Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1111/plb.70136
I Pettazzoni, G Benati, S Monari, E De Angelis, L Navarini, M Ferri, A Tassoni
This study explores how bioactive compounds in green coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.) vary across different geographic regions, addressing the key question of how environmental factors shape coffee biochemistry and adaptation mechanisms to diverse conditions. Identifying these variations provides insight into how environmental and processing factors influence coffee's sensory quality. Samples from six major coffee-producing regions were analysed for key bioactive compounds, including biogenic amines, caffeine, trigonelline, sucrose, free amino acids, and phenolics. Total polyphenol content and polyamine concentrations were measured, and PCA was used to differentiate samples based on chemical composition. A correlation analysis was specifically conducted for Brazilian samples, using meteorological and environmental data. Total polyphenol content ranged from 44.8 to 70.7 mg GAeq g-1 FW, with Brazilian samples having the highest levels. Putrescine, the most abundant polyamine, varied significantly (0.02-1.9 μg g-1 FW). PCA highlighted Ethiopian samples with high sucrose and low caffeine. Brazilian samples showed distinct separation based on key compounds, including putrescine, trigonelline, and amino acids. Environmental factors in Brazil correlated with polyamine and amino acid composition, suggesting associations with heat and drought tolerance. Environmental factors, particularly heat and drought, influence the biochemical profile of coffee beans. Polyamine levels correlate with stress tolerance, while amino acid composition reflects adaptations for osmotic protection. These findings enhance our understanding of coffee's biochemical adaptation to diverse climates and offer valuable insights for optimizing cultivation strategies in the face of climate change.
{"title":"Geographic provenance and environmental growing conditions as factors influencing phytochemical composition of Arabica green coffee beans.","authors":"I Pettazzoni, G Benati, S Monari, E De Angelis, L Navarini, M Ferri, A Tassoni","doi":"10.1111/plb.70136","DOIUrl":"10.1111/plb.70136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores how bioactive compounds in green coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.) vary across different geographic regions, addressing the key question of how environmental factors shape coffee biochemistry and adaptation mechanisms to diverse conditions. Identifying these variations provides insight into how environmental and processing factors influence coffee's sensory quality. Samples from six major coffee-producing regions were analysed for key bioactive compounds, including biogenic amines, caffeine, trigonelline, sucrose, free amino acids, and phenolics. Total polyphenol content and polyamine concentrations were measured, and PCA was used to differentiate samples based on chemical composition. A correlation analysis was specifically conducted for Brazilian samples, using meteorological and environmental data. Total polyphenol content ranged from 44.8 to 70.7 mg GAeq g<sup>-1</sup> FW, with Brazilian samples having the highest levels. Putrescine, the most abundant polyamine, varied significantly (0.02-1.9 μg g<sup>-1</sup> FW). PCA highlighted Ethiopian samples with high sucrose and low caffeine. Brazilian samples showed distinct separation based on key compounds, including putrescine, trigonelline, and amino acids. Environmental factors in Brazil correlated with polyamine and amino acid composition, suggesting associations with heat and drought tolerance. Environmental factors, particularly heat and drought, influence the biochemical profile of coffee beans. Polyamine levels correlate with stress tolerance, while amino acid composition reflects adaptations for osmotic protection. These findings enhance our understanding of coffee's biochemical adaptation to diverse climates and offer valuable insights for optimizing cultivation strategies in the face of climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":220,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biology","volume":" ","pages":"520-534"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145494160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1111/plb.70154
B A López-Ruiz, V T Juárez González, R F Jiménez-Ortega, J L Reyes, T D Dinkova
Trans-acting small interfering RNA (tasiRNAs) are a special type of endogenous small RNAs (sRNAs) found only in plants. Their biogenesis requires an initial miRNA-mediated cleavage of RNA precursors transcribed from TAS genes. TasiRNAs act in trans to silence gene expression by cleaving mRNAs with sequences partially complementary to their own. While Arabidopsis thaliana contains several TAS genes not found in other plants, the miR390-TAS3-ARF pathway is highly conserved among land plant lineages. This pathway exerts its function by silencing a subgroup of Auxin Response Factor (ARF) genes; these tasiRNAs are termed tasiR-ARFs. Many downstream auxin signals are mediated by ARFs acting as transcription factors to confer sensitivity and robustness to the hormone responses in diverse development contexts. These pathway functions are critical for plant growth, developmental timing, and correct organ patterning, such as leaf morphology and polarity, lateral root architecture, and flowering, as well as coping with stress. The phenotypes caused by mutations affecting tasiR-ARF production vary across plant species, showing pleiotropic effects, suggesting a co-opted process where the tasiR-ARF pathway evolution occurred to serve different functions, depending on plant developmental cues. One way to unify the diverse roles of this pathway would be through auxin response integration, possibly by exploring the evolution of ARF3 transcription factors and downstream genes. In this review, we discuss versatility of the tasiR-ARF pathway in land plants according to known developmental and environmental responses where the phytohormone auxin plays an essential role.
