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Complex fault system associated with the Molucca Sea Divergent double subduction zone revealed by the 2019 Mw 6.9 and Mw 7.1 Earthquakes 2019 年 6.9 级和 7.1 级地震揭示的与摩鹿加海发散型双俯冲带有关的复杂断层系统
IF 2.7 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2024.230493
Endra Gunawan , Adriano Gualandi , Nicholas Rawlinson , Sri Widiyantoro , Munawar Kholil , Pepen Supendi , Gatot Haryo Pramono , Sidik Tri Wibowo

GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) data in northern Sulawesi and western Halmahera reveals a pattern of coseismic displacement that was caused by the 7 July 2019 (Mw 6.9) and 14 November 2019 (Mw 7.1) Molucca Sea earthquakes. The coseismic slip of these earthquakes are obtained via inversion on rectangular fault planes of surface GNSS coseismic deformation offsets. The 7 July 2019 earthquake ruptured on an east-dipping fault with a maximum slip of ∼35 cm located at ∼4 km depth and ∼ 100 km north-west of the epicenter. The 14 November 2019 earthquake also ruptured on an east-dipping fault, which has a maximum slip of ∼64 cm located at ∼22 km depth and ∼ 20 km south-west of the epicenter. The coseismic slip distribution of the 14 November earthquake is spatially aligned to that of an earthquake of similar magnitude that took place on 15 November 2014 in the same region. This observation points to the possibility of synchronization, thus raising the prospect of a future earthquake exceeding magnitude 7. If the stress was completely released during the 2014 event, it would have been necessary to reload that portion of the fault at a rate significantly larger than the observed convergence rate of ∼5.8 cm/yr. This suggests that partial ruptures are likely controlling the recurrence time of large earthquakes in the region.

苏拉威西岛北部和哈尔马海拉岛西部的全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)数据揭示了由 2019 年 7 月 7 日(Mw 6.9)和 2019 年 11 月 14 日(Mw 7.1)摩鹿加海地震引起的共震位移模式。这些地震的共震滑移是通过对地表 GNSS 共震变形偏移的矩形断层平面进行反演获得的。2019 年 7 月 7 日地震发生在一条东倾断层上,最大滑移量为 35 厘米,位于震中西北方向 100 公里处,震源深度为 4 公里。2019 年 11 月 14 日地震也发生在一条东倾断层上,该断层的最大滑移量为∼64 厘米,位于震源深度∼22 公里处,震中西南方向∼20 公里处。11 月 14 日地震的共震滑移分布与 2014 年 11 月 15 日在同一地区发生的类似震级地震的滑移分布在空间上是一致的。这一观察结果表明了同步的可能性,从而提高了未来发生超过 7 级地震的可能性。如果应力在 2014 年的地震中被完全释放,那么该部分断层的重载速度将远远大于观测到的 5.8 厘米/年的收敛速度。这表明,部分断裂很可能控制着该地区大地震的复发时间。
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引用次数: 0
Present-day stress stratification in the lower Palaeozoic shale sequence of the Baltic Basin, northern Poland, inferred from borehole data 根据钻孔数据推断波兰北部波罗的海盆地下古生代页岩序列的现今应力分层情况
IF 2.7 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2024.230484
Marek Jarosiński , Kinga Bobek , Michał Wojtowicz , Radomir Pachytel , Maciej Trzeciak , Alicja Piłacik

We performed an analysis of present-day stress profiles for four wells penetrating the Lower Palaeozoic shale sequence of the Baltic Basin (northern Poland). Breakouts, hydraulic fracturing and leak-off tests were used to calibrate stress models based on anisotropic elastic shale properties. Initial stress models, balancing the lengths of the modelled and observed breakouts, indicated a degradation of the mechanical properties reconstructed from the density and dipole acoustic tool logs. Taking this adverse effect into account, final stress models were calculated which showed a stratification of the stress regime consistent with the lithostratigraphic shale units. A clear dominance of the horizontal stress-generating gravity factor over the horizontal tectonic strain was demonstrated. The obtained values of tectonic strain in the shale sequence compared to the previously determined strain in the crystalline basement of the same study area suggest a significant role of viscoelastic relaxation of the shale sequence.

