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From Prison to Researcher 从监狱到研究者
IF 1.5 3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-08-03 DOI: 10.1215/00382876-10066552
Zach Gillespie, Mychal Pagan, Aiyuba Thomas, Derick McCarthy, Vincent Thompson
In the course of a group discussion, five student members of New York University’s Prison Education Program (PEP) reflect on their transition from prison inmates and students to their training as peer researchers in the PEP Research Lab. They trade their experiences of life on the inside, debunking a variety of public myths about the welfare and treatment of those caught within the prison system. Discussing their postcarceral roles as students and researchers, they analyze the differences between the two, drawing particular attention to the social status accorded to researchers. Building on the independence and resources offered by PEP’s Research Lab, they describe the initiatives they have taken to launch new paths of inquiry into carceral life and the financial and social burdens that continue to afflict the formerly incarcerated upon reentry.
在小组讨论的过程中,纽约大学监狱教育项目(PEP)的五名学生成员反思了他们从监狱囚犯和学生到在PEP研究实验室作为同伴研究人员接受培训的转变。他们交换了自己在监狱里的生活经历,揭穿了关于监狱系统中被捕者的福利和待遇的各种公众神话。他们讨论了他们作为学生和研究人员的后职业角色,分析了两者之间的差异,特别关注了研究人员的社会地位。基于人与社会政策研究所提供的独立性和资源,他们描述了他们所采取的举措,以开辟新的途径,调查监狱生活以及重新入狱后继续困扰着前囚犯的经济和社会负担。
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引用次数: 0
Let’s Get Free 让我们获得自由
IF 1.5 3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-08-03 DOI: 10.1215/00382876-10066580
Manuel Galindo, Hannah Appel
The majority of people incarcerated in the United States have not been convicted of any crime. Rather, they are there because they are too poor to pay their way out of jail. The financialization of the criminal legal system means that wealthy people go free while poor people suffer through indefinite detention or face an interest-bearing price of freedom: commercial bail bonds contracts, an industry worth more than $2 billion annually. Bail debt is held disproportionately by poor women of color who act as cosigners, bailing out the men in their family who are caged pretrial. The Debt Collective—the nation’s first debtors’ union—is piloting work to abolish $500 million in bail debt held by cosigners across California as a new form of collective action around carceral debt. We explore the concept of a carceral debtors’ union as part of broader debtors’ union and abolition movements.
在美国,大多数被监禁的人没有被判犯有任何罪行。相反,他们被关在那里是因为他们太穷了,付不起出狱的钱。刑事司法体系的金融化意味着富人获得自由,而穷人则遭受无限期拘留,或者面临自由的有息代价:商业保释债券合同,这是一个每年价值超过20亿美元的行业。保释债务不成比例地由贫穷的有色人种女性承担,她们充当担保人,保释家中审前被关在监狱里的男性。债务集体组织——美国第一个债务人联盟——正在开展试点工作,以废除加州各地代签人持有的5亿美元保释金债务,作为一种新的围绕债务的集体行动形式。我们探讨了作为更广泛的债务人联盟和废除运动的一部分的carceral债务人联盟的概念。
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引用次数: 3
Cars, Debt, and Carcerality 汽车、债务和贪婪
IF 1.5 3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-08-03 DOI: 10.1215/00382876-10066538
J. Livingston, Andrew Ross
Consumer lore in the United States celebrates the automobile as a “freedom machine,” consecrating the mobility of a free people. Yet, paradoxically, the car also functions at the crossroads of two great systems of unfreedom and immobility—the debt economy and the carceral state. Drawing on interviews with formerly incarcerated people, this article investigates this paradox in detail, tracing how the long arms of carcerality and debt operate in tandem in the daily life of car use and ownership. It describes the ways in which credit dovetails with capture—pretextual traffic stops, revenue policing from fines and fees, the overreach of automobile-related surveillance, the predatory auto loan and repossession businesses, and criminal justice debt—all shot through with profound racial bias. In the autocentric United States, transportation is a basic need, yet it has never been recognized or funded as a public good. As the “age of mobility” beckons, with autonomous driving as its technological centerpiece, the authors call for the social liberation of the automobile. From the outset, the automobile has traded on the romance of the open road, but it has too long served as a vehicle of inequality and injustice.
