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Meta‐Attributes and Artificial Networking 元属性和人工网络
Pub Date : 2022-07-08 DOI: 10.1002/9781119481874
K. Sain, Priyadarshi Chinmoy Kumar
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引用次数: 5
About this title - The Carboniferous Timescale 关于这个题目——石炭纪的时间尺度
Pub Date : 2022-04-13 DOI: 10.1144/sp512
The Carboniferous was the time of the assembly of Pangaea by the collision of the Gondwanan and Larussian supercontinents, and the principal interval of the late Paleozoic ice ages. These tectonic and climatic events caused dramatic sea-level fluctuations and climate changes and produced a Carboniferous world that was diverse topographically and climatologically, perhaps only rivalled in that diversity by the late Cenozoic world. Furthermore, the Carboniferous was a time of the accumulation of vast coal deposits of great economic and societal significance. The temporal ordering of geological and biotic events during Carboniferous time thus is critical to the interpretation of some unique and pivotal events in Earth history. This temporal ordering is based on the Carboniferous timescale, which has been developed and refined for nearly two centuries. This book reviews the history of the development of the Carboniferous chronostratigraphic scale and includes comprehensive analyses of Carboniferous radioisotopic ages, magnetostratigraphy, isotope-based correlations, cyclostratigraphy and timescale-relevant marine and non-marine biostratigraphy and biochronology.
石炭纪是冈瓦南超大陆与拉俄斯超大陆碰撞形成泛大陆的时期,是晚古生代冰期的主要间歇期。这些构造和气候事件引起了剧烈的海平面波动和气候变化,并产生了一个在地形和气候上都很多样化的石炭纪世界,在这种多样性上,也许只有晚新生代世界才能与之匹敌。此外,石炭纪是一个积累了大量具有重大经济和社会意义的煤矿的时代。因此,石炭纪地质和生物事件的时间顺序对于解释地球历史上一些独特和关键的事件至关重要。这种时间顺序是基于石炭纪的时间尺度,它已经发展和完善了近两个世纪。这本书回顾了石炭系年代地层尺度的发展历史,包括石炭系放射性同位素年龄、磁地层学、同位素对比、旋回地层学和与时间尺度相关的海洋和非海洋生物地层学和生物年代学的综合分析。
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引用次数: 0
About this title - Large Igneous Provinces and their Plumbing Systems 关于这个标题-大火成岩省和他们的管道系统
Pub Date : 2022-03-09 DOI: 10.1144/sp518
R. Srivastava, R. Ernst, K. Buchan, M. de Kock
Identification of large-volume, short-duration mafic magmatic events of intraplate affinity in both continental and oceanic settings on the Earth and other planets provides invaluable clues for understanding several vital geological issues of current concern. Of particular importance is understanding the assembly and dispersal of supercontinents through Earth's history, dramatic climate change events including mass extinctions, and processes that have produced a wide range of large igneous province (LIP)-related resources, such as Ni–Cu–PGE, Au, U, base metals and petroleum. This volume comprises 21 contributions on the latest developments and new information on LIPs and their plumbing systems and presents methodical studies on different components of LIP plumbing systems. These articles are especially helpful in understanding continental break-up events, regional domal uplift and a variety of metallogenic systems, as well as the temporal and spatial distribution of LIPs, their origin and their likely links to mantle plumes/superplumes.
在地球和其他行星的大陆和海洋环境中,识别大容量、短时间的板内亲和性岩浆事件为理解当前关注的几个重要地质问题提供了宝贵的线索。特别重要的是了解地球历史上超级大陆的聚集和分散,包括大规模灭绝在内的剧烈气候变化事件,以及产生大量与大火成岩省(LIP)相关资源(如Ni-Cu-PGE, Au, U,贱金属和石油)的过程。本卷包括21篇关于LIP及其管道系统的最新发展和新信息的文章,并介绍了LIP管道系统的不同组成部分的系统研究。这些文章特别有助于理解大陆分裂事件、区域隆起和各种成矿系统,以及lip的时空分布、起源及其与地幔柱/超柱的可能联系。
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引用次数: 0
About this title - Lamprophyres, Lamproites and Related Rocks: Tracers to Supercontinent Cycles and Metallogenesis 煌斑岩、煌斑岩和相关岩石:超大陆旋回和成矿作用的示踪剂
Pub Date : 2022-01-21 DOI: 10.1144/sp513
L. Krmíček, N. C. Chalapathi Rao
Paleoproterozoic to Cenozoic lamprophyres, lamproites and related rock types (e.g., orangeites, kimberlites) are volatile-rich mafic magmatic rocks with a unique potential for the investigation of processes affecting mantle reservoirs. They originated from primary mantle-derived melts that intruded both cratons and off-craton regions, which were parts of former supercontinents – Columbia, Rodinia and Gondwana–Pangea. Well-known for hosting economic minerals and elements such as diamonds, base metals, gold and platinum-group elements, they are also significant for our understanding of deep-mantle processes, such as mantle metasomatism and mantle plume–lithosphere interactions, as well as large-scale geodynamic processes, such as subduction-related tectonics, and supercontinent amalgamation and break-up. This book aims to provide a timely overview of the state-of-the-art and recent advances as achieved by various research groups around the world. Mineralogical, geochemical, geochronological and isotope analyses are used to decipher the complex petrogenesis and metallogenesis of these extraordinary rocks, and unravel a complete history of tectonic events related to individual supercontinent cycles.