我们对穿透波罗的海盆地(波兰北部)下古生界页岩序列的四口油井的现今应力剖面进行了分析。根据各向异性的弹性页岩特性,我们利用破裂、水力压裂和渗漏测试来校准应力模型。初始应力模型平衡了模拟和观测到的破裂长度,表明从密度和偶极声学工具测井中重建的力学性能有所下降。考虑到这一不利影响,计算出的最终应力模型显示,应力体系的分层与岩层页岩单位一致。结果表明,产生水平应力的重力因子明显高于水平构造应变。页岩层的构造应变值与之前在同一研究区域的结晶基底中测定的应变值相比,表明页岩层的粘弹性松弛起了重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Crustal-scale architecture and origin of the Haiyuan Arcuate Tectonic Belt, NE Tibet 西藏东北部海原弧形构造带的地壳尺度结构与起源
IF 2.7 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2024.230485
Zizhao Yuan , Yanqi Lin , Xiao Xu , Huilin Li , Xiaoyu Guo , Chunsen Li , Xiaofei Tong

The Haiyuan Arcuate Tectonic Belt (HATB) in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau features the interactions of three intersecting blocks: the eastern Qilian Shan, the Alxa Block, and the Ordos Block. While the HATB has displayed active responses to the ongoing collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, the exact process behind the formation of this arcuate belt remains unclear. In pursuit of further insights into this topic and a deeper comprehension of the tectonic responses in NE Tibet, we conducted receiver function calculations using teleseismic waveforms recorded by two seismic short-period dense arrays spanning the western and eastern HATB, respectively, extending into the Alxa and Ordos Blocks. The CCP results in the HATB show major structural features that are different from those of adjacent blocks, mainly characterized by structural discontinuities in the crust due to severe deformation, including bending and uplifting in the lower crust. Together with previous geological studies, the bending interfaces in the lower crust of the HATB illuminate the existence of a crustal-scale tectonic accretionary wedge within the HATB, which originated in the Early Paleozoic. Furthermore, a decoupled deformation is seen within the HATB, with the lower crust undergoing shortening and the upper crust experiencing sequential stepwise thrusting towards the north. These scenarios, coupled with the resistance from the rigid Alxa and Ordos Blocks, lead to the conclusion that the arcuate shape of this belt is influenced by the weak crust of the HATB, which primarily orients the northeast, where the weak lithosphere of the Helan tectonic belt is situated between the Alxa and Ordos Blocks. Meanwhile, the progression of a series of thrusting faults in the upper crust within the HATB extends outward, involving adjacent blocks in plateau's growth.

青藏高原东北部的海原弧形构造带(HATB)由三个相交的地块相互作用而成:祁连山东部地块、阿拉善地块和鄂尔多斯地块。虽然HATB对印度板块和欧亚板块之间正在发生的碰撞表现出积极的反应,但这一弧形带形成背后的确切过程仍不清楚。为了进一步了解这一问题,更深入地理解西藏东北部的构造响应,我们利用两个地震短周期密集阵列记录的远震波形进行了接收函数计算,这两个地震短周期密集阵列分别横跨哈达弧带的西部和东部,并延伸至阿拉善和鄂尔多斯地块。HATB 的 CCP 结果显示了与邻近区块不同的主要构造特征,主要特征是由于严重变形造成的地壳构造不连续,包括下地壳的弯曲和隆起。结合以往的地质研究,HATB 下部地壳的弯曲界面表明,HATB 内部存在一个地壳尺度的构造增生楔,该构造增生楔起源于早古生代。此外,在 HATB 内还可以看到一种脱钩变形,下部地壳发生缩短,而上部地壳则向北发生连续的阶梯式推移。这些情况,加上来自坚硬的阿拉善和鄂尔多斯地块的阻力,导致该构造带的弧形形状受到 HATB 软弱地壳的影响,主要向东北方向倾斜,贺兰构造带的软弱岩石圈位于阿拉善和鄂尔多斯地块之间。同时,贺兰构造带内上地壳的一系列推断断层向外延伸,使邻近地块参与高原的生长。
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引用次数: 0
Inference of the Gutenberg-Richter b-value: New insights and results 古腾堡-里希特 b 值的推断:新的见解和结果
IF 2.7 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2024.230486
Eulogio Pardo-Igúzquiza , Peter A. Dowd