在美国,消费者将汽车视为“自由机器”,象征着自由人的机动性。然而,矛盾的是,汽车也在两个不自由和不流动的大系统——债务经济和专制国家——的十字路口运行。通过对曾经被监禁的人的采访,本文详细调查了这一悖论,追踪了在汽车使用和拥有的日常生活中,贪婪和债务的长臂是如何协同运作的。它描述了信用与捕获相吻合的方式-借口交通拦截,罚款和费用的收入管制,与汽车相关的过度监控,掠夺性汽车贷款和收回业务,以及刑事司法债务-所有这些都充满了深刻的种族偏见。在以汽车为中心的美国,交通运输是一种基本需求,但它从未被视为一种公共产品,也从未得到过资助。随着以自动驾驶技术为核心的“移动时代”的到来,作者呼吁汽车的社会解放。从一开始,汽车就利用了开放道路的浪漫,但它长期以来一直是不平等和不公正的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Child Support and Deadbeat States 儿童抚养费和游手好闲的州
IF 1.5 3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-08-03 DOI: 10.1215/00382876-10066566
Lynne A. Haney
Drawing on interviews with formerly incarcerated fathers and court observations of child-support hearings, this article explores the state’s role in the massive accumulation of child-support debt. Arguing that this role is too often hidden from view, the article demystifies how much “child” support debt is actually owed to the state itself—and is thus as much about state obligations as familial ones. These state obligations emerge from two main sources: public assistance payback policies, which “bill” noncustodial parents for the cost of the public aid received by their families; and interest charges on all support debt, which most states charge at rates of up to 10 percent. Both state practices hit incarcerated parents especially hard, since they are usually unable to keep up with their support orders while in prison—and often unaware of how and why their debt is accruing. By becoming a means to prop up the state, support debt acts very much like other forms of carceral debt. Yet it also inserts the state into familial relations in ways that can exacerbate conflict between parents and complicate fathers’ ability to care for their children.
通过对曾经入狱的父亲的采访和法庭对子女抚养听证会的观察,本文探讨了国家在子女抚养债务的大规模积累中所扮演的角色。这篇文章认为,这个角色经常被隐藏在人们的视野之外,它揭示了究竟有多少“孩子”抚养费债务实际上是欠国家自己的,因此既是国家的义务,也是家庭的义务。这些国家义务有两个主要来源:一是公共援助偿还政策,即“向”无监护权的父母支付其家庭接受公共援助的费用;所有支持债务都要收取利息,大多数州收取的利率高达10%。这两种做法对被监禁的父母打击尤其严重,因为他们在监狱里通常无法支付赡养费,而且往往不知道他们的债务是如何以及为什么累积的。通过成为支持国家的一种手段,支持债务的行为与其他形式的私人债务非常相似。然而,它也以可能加剧父母之间冲突的方式,将国家插入家庭关系,使父亲照顾孩子的能力复杂化。
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引用次数: 0
“You Need Money to Live in Prison” “你需要钱才能在监狱里生活”
IF 1.5 3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-08-03 DOI: 10.1215/00382876-10066524
Tommaso Bardelli, Zach Gillespie, T. L. Tu
In the United States, going to jail or prison increasingly comes with a hefty price tag for incarcerated persons. As states continue to cut public spending, individuals are required to cover costs for basic necessities, such as food, health care, and telecommunications. Most have to rely on financial support from friends and family members to make ends meet during incarceration, thus drawing further resources from already vulnerable communities. Based on ethnographic interviews with formerly incarcerated individuals, and on the personal experience of one of the authors with the New York penal system, this article explores the effects of budget cuts and austerity measures on the everyday lives of the incarcerated, as well as the myriad forms of labor that prisoners perform to fill the gaps in institutional commitments.
