 2017, blend use efficiency ranged from 2.5 kg grain per kg fertiliser blend applied with Old Yara Legume applied at 40 kg P ha−1 to 9.2 kg grain per kg fertiliser blend applied with the Triple Superphosphate applied at 40 kg P ha−1 with significant differences between treatments. However, phosphorus use efficiency did not significantly differ between the different treatments both in the 2016 and 2017 trials. In both 2016 and 2017 trials, the highest benefit cost ratio was attained at the lowest application rate for all the three fertiliser blends suggesting the need to review the current application rate of 30 kg P fertiliser ha−1 promoted in northern Ghana. Furthermore, the provision of credit and/or subsidy for farmers by the government is required to enable uptake and utilisation of fertilisers by farmers.
我们于2016年和2017年在加纳南部几内亚大草原进行了农场试验，以评估大豆对三种肥料混合物的反应，以指导农民采用适当的磷肥混合物来提高大豆产量。对老亚拉豆科、新亚拉豆科和三元过磷酸钾混交肥进行了评价。在这两年中，采用随机完全区组设计，分别以20、30和40 kg P ha - 1施用量以及对照对磷肥混合物进行评估。施用磷肥可使大豆产量增加1 070公斤/公顷。2016年，混合肥料的利用效率为每公斤2.9公斤粒与施用40公斤磷- 1的新雅拉豆科作物混合肥料，每公斤7.4公斤粒与施用40公斤磷- 1的三元过磷酸钙混合肥料，处理之间存在显著差异。2017年，混合肥料的利用效率为每公斤2.5公斤粒与40公斤磷- 1的老雅拉豆科作物混合施用，每公斤9.2公斤粒与40公斤磷- 1的三磷酸混合施用，处理之间存在显著差异。然而，在2016年和2017年的试验中，不同处理之间的磷利用效率没有显著差异。在2016年和2017年的试验中，所有三种肥料混合物在最低施用量下获得了最高的效益成本比，这表明有必要审查目前在加纳北部推广的30公斤磷肥每公顷的施用量。此外，需要政府向农民提供信贷和/或补贴，以使农民能够吸收和利用肥料。
{"title":"Influence of phosphorus fertiliser blends on grain yield, nutrient concentration, and profitability of soyabeans in the southern Guinea Savannah of Ghana","authors":"S. Adjei-Nsiah, J. K. Ahiakpa, K. Gyan, F. Kanampiu","doi":"10.1080/02571862.2021.1959660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2021.1959660","url":null,"abstract":"We conducted on-farm trials in the southern Guinea savannah of Ghana in 2016 and 2017 to evaluate soyabean response to three fertiliser blends to guide farmers towards profitable adoption of appropriate phosphorus fertiliser blend for improved soyabean production. Old Yara Legume, New Yara Legume and Triple Superphosphate fertiliser blends were evaluated. In both years, the phosphorus fertiliser blends were evaluated in a Randomised Complete Block Design with 20, 30, and 40 kg P ha−1 application rates together with control. Phosphorus fertiliser application increased soyabean yields by 1 070 kg ha−1. In 2016, fertiliser blend use efficiency ranged from 2.9 kg grain per kg fertiliser blend applied with the New Yara Legume applied at 40 kg P ha−1 to 7.4 kg grain per kg fertiliser blend applied with the Triple Superphosphate applied at 40 kg P ha−1 with significant differences between treatments. In 2017, blend use efficiency ranged from 2.5 kg grain per kg fertiliser blend applied with Old Yara Legume applied at 40 kg P ha−1 to 9.2 kg grain per kg fertiliser blend applied with the Triple Superphosphate applied at 40 kg P ha−1 with significant differences between treatments. However, phosphorus use efficiency did not significantly differ between the different treatments both in the 2016 and 2017 trials. In both 2016 and 2017 trials, the highest benefit cost ratio was attained at the lowest application rate for all the three fertiliser blends suggesting the need to review the current application rate of 30 kg P fertiliser ha−1 promoted in northern Ghana. Furthermore, the provision of credit and/or subsidy for farmers by the government is required to enable uptake and utilisation of fertilisers by farmers.","PeriodicalId":21920,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"38 1","pages":"381 - 389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41538630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.1080/02571862.2021.1938260
Bongo Mabusela, Z. A. Belay, B. Godongwana, N. Pathak, P. Mahajan, P. Mathabe, O. J. Caleb
The management of ethylene during postharvest storage is of critical importance to fresh produce wholesalers and retailers. The management of ethylene is an important determinant of the quality and shelf life of fresh fruit and vegetables. Ethylene blocking action and ethylene removal via potassium permanganate, photocatalytic oxidation and ozonation have been extensively researched and applied on a commercial scale to manage the impacts of ethylene postharvest. However, these techniques have certain inherent limitations that make them ineffective for long-term postharvest applications. This review therefore focuses on ethylene removal strategies during postharvest handling, and characterisation of the merits and demerits of such strategies. In addition, it provides an overview of emerging techniques such as photolysis, photocatalytic oxidation and ozone-assisted catalytic oxidation, as alternatives for ethylene management along the postharvest value chains. The intent of this review was to guide the development of more effective ethylene management technologies for long-term application in the South African fruit industry.
