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Crowdfunding-Portale in ihrer Bedeutung für die Unternehmensfinanzierung in Deutschland - ein kurzer Rückblick ('Crowdfunding Portals' and the Impact on Corporate Finance in Germany - A Short Review) 众筹财团在德国公司融资上的地位——简想起来了(众筹财团对德国公司金融的影响)
Pub Date : 2014-12-12 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2537424
Harald Meisner
German Abstract: Der technologische Sprung bei den Netzwerk- und Datenbankentwicklungen ermoglicht Verknupfungen von Kunden und Unternehmen, die die wirtschaftlichen Tatigkeiten masgeblich pragen. Netzwerke werden andere finanzielle Organisationsformen erganzen oder gar ersetzen und verschiedene Transaktionsplattformen aktivieren, die auch die Aufgaben der Finanzmittler und Banken verandern werden.Die Bewertung von Finanzinformationen ist von der Qualitat der Inhalte und der zeitlichen Verfugbarkeit abhangig. Spezielle Inhalte wie Finanzinformationen sind per se werthaltiger, weil sie auf eine zahlungsbereite Nachfrage treffen. Jeder private User oder auch jede Firma musste in der Lage sein, aus dem Netz relevante Informationen uber ein bestimmtes Finanzprodukt zu selektieren. Crowdfunding – Portale ermoglichen den Nutzern, geeignete Investitionsobjekte zu finden – zurzeit allerdings in Deutschland noch uberwiegend aus dem Start-Up- Bereich. In diesem Artikel wird die kurze Historie der Plattformen in Deutschland dargestellt und eine Aussicht auf zukunftige Entwicklungen gewagt. English Abstract: The technological leap in network and database developments enables links between customers and companies that dominate the economic activities significantly. Networks are complementary to other financial organization forms, or even replace them.The review of entrepreneurial financial information depends on the quality of the content and the temporal availability of this content. Specific content like specific financial information is more valuable than non specific content like single financial news. Each user or any company should be able to select relevant information from the network on a particular financial product. Crowdfunding portals allow users to find suitable investment objects - currently in Germany still from the start-up area and obliged the companies to present valueable entrepreneurial information to the possible investors in a persuasive manner. In this article, a brief history of the platforms in Germany is represented and some views on future developments will be presented.
德国抽象:网络和数据库发展中的技术飞跃变幻般地侵蚀着自称经济奇迹的客户和公司。也许,网络将会完成其他形式的金融组织形式,甚至取代其他的金融组织形式,从而鼓励多种形式的交易平台,而这也会取代金融中介和银行的职责。金融信息的评估取决于内容的质量和时间力。具体的内容,诸如金融信息等,具有价值,是因为你正面临着付款的需求。每一个私人用户或公司都必须能够审理和筛选某一特定金融产品所需要的对网络的相关信息。他们发现了这些物体的潜在需求但目前在德国需要找到合适的投资对象这篇文章描绘了德国历史平台的短暂历史。英语抽象:网络和数据库发展中国家的技术同盟在左边至那至那庇护和其他地方的经济行动行动。为其他金融组织所提供的价值总额所提供的分析审查生物质量和核可及时认识。保密机构内部每个公司都可以从网络部分金融产品中获得相关的信息。尽心尽力的人对合适的投资目标在这本手稿里德国常见的写作环境
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引用次数: 0
Management as Affected by Company Law Application: The Principle of Corporate Governance. 公司法适用对管理的影响:公司治理原则。
Pub Date : 2014-09-07 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2627728
Luvuyo Sydwell Mfecane
The demographics of south African economy have changed since 1994 dispensation. This was followed by global recession of 2009, which changed the attitude in business world that promulgated stringiest regulations to ensure the success of companies. That compliment need for a vivid company law that relish sustainable development. Therefore, it is important to evaluate whether South African Companies Act 2008 will achieve its role adequately and possible borrowing from other statutory to embrace development.The main aim of this paper is to determine what is the effect of Companies Act 2006 UK on management by directors and in particular how does it affect any influence of shareholders on company action, and what would the effect be if introduced into South Africa.