The size-frequency distribution of many geological and geophysical variables, in relation to fractures, faulting and seismicity, is well described by a statistical distribution of the power law type which is characterized by its exponent. For earthquake magnitudes, the exponent is the well-known b-parameter of the Gutenberg-Richter scaling law. In this paper we:

  • provide a strict statistical derivation of the distribution law of earthquake magnitudes,

  • show that the maximum likelihood estimator of the b-parameter is unbiased,

  • demonstrate that the maximum likelihood estimator is invariant to the value chosen as the minimum magnitude threshold in so far as it is larger than the magnitude of completeness of the earthquake catalogue, and

  • provide a new estimator based on the minimization of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic and provide a strategy for detecting and mapping the spatio-temporal variation of the b-parameter in seismic swarms.

The findings are illustrated with simulated data and a case study with real data.

与断裂、断层和地震有关的许多地质和地球物理变量的大小-频率分布,都可以用幂律类型的统计分布来很好地描述。对于地震震级而言,指数就是著名的古腾堡-里克特缩放定律的 b 参数。在本文中,我们-提供地震震级分布规律的严格统计推导,证明 b 参数的最大似然估计值是无偏的,证明最大似然估计值与所选的最小震级临界值无关,只要该值大于地震目录的完整震级、提供一种基于科尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫统计量最小化的新估计器,并提供一种检测和绘制地震群中 b 参数时空变化图的策略。研究结果通过模拟数据和真实数据案例研究进行了说明。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of stress field in the head area of the Three Gorges Reservoir based on coupled fluid-solid theory 基于流固耦合理论的三峡库区水头区应力场分析
IF 2.7 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2024.230482
Yiming Dai , Lili Zhang , Yaowen Zhang , Yunsheng Yao , Renlong Wang

The Three Gorges Reservoir, one of the largest water conservation system in the world, has been of keen interest to scientists globally since its impoundment. After construction of the dam, there has been a significant increase in seismic activity in the head area of the reservoir. It is generally accepted that earthquakes in this region are predominantly caused by the Jiuwanxi and Xiannvshan faults. This study focused on the stress changes occurring in the research area. A three-dimensional finite element model of the reservoir area was constructed using the geological structure and digital ground elevation data of the reservoir area. The fluid-solid coupling theory was applied to calculate the dynamic spatial changes in pore pressure and Coulomb stress in the faults and surrounding rocks during reservoir impoundment. The findings indicated that the added head pore water pressure at the bottom of the reservoir had a maximum impact range of approximately −2800 m on the surrounding rock, whereas the Xiannvshan and Jiuwanxi faults had a maximum diffusion range of approximately −4300 m. Rock permeability also played a significant role in the water storage process. During the 1 56 m water impoundment stage, owing to rapid water storage activity, stress could not be transmitted to both sides in a timely manner, resulting in the formation of an extreme stress change zone at −4000 m inside the fault. This may have been the reason for the frequent earthquakes during this stage. The 17 5 m cycle water storage stage also exhibited a significant degree of seismicity, potentially attributable to the long-term infiltration of reservoir water and accumulation of stress in the previous stage. The stress in the study area at the four stages are in a process of accumulation-release-accumulation-release.