{"title":"Trends in ethylene management strategies: towards mitigating postharvest losses along the South African value chain of fresh produce – a review","authors":"Bongo Mabusela, Z. A. Belay, B. Godongwana, N. Pathak, P. Mahajan, P. Mathabe, O. J. Caleb","doi":"10.1080/02571862.2021.1938260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2021.1938260","url":null,"abstract":"The management of ethylene during postharvest storage is of critical importance to fresh produce wholesalers and retailers. The management of ethylene is an important determinant of the quality and shelf life of fresh fruit and vegetables. Ethylene blocking action and ethylene removal via potassium permanganate, photocatalytic oxidation and ozonation have been extensively researched and applied on a commercial scale to manage the impacts of ethylene postharvest. However, these techniques have certain inherent limitations that make them ineffective for long-term postharvest applications. This review therefore focuses on ethylene removal strategies during postharvest handling, and characterisation of the merits and demerits of such strategies. In addition, it provides an overview of emerging techniques such as photolysis, photocatalytic oxidation and ozone-assisted catalytic oxidation, as alternatives for ethylene management along the postharvest value chains. The intent of this review was to guide the development of more effective ethylene management technologies for long-term application in the South African fruit industry.","PeriodicalId":21920,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"38 1","pages":"347 - 360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44689602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.1080/02571862.2021.1933630
K. Ravhuhali, V. Mlambo, T. S. Beyene, L. Palamuleni
The distribution and status of grass species is essential for sustainable management of rangelands. Therefore, this study assessed the spatial distribution and nutritive value of grass species as influenced by soil type in selected rangelands of the North West province of South Africa. Grass species were harvested from four communal areas (clay loam and red brown sand soil types) using three transects per study area. Each transect was sub-divided into near (0.5–0.7 km), middle (0.70–1.4 km) and far sub-transects (1.4–2.2 km) based on distance from homesteads. Within each sub-transect, 10 m × 10 m homogeneous vegetation units (HVU) were marked and quadrats (1 m2) were randomly placed within each HVU to sample soil and grasses. Species composition, abundance, biomass and nutritive value of grass species were measured. Only 21% of grasses identified in the study areas were determined to be of high grazing value. Aristida species were more common and dominant in both soil types. Eragrostis cylindriflora 2 Hochst. had higher crude protein content and the highest in vitro ruminal dry matter degradability after 24 and 48 hours. Thus, E. cylindriflora was the most valuable grass species for livestock farming in the study areas and could be earmarked for rangeland restoration.
