S. Chakmakjian, M. Gruneisen, M. Kramer, V. Esch, Karl Koch
One way image compensation has been applied to aberration correction in such scenarios as static aberrations located between objects and collection optics,1 and aberrations situated within the imaging optics themselves.2 Real-time one-way image compensation has also been applied to image transmission through dynamic turbulent boundary layers.3 In each of these cases a corrective grating is created such that an image bearing beam diffracted off of this grating is corrected by virtue of the phase subtraction process characteristic of the minus one diffracted order. A primary limitations in these systems is the inability to correct for high spatial frequency aberrations. However, high spatial frequency compensation seems possible. Phase conjugation has been employed in double-pass correction methods to reverse an aberrated wavefront after it has traversed a multimode optical fiber.4,5 In this case the modal dispersion experienced in the fiber imposed an extremely high spatial frequency aberration rendering the image unrecognizable. In this paper we report a one-way imaging scheme capable of correcting such high spatial frequency aberrators as ground glass and multimode optical fibers. This is the first demonstration to our knowledge of one-way image correction with such a severe aberrator.
{"title":"Time-Multiplexed One-Way Imaging for High Spatial Frequency Aberration Correction","authors":"S. Chakmakjian, M. Gruneisen, M. Kramer, V. Esch, Karl Koch","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.mb5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.mb5","url":null,"abstract":"One way image compensation has been applied to aberration correction in such scenarios as static aberrations located between objects and collection optics,1 and aberrations situated within the imaging optics themselves.2 Real-time one-way image compensation has also been applied to image transmission through dynamic turbulent boundary layers.3 In each of these cases a corrective grating is created such that an image bearing beam diffracted off of this grating is corrected by virtue of the phase subtraction process characteristic of the minus one diffracted order. A primary limitations in these systems is the inability to correct for high spatial frequency aberrations. However, high spatial frequency compensation seems possible. Phase conjugation has been employed in double-pass correction methods to reverse an aberrated wavefront after it has traversed a multimode optical fiber.4,5 In this case the modal dispersion experienced in the fiber imposed an extremely high spatial frequency aberration rendering the image unrecognizable. In this paper we report a one-way imaging scheme capable of correcting such high spatial frequency aberrators as ground glass and multimode optical fibers. This is the first demonstration to our knowledge of one-way image correction with such a severe aberrator.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123612982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently there has been much interest in the physical and chemical properties of C60, motivated by exciting possibilities for the synthesis of novel materials. Here we report measurements of optical second harmonic (SHG) and infrared-visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) from C60 films. While second harmonic generation from C60 films has been previously observed1, no attempt has yet been made to identify the relevant second order nonlinear susceptibility elements. We have also investigated the adsorption of atomic hydrogen on the surface of films of C60 using SHG and SFG. The reactivity of the surface of C60 films is of importance for the fabrication and stability of new fullerene based materials.
{"title":"Optical Second Harmonic and Sum-Frequency Studies of C60 Film","authors":"C. Stanners, D. Wilk, R. P. Chin, Y. Shen","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.ma4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.ma4","url":null,"abstract":"Recently there has been much interest in the physical and chemical properties of C60, motivated by exciting possibilities for the synthesis of novel materials. Here we report measurements of optical second harmonic (SHG) and infrared-visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) from C60 films. While second harmonic generation from C60 films has been previously observed1, no attempt has yet been made to identify the relevant second order nonlinear susceptibility elements. We have also investigated the adsorption of atomic hydrogen on the surface of films of C60 using SHG and SFG. The reactivity of the surface of C60 films is of importance for the fabrication and stability of new fullerene based materials.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129415050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quasi-phase matching (QPM)[1] offers many advantages such as no restriction imposed on material, use of the largest SHG tensor component and the fundamental guided modes for obtaining the largest field overlap, and so on. In practice, however, deviations in parameters, e.g., grating period, waveguide width, refractive indices, caused in fabrication process or in operating conditions, reduce the SHG efficiency. It is therefore very important to design SHG devices which are tolerable for fabrication errors and operating conditions. Theoretical analysis has shown that large tolerance can be obtained with chirped grating[2]. In this paper, we propose a simple structure for broadened phase matching and present results of basic theoretical analysis.