自1994年分配以来,南非经济的人口结构发生了变化。随后是2009年的全球经济衰退,这改变了商界为确保企业成功而颁布最严格法规的态度。这种恭维需要一部生动的、注重可持续发展的公司法。因此,重要的是评估《2008年南非公司法》是否将充分发挥其作用,并可能借鉴其他法律来促进发展。本文的主要目的是确定2006年英国公司法对董事管理的影响,特别是它如何影响股东对公司行为的任何影响,以及如果引入南非将会产生什么影响。
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引用次数: 0
Organizational Form and Payoff Imbalances in an Aggrievement Model: Cooperatives Versus Markets 契约模型中的组织形式与报酬失衡:合作社与市场
Pub Date : 2014-06-29 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2460516
F. Santos-Arteaga, Guenter H Schamel
Hart and Holmstrom (2010) claim that organizational form conditions the sense of entitlement of the parties. This determines their feeling of being aggrieved by the outcome of the contract and therefore their shading, which creates deadweight losses. Cooperatives constitute integrated organizational forms while privately owned firms are nonintegrated. The main result obtained states that if the intensity of shading depends positively on the existing payoff imbalances between bosses and managers, then (non)integration with coordination is more plausible when the profits of bosses and benefits of managers are (dis)similar. Moreover, given plausible parameter constraints, we illustrate how both organizational forms, an integrated cooperative and a nonintegrated private firm, may coexist in a coordinated equilibrium and how the former may even obtain a higher social surplus than the latter one.
Hart and Holmstrom(2010)认为,组织形式决定了各方的权利意识。这决定了他们对合同结果感到委屈,因此他们的阴影,这造成了无谓的损失。合作社构成一体化的组织形式,而私营企业则是非一体化的组织形式。得到的主要结果表明,如果阴影的强度正依赖于老板和经理之间存在的薪酬不平衡,那么当老板的利润和经理的利益(不)相似时,(非)整合与协调更合理。此外,在给定合理的参数约束条件下,我们说明了整合合作社和非整合私营企业这两种组织形式如何在协调均衡中共存,以及前者如何比后者获得更高的社会剩余。
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引用次数: 0
The New Empirical Economics of Management 管理的新实证经济学
Pub Date : 2014-05-01 DOI: 10.3386/W20102
N. Bloom, R. Lemos, R. Sadun, Daniela Scur, J. Van Reenen
Over the last decade the World Management Survey (WMS) has collected firm-level management practices data across multiple sectors and countries. We developed the survey to try to explain the large and persistent TFP differences across firms and countries. This review paper discusses what has been learned empirically and theoretically from the WMS and other recent work on management practices. Our preliminary results suggest that about a quarter of cross-country and within-country TFP gaps can be accounted for by management practices. Management seems to matter both qualitatively and quantitatively. Competition, governance, human capital and informational frictions help account for the variation in management.
在过去十年中,世界管理调查(WMS)收集了多个行业和国家的公司管理实践数据。我们开展了这项调查,试图解释企业和国家之间巨大而持久的全要素生产率差异。这篇综述文章讨论了从经验和理论上从WMS和其他最近的管理实践工作中学到的东西。我们的初步结果表明,大约四分之一的跨国和国内TFP差距可以由管理实践来解释。管理似乎在质量和数量上都很重要。竞争、治理、人力资本和信息摩擦有助于解释管理上的差异。
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引用次数: 223
(La Ética En La Empresa Y La Ética Del Directivo) Ethics in Companies and the Ethics of Managers
Pub Date : 2014-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2538670
Antonio Argandoña
Spanish Abstract: La etica no es un anadido para directivos concienciados en empresas con exito, sino una necesidad, porque forma parte de la tarea misma de dirigir. Este articulo parte de que es la etica, que es una empresa y que es dirigir una organizacion para mostrar por que la etica es necesaria: porque proporciona ventajas potencialmente muy importantes, pero, sobre todo, porque hace posible la coherencia de las acciones del directivo en el tiempo, en una organizacion humana.English Abstract: Ethics is not an extra for conscientious managers in successful companies: It is a necessity, because it is an integral part of what management entails. This paper starts by discussing what ethics are, what a company is, and what managing an organization involves in order to show why ethics is necessary: because it offers advantages that are potentially very significant, but, most importantly, because an ethical framework makes it possible for managers to act consistently over time in a humane organization.