{"title":"Effect of soil type on spatial distribution and nutritive value of grass species growing in selected rangelands of South Africa","authors":"K. Ravhuhali, V. Mlambo, T. S. Beyene, L. Palamuleni","doi":"10.1080/02571862.2021.1933630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2021.1933630","url":null,"abstract":"The distribution and status of grass species is essential for sustainable management of rangelands. Therefore, this study assessed the spatial distribution and nutritive value of grass species as influenced by soil type in selected rangelands of the North West province of South Africa. Grass species were harvested from four communal areas (clay loam and red brown sand soil types) using three transects per study area. Each transect was sub-divided into near (0.5–0.7 km), middle (0.70–1.4 km) and far sub-transects (1.4–2.2 km) based on distance from homesteads. Within each sub-transect, 10 m × 10 m homogeneous vegetation units (HVU) were marked and quadrats (1 m2) were randomly placed within each HVU to sample soil and grasses. Species composition, abundance, biomass and nutritive value of grass species were measured. Only 21% of grasses identified in the study areas were determined to be of high grazing value. Aristida species were more common and dominant in both soil types. Eragrostis cylindriflora 2 Hochst. had higher crude protein content and the highest in vitro ruminal dry matter degradability after 24 and 48 hours. Thus, E. cylindriflora was the most valuable grass species for livestock farming in the study areas and could be earmarked for rangeland restoration.","PeriodicalId":21920,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"38 1","pages":"361 - 371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43644014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.1080/02571862.2021.1938261
I. Gura, P. Mnkeni, C. du Preez, J. Barnard
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a major indicator of soil quality and/or health but its slow short-term response to management changes has prompted the search for more sensitive indicators for monitoring short-term changes in soil organic matter (SOM). This study aimed to investigate the short-term effects of crop rotation systems and residue management practices under no tillage on selected soil carbon fractions of a Haplic Cambisol, using plots from a conservation agriculture (CA) field trial (split plot design replicated in three blocks). The main plots were comprised of the crop rotation systems: maize-fallow-maize (MFM), maize-fallow-soybean (MFS), maize-wheat-maize (MWM) and maize-wheat-soybean (MWS). Residue management practices that included residue removal (R−) and residue retention (R+) were allocated to the sub-plots. The carbon fractions measured were SOC, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), mineralisable carbon (Cmin) and particulate organic matter carbon fractions (POM-C). Crop rotation systems significantly (p < 0.05) influenced Cmin and POM-C fractions whereas residue management practices significantly (p < 0.05) affected all the carbon fractions. Crop residue retention as opposed to its removal enhanced all the carbon pools. The POM-C and Cmin fractions were more sensitive to short-term CA management interventions than SOC and MBC, therefore they can be used for monitoring SOM changes and microbial activities.
{"title":"Response of soil carbon fractions in a Haplic Cambisol to crop rotation systems and residue management practices under no tillage in the Eastern Cape, South Africa","authors":"I. Gura, P. Mnkeni, C. du Preez, J. Barnard","doi":"10.1080/02571862.2021.1938261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2021.1938261","url":null,"abstract":"Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a major indicator of soil quality and/or health but its slow short-term response to management changes has prompted the search for more sensitive indicators for monitoring short-term changes in soil organic matter (SOM). This study aimed to investigate the short-term effects of crop rotation systems and residue management practices under no tillage on selected soil carbon fractions of a Haplic Cambisol, using plots from a conservation agriculture (CA) field trial (split plot design replicated in three blocks). The main plots were comprised of the crop rotation systems: maize-fallow-maize (MFM), maize-fallow-soybean (MFS), maize-wheat-maize (MWM) and maize-wheat-soybean (MWS). Residue management practices that included residue removal (R−) and residue retention (R+) were allocated to the sub-plots. The carbon fractions measured were SOC, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), mineralisable carbon (Cmin) and particulate organic matter carbon fractions (POM-C). Crop rotation systems significantly (p < 0.05) influenced Cmin and POM-C fractions whereas residue management practices significantly (p < 0.05) affected all the carbon fractions. Crop residue retention as opposed to its removal enhanced all the carbon pools. The POM-C and Cmin fractions were more sensitive to short-term CA management interventions than SOC and MBC, therefore they can be used for monitoring SOM changes and microbial activities.","PeriodicalId":21920,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"38 1","pages":"372 - 380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42794127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.1080/02571862.2021.1966108
J. Fourie, C. Howell, M. Booyse, Kim M Adams
Five treatments were applied in a newly established orchard on a loamy sand near Vyeboom, South Africa. Treatment 1 (T1): chemical control in the tree row from bud break to harvest, with dwarf fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) slashed regularly in the work row. Treatment 2 (T2): ‘Saia’ oats (Avena strigosa Schreb. ‘Saia’) in the work row, with full surface chemical control (CC) applied early October and the beginning of December. Treatment 3 (T3): pink serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot. ‘Emena’) in the work row and a subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. ‘Campeda’) in the tree row and CC. Treatment 4 (T4): a mixture of ‘Saia’ oats and pink serradella in the work row and CC. Treatment 5 (T5): a mixture of canola (Brassica napus L. ‘AVGarnet’) and ‘Caliente 199’ brown-mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. ‘Caliente 199’) in the work row and CC. T2 was the best performing treatment for the control of the winter and early summer growing weeds, while T1 controlled the late summer growing weeds the most effectively. T4 caused the highest increase in soil organic carbon, while T3 achieved the highest release of total inorganic N during the growing season (November to January).
