This short review deals with some applications and research needs for nanocellulosic (NC) materials; primarily cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), and bacterial cellulose (BC). Whereas CNC and BC materials are fairly homogenous, CNF materials represent a wide sector of different materials, often with a high heterogeneity. This is due to different pretreatment methods (mechanical, chemical, enzymatic), woodbased or agricultural-based materials, delignification and bleaching procedures, etc. The purpose of this comprehensive review is not to discuss the various production methods, for which the reader may consult with a selected number of reviews [1-6]; thus, the focus is on practical applications. Practical applications and potential markets were also discussed some years ago by other investigators [7-8]. Upscaling and choice of pretreatment methods, as well as economic considerations and different business models, have also been discussed, along with: • Toxicity and environmental issues [9-10] • The complex characterization of cellulose nanomaterials [4] The reader should also be aware of new contenders to the three classic groups of cellulosic nanomaterials, which are already in a commercial phase. These include cellulose filaments [11-12] and materials from mechanical grinding processes [13], and these materials may be nanostructures or not, depending on our classification. Finally, as indicated by the editorial on p. 275, scientists are currently taking a deep dive into the fundamental features of nanocellulosic materials [14-15].
{"title":"Research needs for nanocellulose commercialization and applications","authors":"T. Lindström","doi":"10.32964/TJ18.5.308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ18.5.308","url":null,"abstract":"This short review deals with some applications and research needs for nanocellulosic (NC) materials; primarily cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), and bacterial cellulose (BC). Whereas CNC and BC materials are fairly homogenous, CNF materials represent a wide sector of different materials, often with a high heterogeneity. This is due to different pretreatment methods (mechanical, chemical, enzymatic), woodbased or agricultural-based materials, delignification and bleaching procedures, etc. The purpose of this comprehensive review is not to discuss the various production methods, for which the reader may consult with a selected number of reviews [1-6]; thus, the focus is on practical applications. Practical applications and potential markets\u0000were also discussed some years ago by other investigators [7-8]. Upscaling and choice of pretreatment methods, as well as economic considerations and different business models, have also been discussed, along with:\u0000• Toxicity and environmental issues [9-10]\u0000• The complex characterization of cellulose nanomaterials [4]\u0000The reader should also be aware of new contenders to the three classic groups of cellulosic nanomaterials, which are already in a commercial phase. These include cellulose filaments [11-12] and materials from mechanical grinding processes [13], and these materials may be nanostructures or not, depending on our classification.\u0000Finally, as indicated by the editorial on p. 275, scientists are currently taking a deep dive into the fundamental features of nanocellulosic materials [14-15].","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45721812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jannatun Nayeem, M. Jahan, Razia Sultana Popy, M. Uddin, M. A. Quaiyyum
Jute cutting, jute caddis, and cutting-caddis mixtures were prehydrolyzed by varying time and temperature to get about 90% prehydrolyzed yield. At the conditions of 170°C for 60 min of prehydrolysis, the yield for 100% jute cutting was 76.3%, while the same for jute caddis was only 67.9%. But with prehydrolysis at 150°C for 60 min, the yield was 90% for jute cutting, where 49.94% of original pentosan was dissolved and prehydrolysis of jute caddis at 140°C in 60 min yielded 86.4% solid residue. Jute cutting-caddis mixed prehydrolysis was done at 140°C for 30 min and yielded 92% solid residue for 50:50 cutting-caddis mixtures, where pentosan dissolution was only 29%. Prehydrolyzed jute cutting, jute caddis, and cutting-caddis mixtures were subsequently kraft cooked. Pulp yield was only 40.9% for 100% jute cutting prehydrolyzed at 170°C for 60 min, which was 10.9% lower than the prehydrolysis at 140°C. For jute cutting-caddis mixed prehydrolysis at 140°C for 45 min followed by kraft cooking, pulp yield decreased by 3.3% from the 100% cutting to 50% caddis in the mixture, but 75% caddis in the mixture decreased pulp yield by 6.7%. The kappa number 50:50 cutting-caddis mixture was only 11.3. Pulp bleachability improved with increasing jute cutting proportion in the cutting-caddis mixture pulp.
