Microalgae play a dual role in aquatic ecosystems, serving as crucial oxygen producers and carbon fixers while also posing significant environmental and public health risks when they grow excessively due to nutrient enrichment. Conventional physical, chemical, and biological methods for controlling harmful algal blooms (HABs) often face limitations such as high operational costs, incomplete removal, environmental toxicity, and the generation of secondary pollutants. This review explores the potential of cold plasma technology as an innovative, eco-friendly, and efficient approach for the removal of microalgae from water systems. Cold plasma generates a variety of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) that cause oxidative stress, disrupt cell membranes, and ultimately lead to algal cell death and degradation. Various plasma systems—including dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), corona, arc, and glow discharge—have been evaluated for their effectiveness in inactivating microalgal species through both direct cell damage and nutrient depletion. Comparative studies highlight cold plasma's advantages over traditional methods, such as its chemical-free nature, scalability, energy efficiency, and rapid disinfection capabilities. Despite some challenges in cost and reactor complexity, advancements in plasma reactor design, integration with other treatment methods like photocatalysis and membrane filtration, and the development of hybrid and mobile plasma units demonstrate its growing applicability. The review concludes that cold plasma holds significant promise as a sustainable solution for microalgae control and broader water purification needs.
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