{"title":"Cover crop performance in an apple orchard and its effect on the macro-elements and carbon levels in a loamy sand","authors":"J. Fourie, C. Howell, M. Booyse, Kim M Adams","doi":"10.1080/02571862.2021.1966108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2021.1966108","url":null,"abstract":"Five treatments were applied in a newly established orchard on a loamy sand near Vyeboom, South Africa. Treatment 1 (T1): chemical control in the tree row from bud break to harvest, with dwarf fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) slashed regularly in the work row. Treatment 2 (T2): ‘Saia’ oats (Avena strigosa Schreb. ‘Saia’) in the work row, with full surface chemical control (CC) applied early October and the beginning of December. Treatment 3 (T3): pink serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot. ‘Emena’) in the work row and a subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. ‘Campeda’) in the tree row and CC. Treatment 4 (T4): a mixture of ‘Saia’ oats and pink serradella in the work row and CC. Treatment 5 (T5): a mixture of canola (Brassica napus L. ‘AVGarnet’) and ‘Caliente 199’ brown-mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. ‘Caliente 199’) in the work row and CC. T2 was the best performing treatment for the control of the winter and early summer growing weeds, while T1 controlled the late summer growing weeds the most effectively. T4 caused the highest increase in soil organic carbon, while T3 achieved the highest release of total inorganic N during the growing season (November to January).","PeriodicalId":21920,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"38 1","pages":"398 - 406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43241877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-08DOI: 10.1080/02571862.2021.1907465
Mohammed A Elgorashi Bakhite, N. Sithole, L. S. Magwaza, A. Odindo, J. Derera
Plant breeders have focused on reducing phytic acid in maize seeds to improve grain nutritional quality. However, this could have negative effects on seed quality. The objective of this study was to compare seed performance of low and high phytic acid (LPA and HPA) synthetic populations of tropical origin with two hybrid varieties (SC701 and LS8520). Four replicates of 20 seeds per variety were germinated in a randomized complete block design for a standard germination test. Seeds were also subjected to an accelerated ageing (AA) test. The results of the final seed germination percentage were as follows: HPA (98.0%) > SC701 (93.0%) > LPA (90.0%) > LS8520 (85.0%). However, statistically, HPA seeds were similar (p > 0.05) to SC701 seeds and LPA seeds were similar (p > 0.05) to SC701 seeds. The mean germination time (MGT) was similar for all varieties, however, the germination velocity index (GVI) was highest (p < 0.05) for SC701 and similar (p > 0.05) in LPA and HPA. Both SC701 and HPA showed higher percentages germination when they were exposed to the AA test. It was concluded that the LPA population had similar seed quality parameters to high performing varieties.
{"title":"Comparison of seed germination and vigour in low and high phytic acid maize synthetic populations and commercially available hybrids","authors":"Mohammed A Elgorashi Bakhite, N. Sithole, L. S. Magwaza, A. Odindo, J. Derera","doi":"10.1080/02571862.2021.1907465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2021.1907465","url":null,"abstract":"Plant breeders have focused on reducing phytic acid in maize seeds to improve grain nutritional quality. However, this could have negative effects on seed quality. The objective of this study was to compare seed performance of low and high phytic acid (LPA and HPA) synthetic populations of tropical origin with two hybrid varieties (SC701 and LS8520). Four replicates of 20 seeds per variety were germinated in a randomized complete block design for a standard germination test. Seeds were also subjected to an accelerated ageing (AA) test. The results of the final seed germination percentage were as follows: HPA (98.0%) > SC701 (93.0%) > LPA (90.0%) > LS8520 (85.0%). However, statistically, HPA seeds were similar (p > 0.05) to SC701 seeds and LPA seeds were similar (p > 0.05) to SC701 seeds. The mean germination time (MGT) was similar for all varieties, however, the germination velocity index (GVI) was highest (p < 0.05) for SC701 and similar (p > 0.05) in LPA and HPA. Both SC701 and HPA showed higher percentages germination when they were exposed to the AA test. It was concluded that the LPA population had similar seed quality parameters to high performing varieties.","PeriodicalId":21920,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"38 1","pages":"285 - 293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48119687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-08DOI: 10.1080/02571862.2021.1909155
GJ Malan, WP De Clercq, Andrei Rozanov, C. Clarke, H. Helness, S. Damman, N. Elema, J. Atkinson
Recent climate instability necessitates a fresh approach to water cycle services in the Hessequa municipal region. Attention is drawn to impacts on water storage in this region, and an assessment of the current status is necessary. Land-use change and soil properties are focal points of a runoff assessment. Defining Land Type soils information is necessary to support agricultural needs, concentrating on depth-limiting materials, mechanical limitations and texture. It is evident in the area under study that mountainous regions are not well-described. With most dams located in mountain regions and the land increasingly being used for agroforestry, the demand for better supporting information has increased. Furthermore, the available Land Type polygons for the region are too coarse for the catchment, which is primarily undulated. Enhanced Land Type mapping resolution may be defined through terrain morphological segmentation. The process indicates that the terrain prediction capability is acceptable, with 62% and 74% within 4 and 15 m search windows, respectively. This information has provided a broader platform to enhance our ability to deal with the impacts of climate and land-use change in the Korentepoort mountain catchment.