{"title":"Prehydrolysis kraft pulping of jute cutting and caddis mixture for rayon production","authors":"Jannatun Nayeem, M. Jahan, Razia Sultana Popy, M. Uddin, M. A. Quaiyyum","doi":"10.32964/TJ18.5.287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ18.5.287","url":null,"abstract":"Jute cutting, jute caddis, and cutting-caddis mixtures were prehydrolyzed by varying time and temperature to get about 90% prehydrolyzed yield. At the conditions of 170°C for 60 min of prehydrolysis, the yield for 100% jute cutting was 76.3%, while the same for jute caddis was only 67.9%. But with prehydrolysis at 150°C for 60 min, the yield was 90% for jute cutting, where 49.94% of original pentosan was dissolved and prehydrolysis of jute caddis at 140°C in 60 min yielded 86.4% solid residue. Jute cutting-caddis mixed prehydrolysis was done at 140°C for 30 min and yielded 92% solid residue for 50:50 cutting-caddis mixtures, where pentosan dissolution was only 29%. Prehydrolyzed jute cutting, jute caddis, and cutting-caddis mixtures were subsequently kraft cooked. Pulp yield was only 40.9% for 100% jute cutting prehydrolyzed at 170°C for 60 min, which was 10.9% lower than the prehydrolysis at 140°C. For jute cutting-caddis mixed prehydrolysis at 140°C for 45 min followed by kraft cooking, pulp yield decreased by 3.3% from the 100% cutting to 50% caddis in the mixture, but 75% caddis in the mixture decreased pulp yield by 6.7%. The kappa number 50:50 cutting-caddis mixture was only 11.3. Pulp bleachability improved with increasing jute cutting proportion in the cutting-caddis mixture pulp.","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45266726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work describes and discusses sources of noncondensible gases (NCG) in modern kraft pulp mills and modern NCG collection from process units where odor emissions can occur if these gases are released to the surroundings. A mill-wide overview of NCG sources and collection in modern pulp mills is provided. Using modern practices, malodorous gases can be collected to the extent that a pulp mill is essentially odor free. The key to limiting complaint-causing odors is prevention of these emissions during process disturbances, equipment malfunctions, operator errors, and other unforeseen occurrences.
{"title":"Sources, collection, and handling of noncondensible gases in modern kraft pulp mills","authors":"Kirsi Hovikorpi, E. Vakkilainen","doi":"10.32964/TJ18.5.297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ18.5.297","url":null,"abstract":"This work describes and discusses sources of noncondensible gases (NCG) in modern kraft pulp mills and modern NCG collection from process units where odor emissions can occur if these gases are released to the surroundings. A mill-wide overview of NCG sources and collection in modern pulp mills is provided. Using modern practices, malodorous gases can be collected to the extent that a pulp mill is essentially odor free. The key to limiting complaint-causing odors is prevention of these emissions during process disturbances, equipment malfunctions, operator errors, and other unforeseen occurrences.","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43652861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.1044/leader.ppl.24062019.28
M. Devane, Jean-Charles Perquin, B. Gilpin
With the advent of digitization, documents are much more easily stored and located. SWOSU Digital Commons is loaded with digitized documents. It is organized by Mr. Phillip Fitzsimmons, Reference and Digitization Librarian, in the Al Harris Library. One can find past issues of The Southwestern, minutes from Faculty Senate meetings, past issues of Echoes from the Hill, student and faculty research articles and posters, and issues of this newsletter,... Read More
随着数字化的到来，文件的存储和定位变得更加容易。SWOSU Digital Commons加载了数字化文档。它由参考和数字化图书馆馆长菲利普·菲茨西蒙斯先生在Al Harris图书馆组织。你可以找到《西南报》过去的几期，学院参议院会议的会议记录，《国会回声报》过去几期，学生和教师的研究文章和海报，以及本通讯的几期，。。。阅读更多
{"title":"June 2019","authors":"M. Devane, Jean-Charles Perquin, B. Gilpin","doi":"10.1044/leader.ppl.24062019.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.ppl.24062019.28","url":null,"abstract":"With the advent of digitization, documents are much more easily stored and located. SWOSU Digital Commons is loaded with digitized documents. It is organized by Mr. Phillip Fitzsimmons, Reference and Digitization Librarian, in the Al Harris Library. One can find past issues of The Southwestern, minutes from Faculty Senate meetings, past issues of Echoes from the Hill, student and faculty research articles and posters, and issues of this newsletter,... Read More","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49353791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chen Gong, Li Yanzhao, Niu Jianping, Yang Xiaobo, T. Chao
A novel approach for determining the reactivity of dissolving pulp according to the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water has been discussed. First, a sample of dissolving pulp was subjected to mercerization and xanthation in order to obtain dissolved cellulose fractions. Next, the fractions were digested with a testing solution as applied in COD procedures. Finally, the resulting liquid was rapidly tested by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis). By quantifying the absorbance of Cr3+ at a wavelength of 600 nm, the reactivity of dissolving pulp was indirectly calculated. The results measured by this novel COD method correlated well with the most accepted Fock test results with less than 10% relative difference. Meanwhile, this newly developed COD method required less time-consuming procedures as compared to the Fock test.