{"title":"The tasiR-ARF pathway in plants: origin, functions, and interplay of miR-390, tasiRNAs and ARF3.","authors":"B A López-Ruiz, V T Juárez González, R F Jiménez-Ortega, J L Reyes, T D Dinkova","doi":"10.1111/plb.70154","DOIUrl":"10.1111/plb.70154","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trans-acting small interfering RNA (tasiRNAs) are a special type of endogenous small RNAs (sRNAs) found only in plants. Their biogenesis requires an initial miRNA-mediated cleavage of RNA precursors transcribed from TAS genes. TasiRNAs act in trans to silence gene expression by cleaving mRNAs with sequences partially complementary to their own. While Arabidopsis thaliana contains several TAS genes not found in other plants, the miR390-TAS3-ARF pathway is highly conserved among land plant lineages. This pathway exerts its function by silencing a subgroup of Auxin Response Factor (ARF) genes; these tasiRNAs are termed tasiR-ARFs. Many downstream auxin signals are mediated by ARFs acting as transcription factors to confer sensitivity and robustness to the hormone responses in diverse development contexts. These pathway functions are critical for plant growth, developmental timing, and correct organ patterning, such as leaf morphology and polarity, lateral root architecture, and flowering, as well as coping with stress. The phenotypes caused by mutations affecting tasiR-ARF production vary across plant species, showing pleiotropic effects, suggesting a co-opted process where the tasiR-ARF pathway evolution occurred to serve different functions, depending on plant developmental cues. One way to unify the diverse roles of this pathway would be through auxin response integration, possibly by exploring the evolution of ARF3 transcription factors and downstream genes. In this review, we discuss versatility of the tasiR-ARF pathway in land plants according to known developmental and environmental responses where the phytohormone auxin plays an essential role.</p>","PeriodicalId":220,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biology","volume":" ","pages":"328-344"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145739995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K Nsiri, M Hmissi, N Baccari, K Bouzidi, M J G Del Rosal, A Krouma
Iron deficiency is a common nutritional disorder observed in calcareous soils, where its resolution by classical methods has shown its failure. However, the exploitation of certain potentialities possessed by crops (rhizosphere acidification, H-ATPase; Fe chelate reductase, FeCR, etc.), and the use of some biostimulants remains most efficient and sustainable approach. A greenhouse experiment was conducted on common bean plants subjected (FeD), or not (control, C) to Fe deficiency, or subjected to Fe deficiency and sprayed with 1 mM indole-3-acetic acid (FeD-IAA). The key physio-biochemical traits developed by plants in the different treatments, and their interrelationships were analysed. Iron deficiency induced specific Fe chlorosis, reduced chlorophyll and disrupted photosystem II performance. Plant growth and Fe concentration also significantly decreased, despite the stimulation of H-ATPase and FeCR activities. However, exogenous IAA application alleviated the adverse effects of FeD, particularly through promoted H-ATPase and FeCR activities, and Fe2+ concentration. The polar transport of IAA promoted root growth, H-ATPase and FeCR activities under FeD. The resulted Fe promotes chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthetic functioning. The calculated rhizosphere acidification capacity (RAC) and Fe chelate reductase capacity (FeCRC) are two useful traits for tolerant plant screening. The exogenous IAA application is a useful, efficient and eco-friendly approach for Fe-chlorosis alleviation. It promotes soil quality through the improvement of the soluble, plant-available form of iron.