在成功的公司中,道德不是有意识的管理者的附加条件,而是一种必要条件,因为它是管理任务的一部分。这篇文章的这一部分,他是一家,并领导一个组织来显示的是必要的:因为您更具潜力很重要,但是最重要的是,因为它可以指导行动的一致性在人类的时间,在一个组织。在成功的公司中,道德对有意识的管理者来说不是额外的:它是必要的,因为它是管理工作的一个组成部分。This paper starts by discussing what ethics are, what a company is, and what managing an organization涉及in order to show why ethics是必要的:因为它offers advantages非常that are potentially开展,但最重要的是,由于an伦理框架曾可能制订管理to act贯彻over time in a人道组织。
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引用次数: 0
Organizational Governance: Managerial Discretion, Automatic Rules or Ethics? 组织治理:管理自由裁量权、自动规则还是道德规范?
Pub Date : 2014-03-11 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2407429
M. Antonelli
Economic literature on organizations (Milgrom, 1998; Milgrom and Roberts 1992, 2009) points out that when distributive policies are discretionary realized within firms by managers, the agents working in the organization will undertake "influence activities" with possible negative effects on firm's productivity. Following the Milgrom's model (1988), we define a principal-agent framework analyzing alternative organizational governance methods. The paper shows that managerial discretion can always result in improved firm's performance with a principal complying with the organizational goals. Nevertheless, some reforms, especially in the public organizations, have been addressed to limit managerial discretion introducing more rules to template the mangers' behavior. Disappointing results suggest to invest for a greater development of ethical culture within organizations.
关于组织的经济学文献(Milgrom, 1998;Milgrom和Roberts(1992, 2009)指出,当分配政策由管理者在企业内部实现自由裁量时,在组织中工作的代理人将进行“影响活动”,这可能对企业的生产率产生负面影响。根据Milgrom的模型(1988),我们定义了一个委托-代理框架来分析不同的组织治理方法。研究表明,在管理者服从组织目标的情况下,管理自由裁量权总是能够提高企业绩效。然而,一些改革,特别是在公共组织中,已经着手限制管理自由裁量权,引入更多规则来模板管理人员的行为。令人失望的结果表明,应该在企业内部加大道德文化建设方面的投资。
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引用次数: 2
Connecting Strategy, Environmental and Social Indicators: A Study of Oil and Gas Producers 连接战略、环境和社会指标:油气生产商研究
Pub Date : 2014-01-28 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2386538
E. Varfolomeev, O. Marin, D. Bykov, O. Karasev, N. Velikanova, E. Vetchinkina, Anastasia Edelkina, T. Thurner
This paper studies the integration of social and environmental objectives into strategy through performance indicators based on a sample of multinational world-leading oil- and gas producers. Also, we inquire if the companies under study, which identify certain areas as strategic objectives, do better than their peers. We show that top management of the companies did indeed identify different areas of interest, had different strategic foci, and used different performance indicators. This is often explicable through a company’s own history and past experiences. When comparing a sample of greenhouse gas emissions, safety measures, and energy efficiency indicators between the different companies, we could not identify a consistent development over time trends. In fact, some did worse over time and collective improvements were largely absent. We suggest further research into the link between strategic objectives and a company’s relative position in industry.
本文以世界领先的跨国石油和天然气生产商为样本,通过绩效指标研究将社会和环境目标纳入战略。此外,我们还会询问那些将某些领域作为战略目标的公司是否比同行做得更好。我们表明,公司的高层管理人员确实确定了不同的兴趣领域,有不同的战略重点,并使用了不同的绩效指标。这通常可以通过公司自身的历史和过去的经验来解释。在比较不同公司之间的温室气体排放、安全措施和能源效率指标的样本时,我们无法确定一个一致的发展趋势。事实上,随着时间的推移,一些国家的情况更糟了,集体进步基本上没有出现。我们建议进一步研究战略目标与公司在行业中的相对地位之间的联系。
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引用次数: 1
A New Crime for Corporate Misconduct? 企业不当行为新罪名?
Pub Date : 2014-01-03 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2379586
Peter J. Henning
Federal prosecutors have explained the absence of any signature prosecutions of financial executives in the wake of the financial crisis to the high level of intent required by criminal laws typically used to prosecute economic crimes. If the barrier to holding individual executives is the lack of evidence of specific intent, the one possibility is to adopt a new crime based on recklessness for executive decisions that result in significant harm. In this essay, I look at how statutes in Germany and the United Kingdom shed light on how a provision can be crafted to hold senior managers responsible for reckless corporate decisions. But the question remains whether such a new law is needed in the wake of the financial crisis, and whether it would deter the type of risk taking expected in a business enterprise seeking a high return on capital.