{"title":"A novel approach for determining the reactivity of dissolving pulp based on the COD method","authors":"Chen Gong, Li Yanzhao, Niu Jianping, Yang Xiaobo, T. Chao","doi":"10.32964/TJ18.5.279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ18.5.279","url":null,"abstract":"A novel approach for determining the reactivity of dissolving pulp according to the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water has been discussed. First, a sample of dissolving pulp was subjected to mercerization and xanthation in order to obtain dissolved cellulose fractions. Next, the fractions were digested with a testing solution as applied in COD procedures. Finally, the resulting liquid was rapidly tested by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis). By quantifying the absorbance of Cr3+ at a wavelength of 600 nm, the reactivity of dissolving pulp was indirectly calculated. The results measured by this novel COD method correlated well with the most accepted Fock test results with less than 10% relative difference. Meanwhile, this newly developed COD method required less time-consuming procedures as compared to the Fock test.","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43558660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jarmo Kouko, Thomas Turpeinen, A. Kulachenko, U. Hirn, E. Retulainen
The tensile tests of individual bleached softwood kraft pulp fibers and sheets, as well as the micromechanical simulation of the fiber network, suggest that only a part of the elongation potential ...
{"title":"Understanding extensibility of paper: Role of fiber elongation and fiber bonding","authors":"Jarmo Kouko, Thomas Turpeinen, A. Kulachenko, U. Hirn, E. Retulainen","doi":"10.32964/TJ19.3.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ19.3.125","url":null,"abstract":"The tensile tests of individual bleached softwood kraft pulp fibers and sheets, as well as the micromechanical simulation of the fiber network, suggest that only a part of the elongation potential ...","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"125-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43908112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guomin Wu, Qian Li, C. Jin, Zhenwu Kong, Siqun Wang
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), which are derived from the most abundant and inexhaustible natural polymer, cellulose, have received significant interest owing to their mechanical, optical, chemical, and rheological properties. In order to transport CNC products conveniently and efficiently, they are ideally dried and stored as powders using freeze-drying or spray-drying technologies. The redispersibility of CNC powders is quite important for their end use; hence, a convenient method is required to characterize the redispersibility of CNC powders. In this paper, the possibility of characterizing the redispersibility of CNC powders by particle size analysis using dynamic light scattering (DLS) was investigated by comparing the results from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and DLS. The particle size obtained with DLS approximately matched that obtained with TEM. Compared with TEM, DLS is a quick and convenient method to measure the particle size distribution of CNCs in water. Two kinds of dispersing methods, sonication and high-speed shearing, and two kinds of CNCs prepared by different methods, sulfuric acid hydrolysis and the TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) oxidization method, were used to study the redispersibility of CNCs. Sonication was more efficient than the high-speed shearing method for nanoscale dispersion of CNC powders in water. CNCs prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis could be more easily redispersed in water than those prepared by TEMPO oxidation.
{"title":"Characterization of the redispersibility of cellulose nanocrystals by particle size analysis using dynamic light scattering","authors":"Guomin Wu, Qian Li, C. Jin, Zhenwu Kong, Siqun Wang","doi":"10.32964/TJ18.4.223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ18.4.223","url":null,"abstract":"Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), which are derived from the most abundant and inexhaustible natural polymer, cellulose, have received significant interest owing to their mechanical, optical, chemical, and rheological properties. In order to transport CNC products conveniently and efficiently, they are ideally dried and stored as powders\u0000using freeze-drying or spray-drying technologies. The redispersibility of CNC powders is quite important for their end use; hence, a convenient method is required to characterize the redispersibility of CNC powders. In this paper, the possibility of characterizing the redispersibility of CNC powders by particle size analysis using dynamic light scattering (DLS) was investigated by comparing the results from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and DLS. The particle size obtained with DLS approximately matched that obtained with TEM. Compared with TEM, DLS is a quick and convenient method to measure the particle size distribution of CNCs in water. Two kinds of dispersing methods, sonication and high-speed shearing, and two kinds of CNCs prepared by different methods, sulfuric acid hydrolysis and the TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) oxidization method, were used to study the redispersibility\u0000of CNCs. Sonication was more efficient than the high-speed shearing method for nanoscale dispersion of CNC powders in water. CNCs prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis could be more easily redispersed in water than those prepared by TEMPO oxidation.","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47079004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-01DOI: 10.1044/leader.ppl.24052019.24
Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri., Sat
Introduction: Despite its name, cutleaf vipergrass is not a grass! Instead, it is a forb that is native to Europe and a member of the Asteraceae plant family. It looks like western salsify (Tragopogon dubious), and in fact, one of its alternate common names is false salsify. In recent years the Schutter Diagnostic Lab has had an increasing number of questions and identification requests related to this plant, mainly from lawn, roadside, and pasture settings. This species is listed as a noxious weed in Utah based on its observed rapid spread in disturbed areas, but little information is available about its impacts or management.
