Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.01.LZ
Laixun Zhao
This paper identifies a couple recently very popular, alternative strategies for developing countries trying to catch up with rich countries. These include foreign direct investment in the forms of hosting multinationals’ offshoring activities and acquisition of internationally well-known brands through cross-border mergers. The logic behind these strategies is analyzed and some cases are studied. Possible side effects such as the widening of income inequality, environmental degradation and a lowering of labor standards are also examined. JEL Classification: F21, F23
{"title":"Some Alternative Catching Up Strategies for Developing Countries","authors":"Laixun Zhao","doi":"10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.01.LZ","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.01.LZ","url":null,"abstract":"This paper identifies a couple recently very popular, alternative strategies for developing countries trying to catch up with rich countries. These include foreign direct investment in the forms of hosting multinationals’ offshoring activities and acquisition of internationally well-known brands through cross-border mergers. The logic behind these strategies is analyzed and some cases are studied. Possible side effects such as the widening of income inequality, environmental degradation and a lowering of labor standards are also examined. JEL Classification: F21, F23","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73619500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.03.AS
Akira Sasahara
This paper analyzes the impact of trade liberalization in an intermediate-good sector on a final-good sector using a general equilibrium model. The model clarifies that the finaland intermediate-good sectors gain from trade through distinct mechanisms. Trade in intermediate-goods leads to tougher competition in the intermediate-good sector, which in turn leads to productivity growth in the sector. Final-good producers benefit from the new entry of foreign suppliers. Moreover, the model shows the economic environment and the channel each sector gains from the most. JEL Classification: F12, F14, L22
{"title":"A Theory of Gains from New Imported Inputs","authors":"Akira Sasahara","doi":"10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.03.AS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.03.AS","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the impact of trade liberalization in an intermediate-good sector on a final-good sector using a general equilibrium model. The model clarifies that the finaland intermediate-good sectors gain from trade through distinct mechanisms. Trade in intermediate-goods leads to tougher competition in the intermediate-good sector, which in turn leads to productivity growth in the sector. Final-good producers benefit from the new entry of foreign suppliers. Moreover, the model shows the economic environment and the channel each sector gains from the most. JEL Classification: F12, F14, L22","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79488738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.02.AP
Àngels Pelegrín, Catalina Bolancé
This paper examines firm characteristics associated with the probability of relo cating activities in a foreign country. Micro-level data for manufacturing firms for the period 1999–2005 shows that cost-cutting is the main determinant of offshoring production. The analysis reveals that firms with a higher research and develop ment activity, larger firms and firms with greater labour intensity tend to be more involved in offshoring. We observe the prominence of foreign firms among those engaging in offshoring; our findings show that self-selection of the ‘best’ firms is much more significant in the case of foreign firms. For national firms, international experience is a key factor in the moving of production abroad.
{"title":"Offshoring and Firm Characteristics: Some Evidence from the Analysis of Spanish Firm-Level Data","authors":"Àngels Pelegrín, Catalina Bolancé","doi":"10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.02.AP","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.02.AP","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines firm characteristics associated with the probability of relo cating activities in a foreign country. Micro-level data for manufacturing firms for the period 1999–2005 shows that cost-cutting is the main determinant of offshoring production. The analysis reveals that firms with a higher research and develop ment activity, larger firms and firms with greater labour intensity tend to be more involved in offshoring. We observe the prominence of foreign firms among those engaging in offshoring; our findings show that self-selection of the ‘best’ firms is much more significant in the case of foreign firms. For national firms, international experience is a key factor in the moving of production abroad.","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74146920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.04.NJ
Naoto Jinji
This paper investigates the effects of social dumping in cases where firms strategically interact in the output market. Two firms (Northern and Southern) compete in the Northern market. The Southern firm practices social dumping by exploiting its monopsony power in the Southern labor market. Using the Cournot-Ikema curve, I diagrammatically demonstrate that social dumping by the Southern firm is actually beneficial to the Northern firm. However, Northern consumers suffer from social dumping. Imposing social clause tariffs gives a strategic advantage to the Southern firm. At the same time, it may improve Northern social welfare. JEL Classification: F12, F13, J42, L13.