联邦检察官解释说,金融危机之后没有任何针对金融高管的签名起诉,是因为通常用于起诉经济犯罪的刑法所要求的意图很高。如果拘留个别高管的障碍是缺乏具体意图的证据,那么一种可能性是根据导致重大损害的高管决策的鲁莽采取一种新的犯罪。在这篇文章中,我考察了德国和英国的法规如何阐明了如何制定一项条款,让高级管理人员对鲁莽的公司决策负责。但问题仍然是,在金融危机之后,是否需要这样一项新法律,以及它是否会阻止企业寻求高资本回报所预期的那种冒险行为。
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引用次数: 5
Sense Making in Corporate Governance: A Multilayered Model for Information Asymmetries between Investors and Executives 公司治理中的意义制定:投资者与高管之间信息不对称的多层模型
Pub Date : 2013-12-20 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2370304
J. Strikwerda
In studies of corporate governance by default, information asymmetry is assumed, based on the principle-agent theory, between investors and executives, and also by default it is assumed that executives have superior information over investors. In this paper I apply the more rich theory of information from cybernetics, compared to the mathematical theory to this assumed information asymmetry in combination with the theory of decision making, especially with respect to producing eidetic information. The quality of eidetic information turns out to be more critical as is the management or pragmatic information, with respect to the longer-term success of a firm and subsequently its value over the longer term. Due to e.g. psychological phenomena like dominant logic or belief conservation, executives not always produce good quality eidetic information and subsequently decide poor strategies. More in general it can be concluded that the assumption of information asymmetry needs to be understood per type of information and per each phase in decision-making. The resulting model provides a more precise insight in what value investors and non-executives may contribute to improve the quality of the information in a system of corporate governance and thus its effectiveness.
在公司默认治理研究中,根据委托代理理论,假设投资者与高管之间存在信息不对称,也默认假设高管掌握的信息优于投资者。在本文中,与数学理论相比,我将控制论中更丰富的信息理论应用于这种假定的信息不对称,并与决策理论相结合,特别是在产生决定性信息方面。事实证明,就一家公司的长期成功及其长期价值而言,权威性信息的质量与管理或实用信息一样更为关键。由于诸如主导逻辑或信念保护等心理现象,高管并不总是能产生高质量的特征信息,从而决定糟糕的战略。更一般地说,可以得出结论,信息不对称的假设需要理解每种类型的信息和决策的每个阶段。由此产生的模型提供了一种更精确的见解,即价值投资者和非执行董事可能对提高公司治理系统中的信息质量做出哪些贡献,从而提高其有效性。
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引用次数: 1
The New Economics of the Business Case for Sustainability 可持续发展商业案例的新经济学
Pub Date : 2013-09-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2326200
M. Pinelli
This paper joins the debate on businessO role in the implementation of sustainable development and argues that firms are beginning to run more sustainable practices as these are becoming increasingly profitable. It is also argued that such evolution of the economics of social environmental performance is the result of a three stage dynamics which involves consumer awareness, industrial policies, new cost structures and stakeholdersO pressure. Moreover, it is also considered that such a phenomenon implies that corporations can be of huge help to regulations in the implementation of sustainability. Finally, by running analyses of the relevant literature on the business case for sustainability, this paper reconciles the mixed and inconclusive results which the academic research on the economic rationale of sustainability has always produced.
本文加入了关于企业在实施可持续发展中的作用的辩论,并认为企业正在开始运行更多的可持续实践,因为这些实践变得越来越有利可图。本文还认为,社会环境绩效经济学的这种演变是涉及消费者意识、产业政策、新成本结构和利益相关者压力的三个阶段动态的结果。此外,人们还认为,这种现象意味着公司在实施可持续性方面可以为法规提供巨大帮助。最后,通过对可持续发展商业案例的相关文献进行分析,本文调和了关于可持续发展经济理论的学术研究一直产生的混合和不确定的结果。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
SRPN: Corporate Governance (Topic)
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