{"title":"Exogenous IAA application alleviated altered physiological and biochemical processes through promoting H-ATPase and Fe chelate reductase activities in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) subjected to iron deficiency.","authors":"K Nsiri, M Hmissi, N Baccari, K Bouzidi, M J G Del Rosal, A Krouma","doi":"10.1111/plb.70184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.70184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Iron deficiency is a common nutritional disorder observed in calcareous soils, where its resolution by classical methods has shown its failure. However, the exploitation of certain potentialities possessed by crops (rhizosphere acidification, H-ATPase; Fe chelate reductase, FeCR, etc.), and the use of some biostimulants remains most efficient and sustainable approach. A greenhouse experiment was conducted on common bean plants subjected (FeD), or not (control, C) to Fe deficiency, or subjected to Fe deficiency and sprayed with 1 mM indole-3-acetic acid (FeD-IAA). The key physio-biochemical traits developed by plants in the different treatments, and their interrelationships were analysed. Iron deficiency induced specific Fe chlorosis, reduced chlorophyll and disrupted photosystem II performance. Plant growth and Fe concentration also significantly decreased, despite the stimulation of H-ATPase and FeCR activities. However, exogenous IAA application alleviated the adverse effects of FeD, particularly through promoted H-ATPase and FeCR activities, and Fe<sup>2+</sup> concentration. The polar transport of IAA promoted root growth, H-ATPase and FeCR activities under FeD. The resulted Fe promotes chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthetic functioning. The calculated rhizosphere acidification capacity (RAC) and Fe chelate reductase capacity (FeCRC) are two useful traits for tolerant plant screening. The exogenous IAA application is a useful, efficient and eco-friendly approach for Fe-chlorosis alleviation. It promotes soil quality through the improvement of the soluble, plant-available form of iron.</p>","PeriodicalId":220,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146103519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
European grassland plants are frequently attacked by root hemiparasites. However, little is known about host defence responses to parasitism. We investigated whether prior parasitization by a root hemiparasite makes hosts more susceptible to parasitism or, on the contrary, stimulates host defence against a future attack by hemiparasites. We grew three host species (Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens and Sanguisorba minor) in phase 1 for 3 months with the hemiparasite Rhinanthus alectorolophus, removed the parasite and grew the same host individuals in phase 2 with the hemiparasites R. alectorolophus or Melampyrum arvense. Previous infection by a parasite reduced the survival of the seedlings of Rhinanthus and Melampyrum with all host species but increased the biomass of the surviving parasites. A previous infection reduced the biomass of the hosts in most treatment combinations, but variation in initial host biomass at the start of phase 2 only partly explained this effect. Some of these interactions were specific to particular parasite-host species combinations. The results indicate that infection by root hemiparasites induces in the hosts defence mechanisms against future infection by the parasites (increased pre-attachment resistance), but parasite individuals that overcome this defence may then also be particularly good at exploiting the hosts (no increased post-attachment resistance). Thus, infection by root hemiparasites may activate host defence pathways that can influence future interactions with herbivores and pathogens and thus community dynamics.
