Sociological Science最新文献

英文中文

Opportunities for Faculty Tenure at Globally Ranked Universities: Cross-National Differences by Gender, Fields, and Tenure Status 全球排名靠前的大学中教师终身教职的机会：不同性别、领域和终身教职地位的跨国差异

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.15195/v11.a39

Mana Nakagawa, Christine Min Wotipka, Elizabeth Buckner

Drawing on a unique data set of almost 12,000 faculty members from 52 globally ranked universities in four fields (sociology, biology, history, and engineering), this study describes and explains gender differences in tenure among faculty across 13 countries. In our sample, women comprise roughly one-third of all faculty and only 23 percent of tenured faculty, with significant variation across fields and countries. Findings from a series of multilevel regression analyses suggest support for a gender filter argument: women are less likely to be tenured overall and in every field. Opportunities for tenure also matter. In countries with very low- and high-tenure rates, women are much less likely to be tenured relative to men than in countries with pathways both into and upward in academia.

本研究利用来自四个领域（社会学、生物学、历史学和工程学）52 所全球排名靠前的大学的近 12,000 名教职员工的独特数据集，描述并解释了 13 个国家的教职员工在终身教职方面的性别差异。在我们的样本中，女性约占所有教职员工的三分之一，仅占终身教职员工的 23%，不同领域和国家之间存在显著差异。一系列多层次回归分析的结果表明，性别过滤器的论点得到了支持：总体而言，女性在各个领域获得终身教职的可能性都较低。终身教职的机会也很重要。在终身教职率很低和很高的国家，女性获得终身教职的可能性比男性低得多，而在学术界有进入和上升途径的国家，女性获得终身教职的可能性比男性低得多。

引用次数: 0

Some Birds Have Mixed Feathers: Bringing the Multiracial Population into the Study of Race Homophily 有些鸟儿羽毛混杂：将多种族人口纳入种族同质性研究

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.15195/v11.a38

David R. Schaefer, Sara I. Villalta, Victoria Vezaldenos, Adriana J. Umaña-Taylor

Research on race homophily in the United States has yet to meaningfully include the growing multiracial population. The present study confronts this challenge by drawing upon recent conceptualizations of race as a multidimensional construct. In aligning this insight with current understandings of homophily, we identify and address several open questions about the origins of race homophily—namely regarding the possibility of peer influence on racial identity and network selection based on multiple facets of race. Data are from 3,036 youth in two large U.S. high schools with sizable proportions of mixed-race students. Using a stochastic actor-oriented model, we find that students choose friends based on similarity across multiple dimensions of racial identity and that peer influence operates to reinforce multiracial youths' racial self-classification rather than to induce change. This points to a system where race homophily arises through multiple selection mechanisms and is reinforced by pressure toward conformity.

有关美国种族同质性的研究尚未将日益增长的多种族人口纳入研究范围。本研究将种族作为一个多维的概念，以此来应对这一挑战。在将这一观点与当前对同族关系的理解相结合的过程中，我们发现并解决了有关种族同族关系起源的几个未决问题--即同伴对种族认同的影响以及基于种族多面性的网络选择的可能性。数据来自美国两所大型高中的 3036 名青少年，其中混血学生占相当大的比例。利用随机行为者导向模型，我们发现学生会根据种族身份的多个维度的相似性来选择朋友，而同伴的影响会强化多种族青少年的种族自我分类，而不是促使其改变。这说明在一个系统中，种族同质性是通过多重选择机制产生的，并通过趋同压力得到强化。

引用次数: 0

Gender Segregation and Decision-Making in Undergraduate Course-Taking 本科生选课中的性别隔离与决策

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.15195/v11.a37

Marissa E. Thompson, Tobias Dalberg, Elizabeth E. Bruch

Gender segregation across fields of study is a persistent problem in higher education. Although a large body of literature has illustrated both gendered patterns in major choice as well as overall gender segregation across academic majors, comparatively less attention has been paid to an important building block for gender inequality: college courses. In this study, we examine the process of how students choose courses and the implications for gender segregation. Drawing on a unique data set that includes individual-level consideration and choice data from an entire cohort of university students choosing their first college courses, we examine both gender segregation at the college course level as well as the extent to which individual decision-making processes are themselves gendered. We find that course gender composition serves as a screener at the consideration stage, which suggests that gender segregation in decision-making emerges at the outset of the choice process. Once a subset of considered options has been established, final choices are much less influenced by course gender compositions. Furthermore, we find that courses are much more gender-segregated, on average, than majors themselves, illustrating that segregation is occurring at a more microlevel than commonly studied.

