Many of the pulp mill biorefinery concepts recently presented include removal of lignin from black liquor. In this work, the aim was to study how the change in liquor chemistry affected the evaporation of kraft black liquor when lignin was removed using the LignoBoost process. Lignin was removed from a softwood kraft black liquor and four different black liquors were studied: one reference black liquor (with no lignin extracted); two ligninlean black liquors with a lignin removal rate of 5.5% and 21%, respectively; and one liquor with maximum lignin removal of 60%. Evaporation tests were carried out at the research evaporator in Chalmers University of Technology. Studied parameters were liquor viscosity, boiling point rise, heat transfer coefficient, scaling propensity, changes in liquor chemical composition, and tube incrustation. It was found that the solubility limit for incrustation changed towards lower dry solids for the lignin-lean black liquors due to an increased salt content. The scaling obtained on the tubes was easily cleaned with thin liquor at 105°C. It was also shown that the liquor viscosity decreased exponentially with increased lignin outtake and hence, the heat transfer coefficient increased with increased lignin outtake. Long term tests, operated about 6 percentage dry solids units above the solubility limit for incrustation for all liquors, showed that the heat transfer coefficient increased from 650 W/m2K for the reference liquor to 1500 W/m2K for the liquor with highest lignin separation degree, 60%. Application: This study can be used to help assess the consequences for an evaporation plant concerning both changes in capacity and risk for fouling when evaluating a biorefinery concept, including lignin removal, at a mill. It also adds novel information to the research work on black liquor evaporation. Application: This study can be used to help assess the consequences for an evaporation plant concerning both changes in capacity and risk for fouling when evaluating a biorefinery concept, including lignin removal, at a mill. It also adds novel information to the research work on black liquor evaporation.
{"title":"Evaporation of lignin-lean black liquor","authors":"Henrik Wallmo, U. Andersson, M. Gourdon, M. Wimby","doi":"10.32964/TJ14.7.441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ14.7.441","url":null,"abstract":"Many of the pulp mill biorefinery concepts recently presented include removal of lignin from black liquor. In this work, the aim was to study how the change in liquor chemistry affected the evaporation of kraft black liquor when lignin was removed using the LignoBoost process. Lignin was removed from a softwood kraft black liquor and four different black liquors were studied: one reference black liquor (with no lignin extracted); two ligninlean black liquors with a lignin removal rate of 5.5% and 21%, respectively; and one liquor with maximum lignin removal of 60%. Evaporation tests were carried out at the research evaporator in Chalmers University of Technology. Studied parameters were liquor viscosity, boiling point rise, heat transfer coefficient, scaling propensity, changes in liquor chemical composition, and tube incrustation. It was found that the solubility limit for incrustation changed towards lower dry solids for the lignin-lean black liquors due to an increased salt content. The scaling obtained on the tubes was easily cleaned with thin liquor at 105°C. It was also shown that the liquor viscosity decreased exponentially with increased lignin outtake and hence, the heat transfer coefficient increased with increased lignin outtake. Long term tests, operated about 6 percentage dry solids units above the solubility limit for incrustation for all liquors, showed that the heat transfer coefficient increased from 650 W/m2K for the reference liquor to 1500 W/m2K for the liquor with highest lignin separation degree, 60%. Application: This study can be used to help assess the consequences for an evaporation plant concerning both changes in capacity and risk for fouling when evaluating a biorefinery concept, including lignin removal, at a mill. It also adds novel information to the research work on black liquor evaporation. Application: This study can be used to help assess the consequences for an evaporation plant concerning both changes in capacity and risk for fouling when evaluating a biorefinery concept, including lignin removal, at a mill. It also adds novel information to the research work on black liquor evaporation.","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69472745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Krochak, G. Fasci, B. Norman, Lisa Prahl-Wittberg
In the first part of this work, a series of paper production trials were performed on a forming experimental (FEX) pilot machine to investigate the distribution of additives in the final product. I ...