{"title":"Induced defence by a root hemiparasite increases host plant resistance against future infection.","authors":"S C Wanke, D Matthies","doi":"10.1111/plb.70187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.70187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>European grassland plants are frequently attacked by root hemiparasites. However, little is known about host defence responses to parasitism. We investigated whether prior parasitization by a root hemiparasite makes hosts more susceptible to parasitism or, on the contrary, stimulates host defence against a future attack by hemiparasites. We grew three host species (Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens and Sanguisorba minor) in phase 1 for 3 months with the hemiparasite Rhinanthus alectorolophus, removed the parasite and grew the same host individuals in phase 2 with the hemiparasites R. alectorolophus or Melampyrum arvense. Previous infection by a parasite reduced the survival of the seedlings of Rhinanthus and Melampyrum with all host species but increased the biomass of the surviving parasites. A previous infection reduced the biomass of the hosts in most treatment combinations, but variation in initial host biomass at the start of phase 2 only partly explained this effect. Some of these interactions were specific to particular parasite-host species combinations. The results indicate that infection by root hemiparasites induces in the hosts defence mechanisms against future infection by the parasites (increased pre-attachment resistance), but parasite individuals that overcome this defence may then also be particularly good at exploiting the hosts (no increased post-attachment resistance). Thus, infection by root hemiparasites may activate host defence pathways that can influence future interactions with herbivores and pathogens and thus community dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":220,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146099743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y Zhang, Y Ge, M Xie, M Luo, B Jiang, X Zhu, Y Zhang
Vessel length in xylem of woody species is a key functional trait for understanding water transport mechanisms, directly influencing xylem hydraulic efficiency and safety. However, the accurate measurements of vessel length are susceptible to methodological variations. This study employed silicone injection, air injection and pneumatic method on eight subtropical woody branches to compare their applicability, accuracy and limitations for measuring vessel length and its distribution pattern. The results demonstrated that the vessel length distribution curves in three methods all showed an asymmetric unimodal right-skewed distribution. Both mean and mode vessel lengths of eight species obtained from the pneumatic and air injection methods showed no significant differences and were all higher than that from the silicone injection method. Besides, across all vessel diameter ranges in eight species, both mean and mode vessel lengths showed significant positive correlations among the three methods. However, the correlations became weakened in wide vessel species, especially for the silicone injection data. Moreover, vessel lengths were significantly positively related to the vessel diameter in eight species. This study provides empirical evidence for selecting appropriate methods to measure vessel length, which has a crucial role in determining water transport functions in the xylem of plants.
{"title":"A comparative study of vessel length measurements in branches of eight subtropical woody species based on three methods.","authors":"Y Zhang, Y Ge, M Xie, M Luo, B Jiang, X Zhu, Y Zhang","doi":"10.1111/plb.70188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.70188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vessel length in xylem of woody species is a key functional trait for understanding water transport mechanisms, directly influencing xylem hydraulic efficiency and safety. However, the accurate measurements of vessel length are susceptible to methodological variations. This study employed silicone injection, air injection and pneumatic method on eight subtropical woody branches to compare their applicability, accuracy and limitations for measuring vessel length and its distribution pattern. The results demonstrated that the vessel length distribution curves in three methods all showed an asymmetric unimodal right-skewed distribution. Both mean and mode vessel lengths of eight species obtained from the pneumatic and air injection methods showed no significant differences and were all higher than that from the silicone injection method. Besides, across all vessel diameter ranges in eight species, both mean and mode vessel lengths showed significant positive correlations among the three methods. However, the correlations became weakened in wide vessel species, especially for the silicone injection data. Moreover, vessel lengths were significantly positively related to the vessel diameter in eight species. This study provides empirical evidence for selecting appropriate methods to measure vessel length, which has a crucial role in determining water transport functions in the xylem of plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":220,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146099773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Photoreceptors perceive light to assist plants to adapt to diurnal changes under varying environmental conditions. Among them, phytochromes act as photoreceptors for red or far-red light, regulating numerous developmental processes in plants; however, their roles in nutrient ion uptake remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effect of phytochrome A (phyA) deficiency on nutrient ion uptake and photosynthetic activity in wild-type (WT) plants and phyA-deficient mutants (phyA mutants) grown hydroponically, and productivity of mature plants in paddy fields in rice (Oryza sativa L.). We found that the uptake of various nutrient ions and photosynthetic CO2 assimilation increased in phyA mutants grown hydroponically with abundant nutrients. Moreover, grain and shoot dry weights were improved in phyA mutants grown in a paddy field under doubled fertilizer amounts in comparison with the recommended doses for WT plants. Quantification of mineral nutrients in grains revealed no difference in mineral nutrient content between WT plants and phyA mutants, despite phyA mutants showing increased grain weight per plant. Taken together, these results indicate that phyA mutants possess favourable agronomic traits that enhance productivity through improved nutrient utilization.