古元古代至新生代煌斑岩、煌斑岩及相关岩石类型(如橘岩、金伯利岩)是富含挥发物的基性岩浆岩,对研究影响地幔储层的过程具有独特的潜力。它们起源于侵入克拉通和离克拉通区域的原始地幔熔融体,这些区域是前超级大陆的一部分-哥伦比亚,罗丁尼亚和冈瓦纳-盘古大陆。它们以含有钻石、贱金属、金和铂族元素等经济矿物和元素而闻名,对我们理解地幔深部过程(如地幔交代作用和地幔柱-岩石圈相互作用)以及大尺度地球动力学过程(如俯冲相关构造、超大陆合并和破碎)也具有重要意义。这本书的目的是提供国家的最先进的和最近的进展,如在世界各地的各种研究小组所取得的及时概述。矿物学、地球化学、年代学和同位素分析被用来破译这些特殊岩石的复杂岩石成因和成矿作用,并揭示了与单个超大陆旋回相关的完整构造事件历史。
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引用次数: 0
The Carboniferous timescale: an introduction 石炭纪的时间尺度:介绍
Pub Date : 2021-12-14 DOI: 10.1144/SP512-2021-160
S. Lucas, J. Schneider, S. Nikolaeva, Xiandong Wang
Abstract The Carboniferous chronostratigraphic scale consists of two subsystems, six series and seven stages. Precise numerical age control within the Carboniferous is uneven, and a global magnetic polarity timescale for the Carboniferous is far from established. Isotope stratigraphy based on Sr, C and O isotopes is at an early stage but has already identified a few Sr and C isotope events of use to global correlation. Cyclostratigraphy has created a workable astrochronology for part of Pennsylvanian time that needs better calibration. Chronostratigraphic definitions of most of the seven Carboniferous stages remain unfinished. Future research on the Carboniferous timescale should focus on Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) selection for the remaining, undefined stage bases, definition and characterization of substages, and further development and integration of the Carboniferous chronostratigraphic scale with radioisotopic, magnetostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic and cyclostratigraphic tools for calibration and correlation, and the cross-correlation of non-marine and marine chronologies.
石炭系年代地层尺度分为两个亚系、六个系、七个期。石炭系内部精确的数值年龄控制是不均匀的,石炭系的全球磁极时间标度远未建立。基于Sr、C和O同位素的同位素地层学尚处于早期阶段,但已发现了一些对全球对比有用的Sr和C同位素事件。旋回地层学为宾夕法尼亚的部分时间创造了一种可行的天体年代学,需要更好的校准。石炭纪七个阶段的年代地层定义大部分仍未完成。未来石炭系时间尺度的研究应集中在剩余未确定的阶段基础的全球层型剖面和点(GSSP)选择、亚阶段的定义和表征,以及石炭系年代地层尺度与放射性同位素、磁地层学、化学地层学和旋回地层学工具的进一步发展和整合,进行校准和对比,以及非海相和海相年代学的相互对比。
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引用次数: 1
Russian regional Carboniferous stratigraphy 俄罗斯地区石炭纪地层
Pub Date : 2021-11-12 DOI: 10.1144/sp512-2021-134
A. Alekseev, S. Nikolaeva, Nataliya V. Goreva, N. Donova, O. Kossovaya, E. Kulagina, N. A. Kucheva, A. Kurilenko, R. Kutygin, Lyudmila I. Popeko, Tatyana I. Stepanova
Abstract Several existing schemes for Carboniferous stratigraphy officially adopted in regions of the Russian Federation are summarized and discussed. These regions with different geological histories and distinct depositional settings include the Moscow Basin, the Urals, North Timan, Siberia, the Kuznetsk Basin and the Mongol–Okhotsk, Verkhoyansk–Okhotsk and Kolyma–Omolon regions. Broad correlations based on macro- and microfossils are possible between the regions, while all regional schemes are correlated to the official Russian General Stratigraphic Scheme for the Carboniferous, using zonations based on orthostratigraphic fossils. The Russian General Stratigraphic Scheme is correlated to the International Stratigraphic Scale using ammonoids, conodonts, foraminifers and palynomorphs.