{"title":"Broadband Quasi-Phase Matched Second Harmonic Generator using Taper Waveguide","authors":"H. Haga, Makiko Kameoka, S. Yamamoto","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.we10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.we10","url":null,"abstract":"Quasi-phase matching (QPM)[1] offers many advantages such as no restriction imposed on material, use of the largest SHG tensor component and the fundamental guided modes for obtaining the largest field overlap, and so on. In practice, however, deviations in parameters, e.g., grating period, waveguide width, refractive indices, caused in fabrication process or in operating conditions, reduce the SHG efficiency. It is therefore very important to design SHG devices which are tolerable for fabrication errors and operating conditions. Theoretical analysis has shown that large tolerance can be obtained with chirped grating[2]. In this paper, we propose a simple structure for broadened phase matching and present results of basic theoretical analysis.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117107779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Host-guest systems which consist of transparent polymer matrices and optical nonlinear active molecules, are one of the key materials for optical nonlinear devices. For practical use, the materials should have both large nonlinearity and long lifetime. Such host-guest systems, made of poly-acrylamide derivatives and p-nitroaniline, have been developed in the group of present authors1). The lifetimes at room temperature are expected to be more than several 10 years, as were estimated from the changes in nonlinear susceptibility over 180 days. Such a conventional evaluation might not be sufficiently accurate for long lifetime materials, because the lifetime is 10~1000 times longer than the ordinary available experimental period. In this paper we estimated the lifetime at room temperature from the Arrhenius plot based on the lifetime data at elevated temperature. This method seems to be more accurate and timesaving than the conventional one.
{"title":"Evaluation of Nonlinear Optical Host-Guest Systems with Long Lifetime","authors":"A. Suzuki, Y. Matsuoka, Y. Kitahara, A. Ikushima","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.md25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.md25","url":null,"abstract":"Host-guest systems which consist of transparent polymer matrices and optical nonlinear active molecules, are one of the key materials for optical nonlinear devices. For practical use, the materials should have both large nonlinearity and long lifetime. Such host-guest systems, made of poly-acrylamide derivatives and p-nitroaniline, have been developed in the group of present authors1). The lifetimes at room temperature are expected to be more than several 10 years, as were estimated from the changes in nonlinear susceptibility over 180 days. Such a conventional evaluation might not be sufficiently accurate for long lifetime materials, because the lifetime is 10~1000 times longer than the ordinary available experimental period. In this paper we estimated the lifetime at room temperature from the Arrhenius plot based on the lifetime data at elevated temperature. This method seems to be more accurate and timesaving than the conventional one.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116360094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Said, R. de Salvo, B. Ray, M. Sheik-Bahae, D. Hagan, E. V. Van Stryland
The recently published theory of Sheik-Bahae et al [1] predicts the dispersion of the nonlinear index of refraction in solids. In reference [1], the authors compared their theory with a large number of experimental data in which the dispersion of n2 was measured using the ratio of the incident photon energy and the energy gap of the solid, ħω/Eg. In most cases this ratio was chosen by using different materials which changes the energy gap and thus ħω/Eg. In this paper we directly determine the dispersion of n2 by measuring the nonlinear refractive index of the material at different laser wavelengths.
{"title":"Measurement of the Dispersion of n2 in Wide-Gap Materials from the IR to UV","authors":"A. Said, R. de Salvo, B. Ray, M. Sheik-Bahae, D. Hagan, E. V. Van Stryland","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.wd4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.wd4","url":null,"abstract":"The recently published theory of Sheik-Bahae et al [1] predicts the dispersion of the nonlinear index of refraction in solids. In reference [1], the authors compared their theory with a large number of experimental data in which the dispersion of n2 was measured using the ratio of the incident photon energy and the energy gap of the solid, ħω/Eg. In most cases this ratio was chosen by using different materials which changes the energy gap and thus ħω/Eg. In this paper we directly determine the dispersion of n2 by measuring the nonlinear refractive index of the material at different laser wavelengths.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125773851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose and show experimental evidence of a mechanism that is important in reducing the amount of noise reduction that can be achieved at low (<100 MHz) frequencies utilizing atomic vapors as the nonlinear medium.1 The mechanism is based on the two-beam-coupling gain2 experienced by the vacuum sidebands of a weak probe wave as it interacts with a strong degenerate pump wave in an atomic vapor. The mechanism leads to the amplification of intensity fluctuations of an initially shot-noise-limited probe field.
{"title":"Excess Noise Introduced by Beam Propagation Through an Atomic Vapor","authors":"M. Kauranen, A. Gaeta, W. V. Davis, R. Boyd","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.pd10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.pd10","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and show experimental evidence of a mechanism that is important in reducing the amount of noise reduction that can be achieved at low (<100 MHz) frequencies utilizing atomic vapors as the nonlinear medium.1 The mechanism is based on the two-beam-coupling gain2 experienced by the vacuum sidebands of a weak probe wave as it interacts with a strong degenerate pump wave in an atomic vapor. The mechanism leads to the amplification of intensity fluctuations of an initially shot-noise-limited probe field.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126878616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new enhancement mechanism for nonlinear optical processes originating from real population of electronic excited states in conjugated linear chains has been presented in previous theoretical studies.1,2 Compared to the ground state,3,4 the calculated nonresonant third-order optical susceptibility γSn(-ω4; ω1, ω2, ω3) of linear chain molecules can be enhanced by orders of magnitude, or even change sign, when the first (S1) or second (S2) electronic excited state is optically pumped and then populated for times suitably long to perform nonresonant measurements of γSn(-ω4; ω1, –ω2, ω3) at frequencies different from the resonant pump frequency. In this study, we report the first experimental observation of excited state enhancement of the degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM) susceptibility γSn(-ω; ω, –ω, ω) of a conjugated linear chain, diphenylexatriene (DPH), when the first π-electron excited state is populated for nanosecond timescales and then probed nonresonantly through picosecond DFWM.