{"title":"MAY 2019","authors":"Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri., Sat","doi":"10.1044/leader.ppl.24052019.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.ppl.24052019.24","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Despite its name, cutleaf vipergrass is not a grass! Instead, it is a forb that is native to Europe and a member of the Asteraceae plant family. It looks like western salsify (Tragopogon dubious), and in fact, one of its alternate common names is false salsify. In recent years the Schutter Diagnostic Lab has had an increasing number of questions and identification requests related to this plant, mainly from lawn, roadside, and pasture settings. This species is listed as a noxious weed in Utah based on its observed rapid spread in disturbed areas, but little information is available about its impacts or management.","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49190410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the use of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis side streams and conversion to lignocellulose nanofibers. We used a steam-exploded and partial enzymatic hydrolyzed hardwood pulp and an organosolv pretreated softwood pulp to prepare lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNF) via microfluidization. The energies applied on fibrillation were estimated to examine the energy consumption levels of LCNF production. The energy consumptions of the fibrillation processes of the hardwood LCNF production and the softwood LCNF production were about 7040-14080 kWh/ton and 4640 kWh/ton on a dry material basis, respectively. The morphology and dimension of developed hardwood and softwood LCNFs and the stability and rheological behavior of their suspensions were investigated and are discussed.
{"title":"From biorefineries to bioproducts: conversion of pretreated pulp from biorefining streams to lignocellulose nanofibers","authors":"Chenggui Sun, R. Chandra, Y. Boluk","doi":"10.32964/TJ18.4.233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ18.4.233","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the use of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis side streams and conversion to lignocellulose nanofibers. We used a steam-exploded and partial enzymatic hydrolyzed hardwood pulp and an organosolv pretreated softwood pulp to prepare lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNF) via microfluidization. The energies applied on fibrillation were estimated to examine the energy consumption levels of LCNF production. The energy consumptions of the fibrillation processes of the hardwood LCNF production and the softwood LCNF production were about 7040-14080 kWh/ton and 4640 kWh/ton on a dry material basis, respectively. The morphology and dimension of developed hardwood and softwood LCNFs and the stability and rheological behavior of their suspensions were investigated and are discussed.","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44049048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the growing number of producers and users of cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), there is an increasing need to develop standard test methods to control production and quality of CNMs. In 2014, a Task Group was formed within the ISO Technical Committee 6 Paper, board and pulps to begin addressing the need for standards. This Task Group, TG 1, was tasked with reviewing existing standards and identifying the need for additional standards to characterize CNMs. In March 2018, TG 1 launched a survey to ask CNM producers around the world about the importance of having standard procedures to measure and quantify a variety of CNM properties, both physical and chemical. Producers were asked to identify the type(s) of CNM they produced and their scale of production, and to rank the properties for which they felt standard test methods were most important. In this paper, we summarize the survey responses and identify those properties of highest interest for producers of both cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nano- and microfibril-based materials (CNFs/CMFs). Properties of importance can be divided into three broad groups: i) a standard has either been developed or is under development, ii) a currently used standard could be adapted for use with CNMs, or iii) no standard is currently available and further R&D and consultation with industry is needed before a suitable and well-validated standard can be developed. The paper also examines the challenges of developing new standard methods for some of the key properties—as well as the feasibility and limitations of adapting exiting standards—to CNMs.
{"title":"Priorities for development of standard test methods to support the commercialization of cellulose nanomaterials","authors":"Stephanie Beck, C. Walker, W. Batchelor","doi":"10.32964/TJ18.4.245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ18.4.245","url":null,"abstract":"With the growing number of producers and users of cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), there is an increasing need to develop standard test methods to control production and quality of CNMs. In 2014, a Task Group was formed within the ISO Technical Committee 6 Paper, board and pulps to begin addressing the need for standards. This Task Group, TG 1, was tasked with reviewing existing standards and identifying the need for additional\u0000standards to characterize CNMs. In March 2018, TG 1 launched a survey to ask CNM producers around the world about the importance of having standard procedures to measure and quantify a variety of CNM properties, both physical and chemical. Producers were asked to identify the type(s) of CNM they produced and their scale of production, and to rank the properties for which they felt standard test methods were most important. In this paper, we summarize the survey responses and identify those properties of highest interest for producers of both cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nano- and microfibril-based materials (CNFs/CMFs). Properties of importance can be divided into three broad groups: i) a standard has either been developed or is under development, ii) a currently used standard could be adapted for use with CNMs, or iii) no standard is currently available and further R&D and consultation with industry is needed before a suitable and well-validated standard can be developed. The paper also examines the challenges of developing new standard methods for some of the key properties—as well as the feasibility and limitations of adapting exiting standards—to CNMs.","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45192464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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