摘要总结和讨论了俄罗斯联邦地区正式采用的石炭系地层的几种现有方案。这些具有不同地质历史和独特沉积背景的地区包括莫斯科盆地、乌拉尔盆地、北提曼盆地、西伯利亚盆地、库兹涅茨克盆地以及蒙古-鄂霍次克、维尔霍扬斯克-鄂霍次克和科雷马-奥莫伦地区。基于宏观和微观化石的区域之间的广泛相关性是可能的,而所有区域方案都与官方的俄罗斯石炭纪总地层方案相关联,使用基于正地层化石的分区。利用菊石、牙形石、有孔虫和岩形岩,将俄罗斯的一般地层方案与国际地层尺度进行了对比。
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引用次数: 5
An overview of the plumbing systems of large igneous provinces and their significance 火成岩大省管道系统概述及其意义
Pub Date : 2021-11-10 DOI: 10.1144/SP518-2021-167
R. Srivastava, R. Ernst, K. Buchan, M. de Kock
Abstract Identification of large-volume, short-duration mafic magmatic events of intraplate affinity in both continental and oceanic settings on the Earth and other planets provides invaluable clues for understanding several vital geological issues of current concern. Of particular importance is understanding the assembly and dispersal of supercontinents through Earth's history, dramatic climate change events including mass extinctions, and processes that have produced a wide range of large igneous province (LIP)-related resources such as Ni–Cu–PGE, Au, U, base metals and petroleum. This current volume presents some of the latest developments and new information on the temporal and spatial distribution of LIPs in both the Precambrian and Phanerozoic, their origin, the plumbing system of mafic dyke swarms, sill provinces and layered intrusions, and links to mantle plume/superplume events, supercontinent reconstructions and associated metallogeny.
在地球和其他行星的大陆和海洋环境中识别大体积、短时间的板内亲和性岩浆事件,为理解当前关注的几个重要地质问题提供了宝贵的线索。特别重要的是了解地球历史上超级大陆的聚集和分散,包括大规模灭绝在内的剧烈气候变化事件,以及产生大量与大火成岩省(LIP)相关的资源(如Ni-Cu-PGE, Au, U,贱金属和石油)的过程。本卷介绍了在前寒武纪和显生宙的短粒岩的时空分布、它们的起源、基性岩脉群的管道系统、基底省和层状侵入体,以及与地幔柱/超柱事件、超大陆重建和相关成矿作用的联系等方面的一些最新进展和新信息。
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引用次数: 3
About this title - Stable Isotope Studies of the Water Cycle and Terrestrial Environments 关于这个题目-水循环和陆地环境的稳定同位素研究
Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.1144/sp507
A. Bojar, A. Pelc, C. Lécuyer
This volume is devoted to Earth surface environmental reconstructions and environmental changes that may be deciphered and modelled using stable isotopes along with mineralogical/chemical, sedimentological, palaeontological/biological and climatological methodologies. The book is divided into two sections, both using stable isotopes (δD, δ18O, δ13C, d15N, δ34S, clumped isotopes Δ47) in various samples and phases as the main research tool. The first section is devoted to studies focusing on the distribution of isotopes in precipitation, groundwater, lakes, rivers, springs, tap water, mine water and their relationship with terrestrial environments at regional to continental scale. In relation to this, the second section includes case studies from a range of continental settings, investigating cave deposits (stalagmites, bat guano), animal skeletons (dinosaurs, alligators, turtles, bivalves), present and past soils (palaeosols) and limestones. The sections focus on the interaction between the surficial water cycle and underground water storage with deposits acting as archives of short- to long-term climatic and environmental changes. Examples from the Early Cretaceous to present time come from Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America.