不同专业之间的性别隔离是高等教育中一个长期存在的问题。尽管有大量文献阐述了专业选择中的性别模式以及学科专业间的整体性别隔离，但对性别不平等的一个重要组成部分--大学课程--的关注却相对较少。在本研究中，我们考察了学生选择课程的过程及其对性别隔离的影响。我们利用一个独特的数据集，其中包括来自选择大学第一门课程的整个大学生群体的个人层面的考虑和选择数据，研究了大学课程层面的性别隔离以及个人决策过程本身的性别化程度。我们发现，课程的性别构成在考虑阶段起到了筛选作用，这表明决策中的性别隔离在选择过程的一开始就出现了。一旦确定了考虑选项的子集，最终选择受课程性别构成的影响就会小得多。此外，我们还发现，课程的性别隔离程度平均要比专业本身的性别隔离程度高得多，这说明性别隔离是在比通常研究更微观的层面上发生的。

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引用次数: 0

Social Status and the Moral Acceptance of Artificial Intelligence 社会地位与人工智能的道德接受度

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.15195/v11.a36

Patrick Schenk, Vanessa A. Müller, Luca Keiser

The morality of artificial intelligence (AI) has become a contentious topic in academic and public debates. We argue that AIs moral acceptance depends not only on its ability to accomplish a task in line with moral norms but also on the social status attributed to AI. Agent type (AI vs. computer program vs. human), gender, and organizational membership impact moral permissibility. In a factorial survey experiment, 578 participants rated the moral acceptability of agents performing a task (e.g., cancer diagnostics). We find that using AI is judged less morally acceptable than employing human agents. AI used in high-status organizations is judged more morally acceptable than in low-status organizations. No differences were found between computer programs and AI. Neither anthropomorphic nor gender framing had an effect. Thus, human agents in high-status organizations receive a moral surplus purely based on their structural position in a cultural status hierarchy regardless of their actual performance.

人工智能（AI）的道德问题已成为学术界和公众争论的一个有争议的话题。我们认为，人工智能在道德上是否被接受，不仅取决于其完成符合道德规范的任务的能力，还取决于赋予人工智能的社会地位。人工智能的类型（人工智能 vs. 计算机程序 vs. 人类）、性别和组织成员身份都会影响道德许可度。在一项因子调查实验中，578 名参与者对执行任务（如癌症诊断）的代理的道德可接受性进行了评分。我们发现，与使用人类代理相比，使用人工智能在道德上的可接受性较低。在地位较高的组织中使用人工智能比在地位较低的组织中使用人工智能在道德上更容易被接受。计算机程序和人工智能之间没有差异。拟人化和性别框架都没有影响。因此，高地位组织中的人类代理获得道德盈余完全是基于他们在文化地位等级中的结构性地位，而与他们的实际表现无关。

引用次数: 0

Can't Catch a Break: Intersectional Inequalities at Work. 抓不住机会：工作中的交叉不平等。

IF 2.7 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.15195/v11.a10

Kristen Harknett, Charlotte O'Herron, Evelyn Bellew

The labor market is the site of longstanding and persistent inequalities across race and gender groups in hiring, compensation, and advancement. In this paper, we draw on data from 13,574 hourly service-sector workers to extend the study of intersectional labor market inequalities to workers' experience on the job. In the service sector, where workers are regularly expected to be on their feet for long hours and to contend with workloads that are intense and unrelenting, regular break time is an essential component of job quality and general well-being. Yet, we find that Black women are less likely than their counterparts to get a break during their work shift. Although union membership and laws mandating work breaks are effective in increasing access to breaks for workers overall, they do not ameliorate the inequality Black women face in access to work breaks within the service sector. A sobering implication is that worker power and labor protections can raise the floor on working conditions but leave inequalities intact. Our findings also have implications for racial health inequalities, as the routine daily stress of service sector takes a disproportionate toll on the health of Black women.

劳动力市场是不同种族和性别群体在雇佣、薪酬和晋升方面长期存在不平等现象的场所。在本文中，我们利用 13,574 名服务行业小时工的数据，将交叉劳动力市场不平等现象的研究扩展到工人的工作经历。在服务行业，工人们经常要长时间站立，还要应对紧张而无休止的工作量，因此，正常的休息时间是工作质量和总体福利的重要组成部分。然而，我们发现黑人妇女比她们的同龄人更不可能在工作期间得到休息。虽然工会会员资格和规定工休的法律能有效增加工人的整体工休机会，但它们并不能改善黑人妇女在服务行业内获得工休机会方面所面临的不平等。一个令人警醒的含义是，工人的力量和劳动保护可以提高工作条件的底线，但却会使不平等现象荡然无存。我们的研究结果还对种族健康不平等产生了影响，因为服务行业的日常压力对黑人女性的健康造成了极大的损害。