{"title":"Bridging chemical dosage, mixing quality, and variability in paper sheets","authors":"P. Krochak, G. Fasci, B. Norman, Lisa Prahl-Wittberg","doi":"10.32964/TJ14.5.311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ14.5.311","url":null,"abstract":"In the first part of this work, a series of paper production trials were performed on a forming experimental (FEX) pilot machine to investigate the distribution of additives in the final product. I ...","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69472695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sanna Haavisto, J. Salmela, M. Järvinen, A. Kankkunen
{"title":"Application of pulsed ultrasound velocity profiling for measuring flow of black liquor in recovery boiler spraying nozzles","authors":"Sanna Haavisto, J. Salmela, M. Järvinen, A. Kankkunen","doi":"10.32964/TJ14.4.221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ14.4.221","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69472689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Wikberg, V. Grönberg, J. Jermakka, K. Kemppainen, M. Kleen, C. Laine, Ville Paasikallio, A. Oasmaa
{"title":"Hydrothermal refining of biomass — an overview and future perspectives","authors":"H. Wikberg, V. Grönberg, J. Jermakka, K. Kemppainen, M. Kleen, C. Laine, Ville Paasikallio, A. Oasmaa","doi":"10.32964/TJ14.3.195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ14.3.195","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69472683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimization of a brownstock washing line","authors":"Riku Kopra, K. Koivula, O. Dahl","doi":"10.32964/TJ14.2.83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ14.2.83","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69472675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dimensioning a recovery boiler furnace using mathematical optimization","authors":"V. Maakala, P. Miikkulainen","doi":"10.32964/TJ14.2.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ14.2.119","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69472668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Singbeil, Laurie A. Frederick, J. Keiser, W. Sharp
{"title":"Could Biomass-Fuelled Boilers Be Operated At Higher Steam Temperatures? 1. Laboratory Evaluation Of Candidate Superheater Alloys","authors":"D. Singbeil, Laurie A. Frederick, J. Keiser, W. Sharp","doi":"10.32964/tj13.8.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/tj13.8.37","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69472536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Could Biomass-Fueled Boilers Be Operated At Higher Steam Temperatures? 2. Field Tests Of Candidate Superheater Alloys","authors":"J. Keiser, W. Sharp, D. Singbeil","doi":"10.32964/tj13.8.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/tj13.8.51","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69472544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Niklas Vähä-Savo, N. Demartini, Rufus Ziesig, P. Tomani, H. Theliander, Erkki Välimäki, M. Hupa
The growing interest in production of green chemicals and biofuels from biomass provides an incentive for pulp mills to identify new possibilities in recovering more wood components from the pulping process. One possibility is to use lignin, separated from black liquor. We undertook this work to determine the combustion properties of reduced-lignin black liquors-two kraft liquors and one soda liquor-in a laboratory-scale, single-particle furnace. The combustion times, maximum swollen volume, nitric oxide formation, cyanate formation, and sulfur release were measured for the original liquors, the filtrates, and intermediate levels of lignin reduction. Combustion experiments were conducted at 900 degrees C in 10% oxygen. Cyanate formation experiments were carried out by pyrolyzing the droplets at 800 degrees C in 100% nitrogen to form a char. The chars were then gasified at 800 degrees C in a 13% carbon dioxide/87% nitrogen atmosphere to obtain the smelt. Sulfur release was studied by pyrolyzing the samples at temperatures ranging from 300 degrees C to 900 degrees C. Liquors with the lowest lignin content had a smaller maximum swollen volume than the original sample. The devolatilization time was not affected by the lignin removal to any great extent, but lignin removal did have a clear effect on the char burning time. The amount of formed nitric oxide (g N/kg black liquor solids) remained constant or decreased slightly with increasing lignin removal in the kraft liquor samples, while for the soda samples the amount of nitric oxide formed increased. The amount of cyanate decreased clearly when comparing the samples with lowest lignin content to the original liquor samples. The peak sulfur release occurred at 500 degrees C for both kraft liquors. In almost all experiments, the share of sulfur released was highest for the original samples and lowest for the sample with lowest lignin content. These results provide new data on combustion properties for reduced-lignin black liquors and indicate that for lignin removal levels up to about 20%, no significant changes are expected in the combustion behavior. Application: This work will help mills identify the effect of lignin precipitation on combustion properties of black liquor.
{"title":"Combustion properties of reduced-lignin black liquors","authors":"Niklas Vähä-Savo, N. Demartini, Rufus Ziesig, P. Tomani, H. Theliander, Erkki Välimäki, M. Hupa","doi":"10.32964/TJ13.8.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ13.8.81","url":null,"abstract":"The growing interest in production of green chemicals and biofuels from biomass provides an incentive for pulp mills to identify new possibilities in recovering more wood components from the pulping process. One possibility is to use lignin, separated from black liquor. We undertook this work to determine the combustion properties of reduced-lignin black liquors-two kraft liquors and one soda liquor-in a laboratory-scale, single-particle furnace. The combustion times, maximum swollen volume, nitric oxide formation, cyanate formation, and sulfur release were measured for the original liquors, the filtrates, and intermediate levels of lignin reduction. Combustion experiments were conducted at 900 degrees C in 10% oxygen. Cyanate formation experiments were carried out by pyrolyzing the droplets at 800 degrees C in 100% nitrogen to form a char. The chars were then gasified at 800 degrees C in a 13% carbon dioxide/87% nitrogen atmosphere to obtain the smelt. Sulfur release was studied by pyrolyzing the samples at temperatures ranging from 300 degrees C to 900 degrees C. Liquors with the lowest lignin content had a smaller maximum swollen volume than the original sample. The devolatilization time was not affected by the lignin removal to any great extent, but lignin removal did have a clear effect on the char burning time. The amount of formed nitric oxide (g N/kg black liquor solids) remained constant or decreased slightly with increasing lignin removal in the kraft liquor samples, while for the soda samples the amount of nitric oxide formed increased. The amount of cyanate decreased clearly when comparing the samples with lowest lignin content to the original liquor samples. The peak sulfur release occurred at 500 degrees C for both kraft liquors. In almost all experiments, the share of sulfur released was highest for the original samples and lowest for the sample with lowest lignin content. These results provide new data on combustion properties for reduced-lignin black liquors and indicate that for lignin removal levels up to about 20%, no significant changes are expected in the combustion behavior. Application: This work will help mills identify the effect of lignin precipitation on combustion properties of black liquor.","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69472558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Kinnunen-Raudaskoski, T. Hjelt, E. Kenttä, Ulla Forsström
{"title":"Thin coatings for paper by foam coating","authors":"K. Kinnunen-Raudaskoski, T. Hjelt, E. Kenttä, Ulla Forsström","doi":"10.32964/TJ13.7.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ13.7.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22255,"journal":{"name":"Tappi Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69472513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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