在美国,被监禁的人越来越多地要付出高昂的代价。随着各州继续削减公共开支,个人被要求支付基本必需品的费用,如食品、医疗保健和电信。大多数人在监禁期间不得不依靠朋友和家人的经济支持来维持生计,从而从本已脆弱的社区获得更多资源。基于对曾被监禁的人的人种学采访,以及作者之一与纽约刑罚系统的个人经历,本文探讨了预算削减和紧缩措施对被监禁者日常生活的影响,以及囚犯为填补机构承诺的空白而从事的各种形式的劳动。
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引用次数: 0
The Militancy of (Black) Memory (黑人)记忆的战斗性
IF 1.5 3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1215/00382876-9825933
Jenn M. Jackson
In August 2020, prominent race scholar and thinker on anti-racism Ibram X. Kendi wrote an article in the Atlantic titled, “Is This the Beginning of the End of American Racism?” The subtitle read: “Donald Trump has revealed the depths of the country’s prejudice—and has inadvertently forced a reckoning.” Kendi’s words, though likely meant to be a rhetorical device, are one of many examples of the ways that white people’s discovery of racism, anti-Blackness, and, perhaps, Blackness, in general, is often valorized as an indicator of progress toward the democratic ideals so many believe to belie American society and culture. But what does the centering of white discovery mean for Black memory? What does white ignorance demand of Black people? How are Black Americans transcending dominator logics that often hold captive both memory and history-making power? Through a synthesis of Nietzsche’s conception of memory as a site of identity and community formation and Charles Mills’s theory of “white ignorance,” I argue that the log-ics and practices handed down intergenerationally by white Americans through the imperial project of whiteness induce a process of history- erasing and world remaking. Yet, piercing through this deployment of intentional and facilitated white ignorance, collective memory within Black communities, and specifically through Black-led social movements, is a form of militancy and resistance that disrupts the insinuated social order established by mainstream, white supremacist normativity. Of particular importance is the fact that this militancy, an insurgent force that has reverberated across the globe, opens up new avenues for Black world-building, futurity, and political imagination deemed impossible under current carceral conditions, irreconcilable with present-day politics, and incompatible with white-centered notions of justice, liberty, and democratic freedom. Critically, in this moment, as Black Americans are disproportionately harmed by the effects of COVID-19, hypersurveilled in neighborhoods plagued by neoliberal disinvestment, and over-policed en masse, mass movements like Black Lives Matter have disrupted, interrupted, and reoriented the social landscape toward a disconnection in the white supremacist archival practices that have long defined Western postcolonial culture. Now, young Black Americans, in particular, challenge notions of time, lineage, and world-making by rebuking the erasure of Black memory and Black futurity. In fact, it is through this collective memory, in the form of social organizing, community education projects, and other intraracial resistance efforts, that the anti-Black, white supremacist frameworks of ignorance may be dismantled wholesale. As the country continues to grapple with the killings of Black Americans like Ahmaud Arbery, Breonna Taylor, and George Floyd, those most affected by these tragedies have built pathways to open up new spaces for collective memory and mourning. Young Black America