光感受器通过感知光来帮助植物适应不同环境条件下的昼夜变化。其中,光敏色素作为红光或远红光的光感受器,调节植物的许多发育过程;然而,它们在营养离子吸收中的作用在很大程度上仍未被探索。本研究研究了光敏色素A (phytochrome A, phyA)缺乏对野生型(WT)和水培型(phyA mutants)植株营养离子吸收和光合活性的影响,以及水稻(Oryza sativa L.)成熟植株产量的影响。我们发现,在营养丰富的水培条件下生长的phyA突变体对各种营养离子的吸收和光合CO2同化增加。此外,在稻田中生长的phyA突变体的籽粒和茎干重比WT植株的推荐用量增加了一倍。籽粒中矿质营养素的定量分析显示,尽管phyA突变体的单株粒重增加,但WT植株和phyA突变体的矿质营养素含量没有差异。综上所述,这些结果表明,phyA突变体具有良好的农艺性状,通过提高养分利用率来提高生产力。
{"title":"Phytochrome A deficiency improves nutrient ion uptake and productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.).","authors":"M Iwamoto, M Furuya, K Baba","doi":"10.1111/plb.70180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.70180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photoreceptors perceive light to assist plants to adapt to diurnal changes under varying environmental conditions. Among them, phytochromes act as photoreceptors for red or far-red light, regulating numerous developmental processes in plants; however, their roles in nutrient ion uptake remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effect of phytochrome A (phyA) deficiency on nutrient ion uptake and photosynthetic activity in wild-type (WT) plants and phyA-deficient mutants (phyA mutants) grown hydroponically, and productivity of mature plants in paddy fields in rice (Oryza sativa L.). We found that the uptake of various nutrient ions and photosynthetic CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation increased in phyA mutants grown hydroponically with abundant nutrients. Moreover, grain and shoot dry weights were improved in phyA mutants grown in a paddy field under doubled fertilizer amounts in comparison with the recommended doses for WT plants. Quantification of mineral nutrients in grains revealed no difference in mineral nutrient content between WT plants and phyA mutants, despite phyA mutants showing increased grain weight per plant. Taken together, these results indicate that phyA mutants possess favourable agronomic traits that enhance productivity through improved nutrient utilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":220,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
X Liu, J Wang, K Wang, K Huang, Z Dong, M G Moussa, C Hu, S Wu, Q Tan, X Sun
Magnesium (Mg) leaching in acidic soils poses a significant challenge to sustainable agriculture. While nanotechnology offers potential solutions, the efficacy of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) in mitigating Mg loss remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of MgO-NPs on tomato growth and Mg migration in acidic soil using a soil column experiment, comparing them with conventional bulk MgO and MgSO4. Our results demonstrated that MgO-NPs were the most effective treatment in reducing Mg leaching, showing a significantly lower Mg migration flux than MgSO4 in tomatoes. Concurrently, MgO-NPs substantially increased exchangeable Mg content in the topsoil (0-20 cm) by over 113% and improved soil pH, thereby enhancing the retention of other key nutrients such as potassium and calcium. These improvements in the soil environment translated into enhanced plant performance: MgO-NPs significantly boosted chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, and mineral nutrient accumulation, which collectively led to increased plant growth and superior fruit yield and quality. In conclusion, MgO-NPs present a highly promising sustainable amendment for acidic soils, outperforming traditional Mg fertilizers by simultaneously minimizing nutrient leaching and promoting tomato productivity.