三峡水库是世界上最大的水利系统之一,自蓄水以来一直受到全球科学家的密切关注。大坝建成后,库首地区的地震活动明显增加。一般认为,该地区的地震主要是由九畹溪断层和仙女山断层引起的。本研究的重点是研究该地区发生的应力变化。利用库区的地质构造和数字地面高程数据,构建了库区的三维有限元模型。应用流固耦合理论计算了水库蓄水过程中断层和围岩中孔隙压力和库仑应力的动态空间变化。研究结果表明,水库底部增加的水头孔隙水压力对围岩的最大影响范围约为-2800 m,而仙女山断层和九畹溪断层的最大扩散范围约为-4300 m。在 1 56 m 的蓄水阶段,由于蓄水活动迅速,应力不能及时向两侧传递,导致断层内-4000 m 处形成极应力变化带。这可能是这一阶段频繁发生地震的原因。17 5 米循环蓄水阶段也出现了明显的地震,这可能是由于水库水的长期渗透和前一阶段应力的积累。研究区四个阶段的应力处于积累-释放-积累-释放的过程中。
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引用次数: 0
Co-seismic and post-seismic slip associated with the 2021 Mw5.9 Arkalochori, Central Crete (Greece) earthquake constrained by geodetic data and aftershocks 由大地测量数据和余震制约的与 2021 年希腊克里特岛中部 Arkalochori 5.9 级地震相关的共震和震后滑动
IF 2.7 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2024.230481
Pavlos Bonatis , Vasileios Karakostas , Jan Kaplon , Eleftheria Papadimitriou , George Kaviris , Maya Ilieva , Michael Foumelis , Christos Pikridas

The co-seismic and post-seismic deformation field associated with the Mw5.9 Arkalochori main shock that occurred in central Crete (Greece) on 27 September 2021 is analyzed using Copernicus Sentinel-1A & 1B images, GNSS measurements and seismological data. The fault geometry is constrained through the joint inversion of multiple datasets and the slip distribution for the co-seismic and post-seismic period is obtained using a homogeneous half-space elastic model and the Steepest Descent Method. The results indicate a blind normal fault striking 215° with a 55° dip to the northwest and the co-seismic slip model suggests a nearly circular main slip patch (8 × 6 km2) with a maximum slip of 0.98 m. Post-seismic displacements started rapidly after the main shock followed by a gradual decay as highlighted by the calculated InSAR time series. The temporal evolution of post-seismic slip is described by a simple logarithmic function, decaying faster at the southwest part of the fault. The cumulative afterslip model suggests that the maximum post-seismic slip of 0.23 m occurred within a similar depth range compared to the co-seismic one, yet with a shift towards the southwest. Post-seismic slip inside the main shock rupture area is sustained, highlighting the slow recovery of locking in the co-seismic slip region. Afterslip (seismic or aseismic) played a dominant role in the early post-seismic period acting complementarily to the main rupture. Indications suggest that the spatiotemporal evolution of the productive aftershock sequence may be driven afterslip, alongside other potential factors.

利用哥白尼哨兵-1A & 1B图像、全球导航卫星系统测量数据和地震学数据,分析了2021年9月27日发生在希腊克里特岛中部的Mw5.9 Arkalochori主震的共震和震后变形场。通过对多个数据集进行联合反演,对断层的几何形状进行了约束,并利用均质半空间弹性模型和最陡坡下降法获得了同震期和震后的滑移分布。结果表明,这是一条走向为 215°、向西北倾角为 55°的盲正断层,共震滑移模型表明,这是一个近似圆形的主滑移斑块(8 × 6 平方公里),最大滑移量为 0.98 米。震后滑移的时间演变用一个简单的对数函数来描述,在断层的西南部衰减得更快。累积后滑移模型表明,震后最大滑移量为 0.23 米,发生在与同震滑移相似的深度范围内,但向西南方向移动。主震源破裂区内的震后滑移是持续的,这突出表明共震滑移区的锁定恢复缓慢。震后滑移(地震滑移或非地震滑移)在震后早期起着主导作用,与主断裂互为补充。有迹象表明,生产性余震序列的时空演变可能是由后滑动以及其他潜在因素驱动的。
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引用次数: 0
Fault rock properties and conditions produce variance in slip during earthquake rupture propagation at the Nankai Trough 断层岩特性和条件在南海海槽地震破裂传播过程中产生的滑移差异
IF 2.7 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2024.230483
Kenichi Tsuda , Tetsuro Hirono