本卷致力于地球表面环境重建和环境变化,可以使用稳定同位素以及矿物学/化学,沉积学,古生物学/生物学和气候学方法进行解码和模拟。本书分为两个部分,都使用稳定同位素(δD, δ18O, δ13C, d15N, δ34S,块状同位素Δ47)在各种样品和相作为主要的研究工具。第一部分着重研究了降水、地下水、湖泊、河流、泉水、自来水、矿井水中同位素的分布及其与区域至大陆尺度陆地环境的关系。与此相关,第二部分包括来自一系列大陆环境的案例研究,调查洞穴沉积物(石笋,蝙蝠鸟粪),动物骨骼(恐龙,短吻鳄,海龟,双壳类动物),现在和过去的土壤(古土壤)和石灰石。这些部分侧重于地表水循环和地下水储存之间的相互作用,沉积物作为短期到长期气候和环境变化的档案。从早白垩纪到现在的例子来自欧洲、亚洲、非洲、北美和南美。
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引用次数: 0
About this title - Carbon Cycle and Ecosystem Response to the Jenkyns Event in the Early Toarcian (Jurassic) 关于本标题-早白垩世(侏罗纪)詹金斯事件的碳循环和生态系统响应
Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.1144/sp514
M. Reolid, L. V. Duarte, E. Mattioli, W. Ruebsam
The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, also known as the Jenkyns Event, was a hyperthermal episode which occurred during the early Toarcian (c. 183 Ma; Early Jurassic) and resulted in numerous collateral effects including global warming, enhanced weathering, sea-level change, carbonate crisis, marine anoxia–dysoxia, and a second-order mass extinction. This volume presents the last advances for understanding early Toarcian environmental changes through different disciplines: biostratigraphy, micropalaeontology, palaeontology, ichnology, palaeoecology, sedimentology, integrated stratigraphy, inorganic, organic and isotopic geochemistry, and cyclostratigraphy. The study of this abrupt climate change is critical for predicting future global changes, and for understanding the complex biogeochemical interactions through time between geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
toarian Oceanic缺氧事件,也被称为詹金斯事件,是发生在toarian早期(约183ma;早侏罗世),并导致了许多附带影响,包括全球变暖、风化作用增强、海平面变化、碳酸盐危机、海洋缺氧和二级大灭绝。本卷通过不同的学科介绍了了解早陶拉纪环境变化的最新进展:生物地层学、微古生物学、古生物学、技术、古生态学、沉积学、综合地层学、无机、有机和同位素地球化学以及旋回地层学。这种气候突变的研究对于预测未来全球变化,以及理解地、大气、水圈和生物圈之间复杂的生物地球化学相互作用具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 1
Highly magmatic break-up LIP centres: revisiting the East Greenland volcanic rifted margin 高岩浆分裂LIP中心:重新访问东格陵兰火山裂谷边缘
Pub Date : 2021-10-27 DOI: 10.1144/SP518-2021-22
M. Klausen
Abstract The decompressional release of magma at continental triple-rift break-up, large igneous province (LIP) centres, above mantle plume stems, results in highly magmatic settings. As a particularly well-exposed example, it is proposed that the East Greenland coastal dyke swarm preserves a structural record of how dyke dilations v. tectonic extension increased upon approaching its Kangerlussuaq triple rift centre. Such more magmatic break-up is reflected by how abruptly its volcanic rifted margin transitions into 100% dykes, and, in this case, up to 100 km further inland than its geophysically determined continent–ocean boundary. Correspondingly high magma flux through an igneous Kap Edward Holm centre sustained the lateral injection of up to 150 km-long dykes, evidenced by increased cut-off dyke thicknesses, below which there is an anomalously low abundance of thinner dykes, that conform to the cube root of their thermal arrest distance. Only the thickest and, thereby, longest dyke injections linked up with a more southerly located igneous Imilik centre of an en echelon offset dyke swarm, the complex transition into which is also addressed. This highly magmatic central plumbing system is further compared to similar volcanic zones across Iceland and other post-Paleozoic break-up LIPs in order to contextualize its importance.
在大陆三裂谷破裂、大火成岩省(LIP)中心、地幔柱茎之上,岩浆的减压释放导致了高岩浆环境。作为一个特别充分暴露的例子,有人提出,东格陵兰海岸堤防群保存了堤防扩张与构造伸展如何在接近其康克鲁斯瓦格三重裂谷中心时增加的构造记录。火山裂谷边缘突然转变成100%的岩堤,这反映了岩浆破碎的程度,在这种情况下,比地球物理上确定的大陆-海洋边界向内陆延伸了100公里。相应地,高岩浆通量通过一个火成岩爱德华霍尔姆火山中心,维持了高达150公里长的岩脉的侧向注入,证明了岩脉的截止厚度增加,在其以下有一个异常低丰度的薄岩脉,这符合它们的热阻距离的立方根。只有最厚和最长的岩脉注入与位于更南的雁梯状偏移岩脉群的火成岩拟米利克中心相连,并讨论了向其过渡的复杂过程。这个高度岩浆化的中央管道系统进一步与冰岛各地的类似火山带和其他后古生代破裂区进行了比较,以确定其重要性。
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引用次数: 1
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