{"title":"Magnesium oxide nanoparticles enhance tomato growth and magnesium uptake with reduced leaching in acidic soils.","authors":"X Liu, J Wang, K Wang, K Huang, Z Dong, M G Moussa, C Hu, S Wu, Q Tan, X Sun","doi":"10.1111/plb.70175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.70175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnesium (Mg) leaching in acidic soils poses a significant challenge to sustainable agriculture. While nanotechnology offers potential solutions, the efficacy of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) in mitigating Mg loss remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of MgO-NPs on tomato growth and Mg migration in acidic soil using a soil column experiment, comparing them with conventional bulk MgO and MgSO<sub>4</sub>. Our results demonstrated that MgO-NPs were the most effective treatment in reducing Mg leaching, showing a significantly lower Mg migration flux than MgSO<sub>4</sub> in tomatoes. Concurrently, MgO-NPs substantially increased exchangeable Mg content in the topsoil (0-20 cm) by over 113% and improved soil pH, thereby enhancing the retention of other key nutrients such as potassium and calcium. These improvements in the soil environment translated into enhanced plant performance: MgO-NPs significantly boosted chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, and mineral nutrient accumulation, which collectively led to increased plant growth and superior fruit yield and quality. In conclusion, MgO-NPs present a highly promising sustainable amendment for acidic soils, outperforming traditional Mg fertilizers by simultaneously minimizing nutrient leaching and promoting tomato productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":220,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146016662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Distylous species have populations with two floral morphs bearing stigmas and anthers positioned reciprocally. This arrangement, assisted by the flower-pollinator fit, facilitates pollen deposition in different parts of pollinators' bodies, promoting outcrossing between morphs (i.e., legitimate pollen deposition - LPD). Typically, distyly occurs in one dimension (i.e., in height; 1D-heterostyly) but it can also appear as 3D-heterostyly, with stamens and styles bent and twisted. It is hypothesized that 3D-heterostyly improves reciprocity and LPD, reducing pollen loss compared to 1D-heterostyly. Variations in pollinator assemblages may lead to divergent selective pressures, resulting in different degrees of reciprocity and pollen flow patterns among populations of 1D- and 3D-heterostylous species. We tested these hypotheses in Linum tenue (1D-heterostyly) and L. suffruticosum (3D-heterostyly) using data on pollen deposition on stigmas, pollinators and reciprocity from six natural populations occupying contrasting environmental conditions in Spain. LPD was higher in L. suffruticosum than in L. tenue only when specialized pollinators predominated (Usia bee flies; Bombyliidae). Both pollinator frequency and the reciprocity of sex organs were associated with LPD in L. suffruticosum. In contrast, L. tenue showed consistently moderate LPD and high reciprocity across populations, despite variation in pollinator assemblages. However, frequent spontaneous self-pollination in L. tenue might reduce LPD on its stigmas. 3D-heterostyly appears more effective in specific pollination contexts but may be vulnerable to shifts in pollinator availability. In 1D-heterostylous populations, the independence of LPD from pollinator assemblage composition may explain the prevalence of 1D-heterostyly, although persistent spontaneous self-pollination in L. tenue could threaten the long-term maintenance of polymorphism.
{"title":"Legitimate pollen transfer in one- and three-dimensional heterostylous species under different environmental conditions.","authors":"L R Novaes, V Simón-Porcar, S J Mazer, J Arroyo","doi":"10.1111/plb.70171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.70171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Distylous species have populations with two floral morphs bearing stigmas and anthers positioned reciprocally. This arrangement, assisted by the flower-pollinator fit, facilitates pollen deposition in different parts of pollinators' bodies, promoting outcrossing between morphs (i.e., legitimate pollen deposition - LPD). Typically, distyly occurs in one dimension (i.e., in height; 1D-heterostyly) but it can also appear as 3D-heterostyly, with stamens and styles bent and twisted. It is hypothesized that 3D-heterostyly improves reciprocity and LPD, reducing pollen loss compared to 1D-heterostyly. Variations in pollinator assemblages may lead to divergent selective pressures, resulting in different degrees of reciprocity and pollen flow patterns among populations of 1D- and 3D-heterostylous species. We tested these hypotheses in Linum tenue (1D-heterostyly) and L. suffruticosum (3D-heterostyly) using data on pollen deposition on stigmas, pollinators and reciprocity from six natural populations occupying contrasting environmental conditions in Spain. LPD was higher in L. suffruticosum than in L. tenue only when specialized pollinators predominated (Usia bee flies; Bombyliidae). Both pollinator frequency and the reciprocity of sex organs were associated with LPD in L. suffruticosum. In contrast, L. tenue showed consistently moderate LPD and high reciprocity across populations, despite variation in pollinator assemblages. However, frequent spontaneous self-pollination in L. tenue might reduce LPD on its stigmas. 3D-heterostyly appears more effective in specific pollination contexts but may be vulnerable to shifts in pollinator availability. In 1D-heterostylous populations, the independence of LPD from pollinator assemblage composition may explain the prevalence of 1D-heterostyly, although persistent spontaneous self-pollination in L. tenue could threaten the long-term maintenance of polymorphism.</p>","PeriodicalId":220,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146007943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C Le Noir de Carlan, E Verbruggen, L Colaert-Sentenac, M Cougnon, P Sigurðsson, B D Sigurdsson, J Debode, C De Tender