Although drilled samples of fault rocks have yielded information on frictional features of shallow subduction zones, the relationship of rupture propagation to the levels of friction and pore-fluid pressure remains uncertain. To investigate this topic, we performed dynamic rupture simulations along the megasplay fault that slipped during the 1944 Mw 8.0 Tonankai earthquake in the Nankai Trough. We used actual data from friction experiments on rocks from the fault segment and pre-existing pore pressures deduced from geophysical surveys for the shallow portion of 0–10 km depth along the fault. Simulations of low friction (friction coefficient ca. 0.04) produced large slip (about 30 m), whereas simulations using higher friction (friction coefficient ca. 0.2) suppressed the rupture. In simulations with low friction in which the pore-fluid pressure was nearly equal to the lithostatic stress, the slip decreased to about 25 m. However, when the simulations included slip-strengthening at shallow depth and higher friction, the slip still reached roughly 20 m. Such variability in slip during rupture propagation is caused by differences in the friction features and fluid pressure conditions of fault rocks, in which the friction features might be related to the mineral composition. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity in fault-rock type and their physical and hydraulic properties may fundamentally produce the complexity and variability of earthquake rupture propagation along the Nankai plate-subduction boundary.

尽管对断层岩石的钻探样本已经提供了浅俯冲带摩擦特征的信息,但断裂传播与摩擦力和孔隙流体压力水平的关系仍不确定。为了研究这个问题,我们沿着 1944 年南海海槽发生 8.0 级砺石海地震时滑动的巨型断层进行了动态断裂模拟。我们使用了断层段岩石摩擦实验的实际数据,以及地球物理勘测推断出的断层沿线 0-10 千米深度浅层部分的原有孔隙压力。低摩擦力(摩擦系数约为 0.04)模拟产生了大滑移(约 30 米),而高摩擦力(摩擦系数约为 0.2)模拟则抑制了断裂。在孔隙流体压力几乎等于岩石应力的低摩擦力模拟中,滑移量减少到约 25 米。然而,当模拟包括浅层滑移加强和较高摩擦力时,滑移量仍达到约 20 米。断层传播过程中滑移量的这种变化是由断层岩石的摩擦特征和流体压力条件的差异造成的,其中摩擦特征可能与矿物成分有关。断层岩类型及其物理和水力特性的时空异质性可能从根本上导致南海板块-俯冲边界地震破裂传播的复杂性和多变性。
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引用次数: 0
Unraveling the link between magma and deformation during slow seafloor spreading 揭示缓慢海底扩张过程中岩浆与变形之间的联系
IF 2.7 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2024.230473
Yanghui Zhao , Weiwei Ding , Gianreto Manatschal , Xiaodong Wei , Hanghang Ding , Zhengyi Tong , Jingyan Zhao

Detachment faulting related to oceanic core complexes (OCCs) has been suggested to be a manifestation of slow seafloor spreading. Although numerical models suggest OCCs form under low magma supply, the specific interaction between magmatism and tectonic faulting remains elusive. This paper examines seismic observations detailing the spatiotemporal interactions between magmatism, high-angle faulting, and detachment faulting at a slow-spreading mid-ocean ridge in the West Philippine Basin. We identified a magma-rich spreading phase, indicated by a magmatic top basement and oceanic crust with shallow-penetrating high-angle normal faults. An axial valley reveals an along-strike transition from magmatically-dominated to highly tectonized oceanic crust over a distance of 70 km. Two older OCCs with concave-down fault geometries and a younger OCC with steep-dipping faulting suggest sequential detachments with the same polarity. Our findings suggest: (1) slow seafloor spreading alternates between high-angle faulting with a relatively high magma supply and detachment faulting with a limited magma supply; (2) sequential development of younger detachments in the footwall of its predecessor leads to an asymmetric split in the newly accreted crust; and (3) the life cycle of OCC ends with high-angle faults that overprint the detachment and act as magma pathways, sealing the OCC. Our study captures the dynamic interaction between high-angle and detachment faults and their concurrent and subsequent relationship to magmatic systems. This reveals that strain distribution along strike is critical to OCC formation, thus enriching our understanding beyond conventional considerations such as spreading rates and melt budgets at mid-ocean ridges.