2020年8月,著名种族学者、反种族主义思想家易卜拉欣·肯迪在《大西洋月刊》发表题为《这是美国种族主义终结的开始吗?》副标题是:“唐纳德·特朗普揭露了这个国家根深蒂固的偏见——并在不经意间迫使人们进行了反思。”肯迪的话,虽然可能是一种修辞手段,但它是白人发现种族主义、反黑人,或许还有总体上的黑人,往往被视为民主理想进步的标志的众多例子之一,许多人认为这是美国社会和文化的信条。但是白人发现的中心对黑人的记忆意味着什么呢?白人的无知对黑人有什么要求?美国黑人是如何超越经常束缚记忆和创造历史的权力的支配逻辑的?通过尼采的记忆概念作为身份和社区形成的场所和查尔斯·米尔斯的“白人无知”理论的综合,我认为美国白人通过白人的帝国工程代代相传的逻辑和实践引发了一个历史抹去和世界重塑的过程。然而,穿透这种有意和促成的白人无知的部署,黑人社区内的集体记忆,特别是通过黑人领导的社会运动,是一种战斗和抵抗的形式,它破坏了由主流白人至上主义规范建立的含蓄的社会秩序。尤其重要的是,这种战斗性,一种在全球范围内引起回响的反叛力量,为黑人的世界建设、未来和政治想象开辟了新的途径,在当前的奴隶制条件下,这是不可能的,与当今的政治不可调和,与以白人为中心的正义、自由和民主自由的观念不相容。关键的是,在这个时刻,随着美国黑人受到COVID-19影响的不成比例的伤害,在新自由主义撤投资困扰的社区受到过度监控,以及大规模过度监管,像“黑人的命也是命”这样的群众运动已经扰乱、中断并重新定位了社会景观,使其与长期以来定义西方后殖民文化的白人至上主义档案实践脱节。现在,尤其是年轻的美国黑人,通过谴责抹杀黑人记忆和黑人未来,挑战了时间、血统和创造世界的观念。事实上,正是通过这种集体记忆,以社会组织、社区教育项目和其他种族内部抵抗努力的形式,反黑人、白人至上主义的无知框架可能会被彻底摧毁。随着美国继续努力解决阿默德·阿贝里、布里奥娜·泰勒和乔治·弗洛伊德等美国黑人被杀的问题,那些受这些悲剧影响最大的人已经建立了通道,为集体记忆和哀悼开辟了新的空间。年轻的美国黑人参与抗议和公众愤怒,不是为了白人的目光,而是为了他们自己。因此,这个政治时刻为我们提供了一个不同的愿景,在这个愿景中,那些最被排除在历史之外的人是历史的创造者。这种大规模制造记忆的全球努力呈现出理论和时间上的脱节,使我们进一步走向所有黑人都自由的未来。
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引用次数: 0
Black Populism 黑色的民粹主义
IF 1.5 3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1215/00382876-9825990
Barnor Hesse
This article theorizes the contemporary meaning and significance of populism in Black politics. It is based on a reading of the mass protests characteristic of the Black Lives Matter movement across the US during 2020. The argument developed suggests contemporary Black populism evidenced by its multicultural and multiracial mobilizations during 2020 comprised and catalyzed several strategic social orientations, organized around the public ventilation of critical affective repertoires of Black feeling. The idea of Black feeling is emphasized historically and curatorially via the public mourning of Black families over the police killing of Black people and the public rage of Black protesters. The article also develops the idea of a populism of Black feeling involved in activating and influencing a marking and critique of white sovereignty that split white solidarity into supporters and opponents of BLM. In highlighting this split in whiteness as symptomatic of a post-civil rights crisis of white sovereignty, the article suggests Black populism is now a significant dimension of entrenching that crisis.
本文从理论上阐述了民粹主义在黑人政治中的当代意义和意义。它是基于对2020年美国各地“黑人的命也是命”运动特征的大规模抗议活动的解读。这一论点表明,当代黑人民粹主义在2020年以其多元文化和多种族动员为证据,包括并催化了几个战略社会取向,围绕着黑人情感的关键情感的公共流通组织起来。通过黑人家庭对警察杀害黑人的公众哀悼以及公众对黑人抗议者的愤怒,黑人情感的概念在历史上和策展上得到了强调。这篇文章还发展了黑人民粹主义的观点,涉及到激活和影响对白人主权的标记和批评,这将白人团结分裂为BLM的支持者和反对者。这篇文章强调,白人的这种分裂是白人主权后民权危机的症状,黑人民粹主义现在是巩固这一危机的一个重要方面。
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引用次数: 0
White Carceral Geographies 《白人地理》
IF 1.5 3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1215/00382876-9825962
Sam C Tenorio
This article examines the spatially destructive practices of the 2020 BLM protest, which can be thought of in two often overlapping classes: broad property destruction—such as the looting of stores and burning of buildings—and the targeted toppling of monuments. Specifically, this article draws on the tools of black political thought, anarchist theory, as well as geography and carceral studies to argue that these practices offer a black anarchist critique of the governance of white carceral geographies, often hidden in Western cover stories of development and security formulated under (neo)liberal democracy. In clarifying the conceptual landscape of this relationship, this article also uses January 6 to lay plain the symbiotic bond of white nationalism to the United States’ white identity and detail how this white riot encapsulates an injunction antithetical to the critical charge autochthonous of the radically destructive practices of black politics.