Global change affects plant performance, both directly through warming and indirectly through changes in their biotic and abiotic surroundings. Soil microbes can critically influence plant performance, but are vulnerable to warming themselves. Disentangling direct effects of warming on plants from those intermediated by changes in microbial populations is complex under field conditions. To distinguish those effects, we monitored the performance of Agrostis capillaris and Anthoxanthum odoratum grown under uniform and controlled glasshouse conditions in soils inoculated with soil microbiomes conditioned by ambient, medium (14 years; MTW) or long-term (>55 years; LTW) geothermal warming. This was replicated under normal watering or drought conditions to additionally assess stress resistance. Furthermore, we analysed the microbiome of the inocula through metabarcoding to identify root-associated fungi and compare their relative abundance under different warming conditions. We found a decreased belowground biomass of both plant species when grown with LTW-conditioned microbiomes, with an exacerbated effect under drought for Ag. capillaris. We did not observe an associated increase in aboveground biomass, resulting in an increased aboveground biomass:belowground biomass ratio. These changes coincided with concurrent increases in the relative abundance of putative plant pathogens and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We therefore conclude that soil microbes can mediate warming effects on plant performance through reduced belowground biomass.
{"title":"Soil microbiomes conditioned by long-term warming affect plant belowground performance.","authors":"C Le Noir de Carlan, E Verbruggen, L Colaert-Sentenac, M Cougnon, P Sigurðsson, B D Sigurdsson, J Debode, C De Tender","doi":"10.1111/plb.70182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.70182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Global change affects plant performance, both directly through warming and indirectly through changes in their biotic and abiotic surroundings. Soil microbes can critically influence plant performance, but are vulnerable to warming themselves. Disentangling direct effects of warming on plants from those intermediated by changes in microbial populations is complex under field conditions. To distinguish those effects, we monitored the performance of Agrostis capillaris and Anthoxanthum odoratum grown under uniform and controlled glasshouse conditions in soils inoculated with soil microbiomes conditioned by ambient, medium (14 years; MTW) or long-term (>55 years; LTW) geothermal warming. This was replicated under normal watering or drought conditions to additionally assess stress resistance. Furthermore, we analysed the microbiome of the inocula through metabarcoding to identify root-associated fungi and compare their relative abundance under different warming conditions. We found a decreased belowground biomass of both plant species when grown with LTW-conditioned microbiomes, with an exacerbated effect under drought for Ag. capillaris. We did not observe an associated increase in aboveground biomass, resulting in an increased aboveground biomass:belowground biomass ratio. These changes coincided with concurrent increases in the relative abundance of putative plant pathogens and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We therefore conclude that soil microbes can mediate warming effects on plant performance through reduced belowground biomass.</p>","PeriodicalId":220,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146002717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plants are multicellular organisms composed of diverse cell types, each with its own distinct mRNA, protein and metabolite profile. In addition, each cell type exhibits developmental gradients that require fine-tuned balancing with neighbouring cells in terms of cell geometry and chromatin status. These factors highlight the need for precise knowledge of gene expression and chromatin dynamics during stress responses at the single-cell level in planta, linked to cell position and fate. In this viewpoint, we discuss the importance of spatial cell biology in situ methods in modern plant research and briefly compare it with the methods currently available for studying single-cell resolution.
{"title":"Molecular biology needs a map: spatial in situ approaches in plant science.","authors":"T Pasternak, O Yaroshko","doi":"10.1111/plb.70178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.70178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants are multicellular organisms composed of diverse cell types, each with its own distinct mRNA, protein and metabolite profile. In addition, each cell type exhibits developmental gradients that require fine-tuned balancing with neighbouring cells in terms of cell geometry and chromatin status. These factors highlight the need for precise knowledge of gene expression and chromatin dynamics during stress responses at the single-cell level in planta, linked to cell position and fate. In this viewpoint, we discuss the importance of spatial cell biology in situ methods in modern plant research and briefly compare it with the methods currently available for studying single-cell resolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":220,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146002789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}