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引用次数: 0

Labor Market Consequences of Grandparenthood. 祖父母身份对劳动力市场的影响。

IF 2.7 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.15195/v11.a22

Won-Tak Joo, Felix Elwert, Martin D Munk

Little is known about the labor market consequences of becoming a grandparent. We estimate grandparenthood effects on labor supply and earnings using detailed multigenerational data from Danish population registers. Results show that the consequences of grandparenthood are unequally distributed and starkly patterned. Becoming a grandparent reduces hours worked and income, especially for grandmothers, more so when the grandchild is born to a daughter, and most when the grandmother's daughter gives birth as a teenager. Grandfathers also experience a reduction in hours worked (but not income) from their daughter's teen birth, but the reduction is much smaller than among grandmothers. The effects of a daughter's teen birth are further amplified for low-income grandmothers. Our results imply that childbearing has multigenerational consequences that are structured by gendered caregiving, the caregiving needs of the parent generation, and the delegating capacity of the grandparent generation.

人们对成为祖父母对劳动力市场的影响知之甚少。我们使用来自丹麦人口登记的详细的多代数据来估计祖父母对劳动力供应和收入的影响。结果表明，祖父母身份的后果分布不均，且模式明显。成为祖父母会减少工作时间和收入，尤其是对祖母来说，当孙子是女儿的时候，尤其是当祖母的女儿在十几岁时生下孩子时，这种情况会更严重。由于女儿在十几岁时出生，祖父的工作时间（但不是收入）也会减少，但减少的幅度比祖母小得多。对于低收入的祖母来说，女儿在青少年时期出生的影响进一步放大。我们的研究结果表明，生育具有多代后果，这是由性别照顾、父母一代的照顾需求和祖父母一代的委托能力构成的。

引用次数: 0

Money, Birth, Gender: Explaining Unequal Earnings Trajectories following Parenthood 金钱、出生、性别:解释为人父母后的不平等收入轨迹

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.15195/v10.a14

Weverthon Machado, Eva Jaspers

Using population register data from the Netherlands, we analyze the child penalty for new parents in three groups of couples: different-sex and female same-sex couples with a biological child and different-sex couples with an adopted child. With a longitudinal design, we follow parents' earnings from two years before to eight years after the arrival of the child and use event study models to estimate the effects of the transition to parenthood on earnings trajectories. Comparing different groups of couples allows us to test hypotheses related to three types of within-couple differences that are difficult to disentangle when studying only heterosexual biological parents: relative earnings, childbearing, and gender. Our results offer strong support for gender as the main driver of divergent child penalties. The gender of their partners is more consequential for mothers' earnings trajectories than is childbearing or the pre-parenthood relative earnings in the couple.

利用荷兰的人口登记数据，我们分析了三组夫妇对新父母的孩子惩罚:有亲生孩子的异性和女性同性夫妇和有收养孩子的异性夫妇。通过纵向设计，我们跟踪了父母从孩子出生前两年到孩子出生后八年的收入情况，并使用事件研究模型来估计父母转变为父母对收入轨迹的影响。比较不同的夫妇组可以让我们检验与三种类型的夫妻内部差异相关的假设，这些差异在只研究异性恋亲生父母时很难理清:相对收入、生育和性别。我们的研究结果有力地支持了性别是不同儿童惩罚的主要驱动因素。对母亲的收入轨迹来说，伴侣的性别比生育或生育前的相对收入更重要。

引用次数: 1

From Social Alignment to Social Control: Reporting the Taliban in Afghanistan 从社会结盟到社会控制:报道阿富汗的塔利班

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.15195/v10.a9

Patrick Bergemann, Austin L. Wright

In many settings, witnesses can report wrongdoing to internal authorities such as officials within an organization or to external authorities such as the police. We theorize this decision of where to report as rooted in the policing of group boundaries, as the use of different reporting channels symbolically affirms or disaffirms affiliation with different social categories. As such, both witnesses and other social actors have an interest in where witnesses report. We evaluate this theory using villagers' reporting of illegal Taliban activity in Afghanistan in 2017 and 2018, where witnesses could report externally (e.g., to the national police) or internally (e.g., to village elders). We show how responses to wrongdoing arose from the interaction between self and others' attitudes toward the Taliban, and we reveal how reporting can be simultaneously punitive for the wrongdoer and affiliative for the category to which the wrongdoer belongs.