与大洋核心复合体(OCCs)有关的剥离断层被认为是缓慢海底扩张的一种表现形式。尽管数值模型表明 OCC 是在岩浆供应量较低的情况下形成的,但岩浆活动与构造断层之间的具体互动关系仍然难以捉摸。本文通过地震观测,详细分析了西菲律宾盆地一个缓慢扩张的大洋中脊的岩浆活动、高角度断层和剥离断层之间的时空相互作用。我们确定了一个岩浆丰富的扩张阶段,岩浆顶部基底和大洋地壳与浅穿透高角度正断层表明了这一阶段。一个轴向山谷显示了从岩浆主导到高度构造化洋壳的沿走向过渡,距离为 70 千米。两个较老的 OCC 断层呈凹陷向下的断层几何形状,一个较年轻的 OCC 断层呈陡倾的断层形状,这表明具有相同极性的连续剥离。我们的研究结果表明:(1) 缓慢的海底扩张在岩浆供应量相对较高的高角度断层和岩浆供应量有限的剥离断层之间交替进行;(2) 较年轻的剥离断层在其前身的底壁依次发展,导致新增生地壳的非对称分裂;(3) OCC 的生命周期以覆盖剥离断层并作为岩浆通道的高角度断层结束,从而封闭了 OCC。我们的研究捕捉到了高角度断层和剥离断层之间的动态相互作用,以及它们与岩浆系统的同时和后续关系。这揭示了沿走向的应变分布对 OCC 的形成至关重要,从而丰富了我们对大洋中脊扩张速率和熔融预算等传统考虑因素之外的认识。
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引用次数: 0
The influence of the strength of pre-existing weak zones on rift geometry and strain localization 原有薄弱带的强度对裂谷几何形状和应变定位的影响
IF 2.7 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2024.230472
Liang Xue , Robert Moucha , Folarin Kolawole , James D. Muirhead , Christopher A. Scholz

Continental rifts normally initiate within previously deformed lithosphere and thus their evolution and architecture can be largely controlled by inherited weak zones in the pre-rift crust. Here, we quantify the role of the strength and obliquity of pre-existing crustal-scale weak zones in the evolution of continental rift systems. We use a 3D numerical geodynamic model to assess strain localization, associated fault development, and rift segmentation during the early stages of tectonic extension. We find that both the strength and obliquity of the weak zones significantly influence the patterns of strain localization. A pre-existing very weak zone with low obliquity can promote the development of continuous and long-lived border faults parallel to the rift axis. Conversely, a comparatively strong weak zone with high obliquity leads to a staggered en-echelon rift geometry that lacks rectilinear laterally persistent strain localization. Furthermore, we find that rift obliquity and weak zone strength may modulate rift fault length, throw, and azimuth. These results provide new and compelling insights into the structure and evolution of natural active rifts that develop within orogenic basement terranes.