{"title":"Increased resolution of soils information through morphon segmentation of the Korentepoort mountain catchment","authors":"GJ Malan, WP De Clercq, Andrei Rozanov, C. Clarke, H. Helness, S. Damman, N. Elema, J. Atkinson","doi":"10.1080/02571862.2021.1909155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2021.1909155","url":null,"abstract":"Recent climate instability necessitates a fresh approach to water cycle services in the Hessequa municipal region. Attention is drawn to impacts on water storage in this region, and an assessment of the current status is necessary. Land-use change and soil properties are focal points of a runoff assessment. Defining Land Type soils information is necessary to support agricultural needs, concentrating on depth-limiting materials, mechanical limitations and texture. It is evident in the area under study that mountainous regions are not well-described. With most dams located in mountain regions and the land increasingly being used for agroforestry, the demand for better supporting information has increased. Furthermore, the available Land Type polygons for the region are too coarse for the catchment, which is primarily undulated. Enhanced Land Type mapping resolution may be defined through terrain morphological segmentation. The process indicates that the terrain prediction capability is acceptable, with 62% and 74% within 4 and 15 m search windows, respectively. This information has provided a broader platform to enhance our ability to deal with the impacts of climate and land-use change in the Korentepoort mountain catchment.","PeriodicalId":21920,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"38 1","pages":"294 - 303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44103076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-08DOI: 10.1080/02571862.2021.1925760
Esnart Nyirenda Yohane, H. Shimelis, M. Laing, A. Shayanowako, I. Mathew, Justus M Chintu
Pigeonpea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. is the most important legume cash crop grown in Malawi. However, productivity is low due to biotic and abiotic stresses and socioeconomic constraints. The objectives of this study were to determine farmers’ perceived constraints to pigeonpea production and to identify the varieties and traits preferred by farmers in Malawi. A participatory rural appraisal was conducted in four major pigeonpea growing districts (viz. Chiradzulu, Mulanje, Thyolo and Zomba) in Malawi. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, focus group discussions and transect walks. ‘Mthawajuni’ was the most preferred variety grown by 45% of the respondents, due to its palatability and resistance to pod borers. The farmers identified insects, diseases, late-maturing varieties and small land holdings as the most important constraints to pigeonpea production in Malawi. Short cooking time, palatability, high yield, early maturity, long shelf-life, pest and disease resistance, large seeds and cream colour were the most preferred traits of the pigeonpea. The constraints experienced by farmers and their preferences for the identified traits should be considered as selection criteria during the breeding of new pigeonpea varieties in Malawi.
{"title":"Pigeonpea production constraints and farmers’ trait preferences in Malawi: implications for variety design","authors":"Esnart Nyirenda Yohane, H. Shimelis, M. Laing, A. Shayanowako, I. Mathew, Justus M Chintu","doi":"10.1080/02571862.2021.1925760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2021.1925760","url":null,"abstract":"Pigeonpea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. is the most important legume cash crop grown in Malawi. However, productivity is low due to biotic and abiotic stresses and socioeconomic constraints. The objectives of this study were to determine farmers’ perceived constraints to pigeonpea production and to identify the varieties and traits preferred by farmers in Malawi. A participatory rural appraisal was conducted in four major pigeonpea growing districts (viz. Chiradzulu, Mulanje, Thyolo and Zomba) in Malawi. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, focus group discussions and transect walks. ‘Mthawajuni’ was the most preferred variety grown by 45% of the respondents, due to its palatability and resistance to pod borers. The farmers identified insects, diseases, late-maturing varieties and small land holdings as the most important constraints to pigeonpea production in Malawi. Short cooking time, palatability, high yield, early maturity, long shelf-life, pest and disease resistance, large seeds and cream colour were the most preferred traits of the pigeonpea. The constraints experienced by farmers and their preferences for the identified traits should be considered as selection criteria during the breeding of new pigeonpea varieties in Malawi.","PeriodicalId":21920,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Plant and Soil","volume":"38 1","pages":"326 - 337"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48939716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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