本文考察了2020年BLM抗议活动在空间上的破坏性做法,这可以被认为是两个经常重叠的类别:广泛的财产破坏-例如抢劫商店和烧毁建筑物-以及有针对性地推翻纪念碑。具体地说,本文利用黑人政治思想、无政府主义理论以及地理学和地理学研究的工具,认为这些实践提供了一种黑人无政府主义对白人无政府地理学治理的批评,这种批评往往隐藏在(新)自由民主下制定的西方发展和安全的封面故事中。为了澄清这种关系的概念图景,本文还利用1月6日的机会,阐明了白人民族主义与美国白人身份的共生关系,并详细说明了这场白人骚乱是如何概括了一种禁令,这种禁令与对黑人政治激进破坏性做法的固有批判指控是对立的。
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引用次数: 0
For the Culture 为了文化
IF 1.5 3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1215/00382876-9825948
C. Harris
Building on the work of Hortense Spillers and others, this article uses the “yet to come” of Black culture as a lens to read the political and cultural interventions of the Movement for Black Lives (M4BL). The “yet to come” also serves as an avenue to consider how, on what terms, and to what end Black political thought has evolved since #BlackLivesMatter emerged. By wielding an unapologetic Black joy as both a capacious embodiment of Black presence and a prefigurative politics that forecasts a world free of antiblackness, M4BL, and its demand for abolition, has shifted the meaning and mode of Black politics and thought. At the same time, when placed in conversation with earlier Black political-cultural formations, Black joy and abolition help crystalize the current conjuncture in Black thought as rooted in a temporality that is simultaneously now, before, and not yet. This multi-temporality follows what Margo Natalie Crawford describes as “the power of anticipation” in the Black radical tradition, facilitating a new correspondence between the Black present and the Black past, one that is attuned to historically situated racial regimes. Put somewhat differently, in its circulatory, its “back and forth flow,” Black culture and Black thought, intramural renderings of Blackness itself, builds and repurposes rather than simply breaks away. Seen through this light, I suggest that M4BL’s politics and culture are not merely pronouncements of the “yet to come” but a philosophical “return to the source”—the radicalism of the colonized and enslaved.
本文以Hortense Spillers等人的作品为基础,以黑人文化的“未来”为视角,解读“争取黑人生命运动”(M4BL)的政治和文化干预。“尚未到来”也可以作为一个途径,来思考自#黑人的生命也很重要#出现以来,黑人政治思想是如何、以什么条件、以什么目的演变的。通过运用一种毫无歉意的黑人喜悦作为黑人存在的广泛体现和预示着一个没有反黑人的世界的预示性政治,M4BL以及它对废除的要求已经改变了黑人政治和思想的意义和模式。与此同时,当与早期的黑人政治文化形态进行对话时,黑人的快乐和废除有助于使黑人思想中当前的结合点具体化,这种结合点植根于当下,过去和未来。这种多重时间性遵循了玛戈·娜塔莉·克劳福德在黑人激进传统中所说的“预期的力量”,促进了黑人现在和黑人过去之间的新的对应关系,一种与历史上的种族制度相协调的关系。换句话说,在它的循环中,它的“来回流动”,黑人文化和黑人思想,黑人本身的内部渲染,建立和重新利用,而不是简单地脱离。从这个角度来看,我认为M4BL的政治和文化不仅仅是对“未来”的宣告,而是一种哲学上的“回归本源”——对被殖民和被奴役者的激进主义。
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引用次数: 0
Black Futures Not Yet Lost 黑人的未来尚未迷失
IF 1.5 3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1215/00382876-9825976
K. Perry
This essay explores how the resurgence of the Black Lives Matter movement’s public visibility during the summer of 2020 opened critical space to reconsider and critique entrenched narratives of British abolitionism that render the fate of post-emancipation Black futures inconsequential. It highlights some of the contestations within a British historiographical tradition that has co-opted abolitionism as a means to engender and fortify mythologies of a liberal and progressive white nation to the detriment of even conceiving of Black freedom as a requisite to emancipation. Black political thinkers from the period of enslavement to the present have continually spoken back to these abridged and romanticized histories of British abolitionism calling into view the limits of white abolitionist projects. This article outlines some of the intellectual currents that have shaped a history of Black abolitionist praxis in Britain as a political posture rooted in an acknowledgment of abolition’s unfinished work and its import in the present in anticipation of free Black futures yet to come.
本文探讨了2020年夏天“黑人的命也重要”运动的公众知名度的复苏如何为重新考虑和批评英国废奴主义的根深蒂固的叙述开辟了关键空间,这些叙述使解放后黑人未来的命运变得无关紧要。它强调了英国史学传统中的一些争论,这些争论将废奴主义作为一种手段来产生和巩固一个自由和进步的白人国家的神话,甚至损害了将黑人自由视为解放的必要条件。从奴隶制时期到现在,黑人政治思想家不断地回顾这些被删节和浪漫化的英国废奴主义的历史,让人们看到白人废奴主义计划的局限性。这篇文章概述了一些思想潮流,这些思潮塑造了英国黑人废奴主义实践的历史,作为一种政治姿态,根植于对废奴尚未完成的工作的承认,以及对当前自由黑人未来的期待。
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引用次数: 2
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South Atlantic Quarterly
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