在许多情况下，证人可以向内部机构(如组织官员)或外部机构(如警察)报告不法行为。我们将在哪里报告的决定理论化，认为这根植于群体边界的监管，因为使用不同的报告渠道象征性地肯定或否定了与不同社会类别的隶属关系。因此，证人和其他社会行为者都对证人报告的地点感兴趣。我们使用村民在2017年和2018年对阿富汗非法塔利班活动的报告来评估这一理论，目击者可以向外部(例如，向国家警察)或内部(例如，向村长老)报告。我们展示了对不法行为的反应是如何从自我和他人对塔利班的态度之间的相互作用中产生的，我们揭示了报道如何同时对不法行为者进行惩罚，并对不法行为者所属的类别产生从属关系。

引用次数: 1

Findings on Summer Learning Loss Often Fail to Replicate, Even in Recent Data 即使在最近的数据中，关于夏季学习损失的研究结果也往往无法复制

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.15195/v10.a8

Joseph Workman, Paul T. von Hippel, Joseph Merry

It is widely believed that (1) children lose months of reading and math skills over summer vacation and that (2) inequality in skills grows much faster during summer than during school. Concerns have been raised about the replicability of evidence for these claims, but an impression may exist that nonreplicable findings are limited to older studies. After reviewing the 100-year history of nonreplicable results on summer learning, we compared three recent data sources (ECLS- K:2011, NWEA, and Renaissance) that tracked U.S. elementary students' skills through school years and summers in the 2010s. Most patterns did not generalize beyond a single test. Summer losses looked substantial on some tests but not on others. Score gaps—between schools and students of different income levels, ethnicities, and genders—grew on some tests but not on others. The total variance of scores grew on some tests but not on others. On tests where gaps and variance grew, they did not consistently grow faster during summer than during school. Future research should demonstrate that a summer learning pattern replicates before drawing broad conclusions about learning or inequality.

人们普遍认为(1)孩子们在暑假期间失去了几个月的阅读和数学技能;(2)技能上的不平等在暑假期间比在学校期间增长得更快。人们对这些说法的证据的可复制性提出了担忧，但可能存在一种印象，即不可复制的发现仅限于较早的研究。在回顾了100年来关于夏季学习的不可复制的结果之后，我们比较了三个最近的数据来源(ECLS- K:2011, NWEA和Renaissance)，这些数据来源追踪了2010年代美国小学生在整个学年和夏季的技能。大多数模式都不能推广到单个测试之外。在一些测试中，夏季损失看起来很大，但在其他测试中则不然。不同收入水平、种族和性别的学校和学生之间的分数差距在一些测试中有所扩大，但在其他测试中没有。在一些测试中，分数的总方差增加了，但在其他测试中没有。在差距和差异增加的测试中，他们在夏季的增长速度并不总是比在校期间快。未来的研究应该证明，在得出关于学习或不平等的广泛结论之前，暑期学习模式是可以复制的。

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引用次数: 4

Homophily, Setbacks, and the Dissolution of Heterogeneous Ties: Evidence from Professional Tennis 同质性、挫折与异质性关系的消解:来自职业网球的证据

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.15195/v10.a7

Xuege (Cathy) Lu, Shinan Wang, Letian Zhang

Why do people engage with similar others despite ample opportunities to interact with dissimilar others? We argue that adversity or setbacks may have a stronger deteriorative effect on ties made up of dissimilar individuals, prompting people to give up on such ties more easily, which, over the long run, results in people forming ties with similar others. We examine this argument in the context of Association of Tennis Professionals tournaments, using data on 9,669 unique doubles pairs involving 1,812 unique players from 99 countries from 2000 to 2020. We find that doubles pairs with players from different countries are more likely to dissolve after a setback, especially if those countries lack social trust and connections with one another; this reality further contributes to the individual player's increased tendency to collaborate with same-country players in the next tournament. Our study has direct implications for interventions for diversity and inclusion.

尽管有很多机会与不同的人互动，为什么人们还是与相似的人交往?我们认为，逆境或挫折可能会对由不同个体组成的关系产生更强的恶化效应，促使人们更容易放弃这种关系，从长远来看，这导致人们与相似的人建立联系。我们在职业网球协会锦标赛的背景下检验了这一论点，使用了2000年至2020年来自99个国家的9669对独特双打的数据，涉及1812名独特的球员。我们发现，由不同国家选手组成的双打组合更有可能在遭遇挫折后解散，特别是当这些国家之间缺乏社会信任和联系时;这一现实进一步促进了个人球员在下一届比赛中更倾向于与本国球员合作。我们的研究对多样性和包容性的干预具有直接意义。

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全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

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