大陆裂谷通常起始于先前变形的岩石圈,因此其演化和结构在很大程度上受裂谷前地壳中继承的薄弱带的控制。在这里,我们量化了预先存在的地壳尺度薄弱带的强度和斜度在大陆裂谷系统演化中的作用。我们使用三维数值地球动力学模型来评估构造延伸早期阶段的应变定位、相关断层发育和裂谷分割。我们发现,薄弱带的强度和斜度对应变定位模式有显著影响。一个预先存在的、斜度较低的非常薄弱区,可以促进平行于裂谷轴线的连续而长效的边界断层的发展。相反,一个相对较强的高倾角薄弱区则会导致交错的 "内十弧形 "裂谷几何形态,缺乏横向持续的直线应变定位。此外,我们还发现,断裂斜度和薄弱带强度可能会调节断裂断层的长度、走向和方位角。这些结果为了解在造山基底地层中发育的天然活动断裂的结构和演化提供了令人信服的新见解。
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引用次数: 0
Shaping the crustal structure of the SW-Alpine Foreland: Insights from 3D Geological modeling 塑造西南阿尔卑斯山前陆的地壳结构:三维地质建模的启示
IF 2.7 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2024.230471
Dorian Bienveignant , Ahmed Nouibat , Christian Sue , Yann Rolland , Stéphane Schwartz , Matthias Bernet , Thierry Dumont , Jérôme Nomade , Séverine Caritg , Andrea Walpersdorf

Reactivation processes play a significative role in the localization of deformation but still remain hard to establish at the lithospheric scale. In this work, we built a 3D structural model, which enables to bridge the gap between the main tectonic structures observed at the surface and the geometry of the major interfaces (the Mohorovičić-discontinuity (hereafter Moho) and top of the basement) inferred from geophysical data acquired in the external Western Alps and their foreland. The geometry of these tectonic structures is interpreted in relation to their geodynamic evolution. The main results of this study highlight: (1) a strong contribution of thick-skinned Pyrenean-Provence and Alpine tectonics, (2) a lithospheric rooting of Variscan shear zones and related faults, and (3) the regional-scale influence of these inherited structures on the post-Paleozoic strain localization in the study area. Our 3D model shows that the pattern of Variscan shear zones that were developed at the end of the Paleozoic involved the whole crust, as emphasized by the Moho offsets. These shear zones were reactivated and localized Meso-Cenozoic deformation. The Variscan deformation pattern controlled the geometry of extensional basins, the propagation of Pyrenean-Provence deformation, and finally the Alpine deformation at crustal scale. Our 3D model shows minor crustal thickening (ca. 40 km) located below the Pelvoux External Crystalline Massif, which probably resulted from both Pyrenean and Alpine tectonic phases. In contrast, the southern part of the Alpine front shows a thinned crust (ca. 18 km) resulting from extensional Meso-Cenozoic phases between the Cévennes margin and the Durance basin.

再活化过程在变形定位中发挥着重要作用,但在岩石圈尺度上仍难以确定。在这项工作中,我们建立了一个三维结构模型,该模型能够弥合地表观测到的主要构造结构与从西阿尔卑斯山外部及其前陆获取的地球物理数据推断出的主要界面(莫霍洛维奇不连续面(以下简称莫霍面)和基底顶部)的几何形状之间的差距。这些构造结构的几何形状与其地球动力演化相关联。这项研究的主要结果突出显示了:(1) 厚皮比利牛斯-普罗旺斯和阿尔卑斯构造的强大作用,(2) 瓦里斯坎剪切带和相关断层的岩石圈根基,(3) 这些继承构造对研究区域后古生代应变定位的区域性影响。我们的三维模型显示,古生代末期形成的瓦里坎剪切带模式涉及整个地壳,莫霍偏移也强调了这一点。这些剪切带重新激活了中新生代的局部变形。Variscan变形模式控制了延伸盆地的几何形状、比利牛斯-普罗旺斯变形的传播,并最终控制了地壳尺度上的阿尔卑斯山变形。我们的三维模型显示,位于佩尔沃外结晶地块下方的地壳略有增厚(约 40 千米),这可能是比利牛斯和阿尔卑斯构造相共同作用的结果。与此相反,阿尔卑斯山前缘南部的地壳变薄(约 18 千米),这可能是塞文山脉边缘和杜纳尔河盆地之间的中新生代延伸阶段造成的。
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Tectonophysics
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