{"title":"Enhanced Nonresonant Degenerate Four Wave Mixing in Conjugated Linear Chains through Excited State Population","authors":"D. C. Rodenberger, J. R. Heflin, A. Garito","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.fb3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.fb3","url":null,"abstract":"A new enhancement mechanism for nonlinear optical processes originating from real population of electronic excited states in conjugated linear chains has been presented in previous theoretical studies.1,2 Compared to the ground state,3,4 the calculated nonresonant third-order optical susceptibility γSn(-ω4; ω1, ω2, ω3) of linear chain molecules can be enhanced by orders of magnitude, or even change sign, when the first (S1) or second (S2) electronic excited state is optically pumped and then populated for times suitably long to perform nonresonant measurements of γSn(-ω4; ω1, –ω2, ω3) at frequencies different from the resonant pump frequency. In this study, we report the first experimental observation of excited state enhancement of the degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM) susceptibility γSn(-ω; ω, –ω, ω) of a conjugated linear chain, diphenylexatriene (DPH), when the first π-electron excited state is populated for nanosecond timescales and then probed nonresonantly through picosecond DFWM.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128463366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The search for novel optical devices has recently led to the investigation of the optical properties of inter-subband transitions in Quantum well structures.
对新型光学器件的探索最近导致了对量子阱结构中子带间跃迁的光学性质的研究。
{"title":"Asymmetric susceptibilities arising from frequency dependent dephasing time in Quantum Well materials","authors":"P. Spencer, K. Shore","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.md6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.md6","url":null,"abstract":"The search for novel optical devices has recently led to the investigation of the optical properties of inter-subband transitions in Quantum well structures.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131972888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Müller, L. Arizmendi, M. Carrascosa, J. M. Cabrera
Hydrogen is an important impurity in LiNbO3. During the crystal growth it enters the lattice, mostly in the form of OH- ions [1]. In photorefractive LiNbO3 it is generally accepted that protons are the main mobile ionic entities giving rise to fixed volume holograms. The electronic space charge field which, via the electro-optic effect causes a refractive index modulation, induces proton migration above room temperature (140°C), well below the temperature at which electron thermal detrapping starts (> 180°C). The refractive index pattern arising from the proton space charge field can not be erased by illumination anymore, thus it is called a fixed pattern.
{"title":"Photorefractive fixing method for the determination of H concentration in LiNbO3","authors":"R. Müller, L. Arizmendi, M. Carrascosa, J. M. Cabrera","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.md9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.md9","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen is an important impurity in LiNbO3. During the crystal growth it enters the lattice, mostly in the form of OH- ions [1]. In photorefractive LiNbO3 it is generally accepted that protons are the main mobile ionic entities giving rise to fixed volume holograms. The electronic space charge field which, via the electro-optic effect causes a refractive index modulation, induces proton migration above room temperature (140°C), well below the temperature at which electron thermal detrapping starts (> 180°C). The refractive index pattern arising from the proton space charge field can not be erased by illumination anymore, thus it is called a fixed pattern.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134605906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Hänsch, F. Schmidt-Kaler, M. Weitz, D. Leibfried, C. Zimmermann, L. Ricci, R. Wynands, T. Andreae, W. König
Hydrogen, the simplest of the stable atoms, provides unique opportunities for critical confrontations of spectroscopic experiment and quantum electrodynamic theory. Recent advances in the generation, stabilization, and measurement of optical frequencies are extending radiofrequency resolution and accuracy into the ultraviolet spectral region. Precise measurements and comparisons of the optical frequencies of sharp hydrogen two-photon transitions are yielding new values of fundamental constants, and they are permitting stringent new tests of basic physics laws.
{"title":"Two-Photon Precision Spectroscopy of the 1S-2S Transition of Atomic Hydrogen","authors":"T. Hänsch, F. Schmidt-Kaler, M. Weitz, D. Leibfried, C. Zimmermann, L. Ricci, R. Wynands, T. Andreae, W. König","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.tuc1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.tuc1","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen, the simplest of the stable atoms, provides unique opportunities for critical confrontations of spectroscopic experiment and quantum electrodynamic theory. Recent advances in the generation, stabilization, and measurement of optical frequencies are extending radiofrequency resolution and accuracy into the ultraviolet spectral region. Precise measurements and comparisons of the optical frequencies of sharp hydrogen two-photon transitions are yielding new values of fundamental constants, and they are permitting stringent new tests of basic physics laws.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132645096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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