{"title":"Social Dumping and Trade Policy","authors":"Naoto Jinji","doi":"10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.04.NJ","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.04.NJ","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the effects of social dumping in cases where firms strategically interact in the output market. Two firms (Northern and Southern) compete in the Northern market. The Southern firm practices social dumping by exploiting its monopsony power in the Southern labor market. Using the Cournot-Ikema curve, I diagrammatically demonstrate that social dumping by the Southern firm is actually beneficial to the Northern firm. However, Northern consumers suffer from social dumping. Imposing social clause tariffs gives a strategic advantage to the Southern firm. At the same time, it may improve Northern social welfare. JEL Classification: F12, F13, J42, L13.","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82287518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.08.K.H
Kojun Hamada
The paper examines whether altruism causes the transfer paradox in the model with two countries and two goods. Unlike the existing literature on the subject in which the people in the donor country maximize their own utility and do not care about the people in the recipient country, we analyze a situation in which the consumers of the donor and recipient countries have altruistic utility. We demonstrate that if the Walrasian stability condition is satisfied in the general equilibrium, the transfer paradox can never take place irrespective of the definition of utility. The result suggests that the motivation for transfer cannot be explained by the donor’s enrichment because it is not caused by the introduction of altruism into the model.
{"title":"Altruism and the Transfer Paradox","authors":"Kojun Hamada","doi":"10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.08.K.H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.08.K.H","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines whether altruism causes the transfer paradox in the model with two countries and two goods. Unlike the existing literature on the subject in which the people in the donor country maximize their own utility and do not care about the people in the recipient country, we analyze a situation in which the consumers of the donor and recipient countries have altruistic utility. We demonstrate that if the Walrasian stability condition is satisfied in the general equilibrium, the transfer paradox can never take place irrespective of the definition of utility. The result suggests that the motivation for transfer cannot be explained by the donor’s enrichment because it is not caused by the introduction of altruism into the model.","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76497843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.07.S.U
S. Urata
This paper analyzes the impacts of free trade agreements (FTAs) from both quality and quantity aspects. The qualitative analysis of FTAs in terms of trade in goods, trade in services, direct investment and safeguard measures showed higher level of liberalization for FTAs involving developed countries than developing countries. The analysis of the quantitative effects showed a trade expansion effect for many FTAs. The analysis found various obstacles, which include high cost of obtaining a certificate of origin and low FTA preferential tariff margins, for using FTAs. The obstacles have to be removed, in order to increase the use of FTAs, thereby to promote foreign trade.
{"title":"Economic Impacts of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)","authors":"S. Urata","doi":"10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.07.S.U","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.07.S.U","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the impacts of free trade agreements (FTAs) from both quality and quantity aspects. The qualitative analysis of FTAs in terms of trade in goods, trade in services, direct investment and safeguard measures showed higher level of liberalization for FTAs involving developed countries than developing countries. The analysis of the quantitative effects showed a trade expansion effect for many FTAs. The analysis found various obstacles, which include high cost of obtaining a certificate of origin and low FTA preferential tariff margins, for using FTAs. The obstacles have to be removed, in order to increase the use of FTAs, thereby to promote foreign trade.","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73865018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.04.K.W
Kar-yiu Wong
{"title":"The Global Financial Crisis and China's Policy Response","authors":"Kar-yiu Wong","doi":"10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.04.K.W","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2012.04.K.W","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77237180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-01DOI: 10.5652/kokusaikeizai.kk2011.01.f
深尾 光洋
{"title":"Greenhouse gas reduction and the governance of global economy","authors":"深尾 光洋","doi":"10.5652/kokusaikeizai.kk2011.01.f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/kokusaikeizai.kk2011.01.f","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86684340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-10-01DOI: 10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2010.04.I.O
Jota Ishikawa, Toshihiro Okubo
We explore the effects of environmental and trade policies with negative consumption externalities when a domestic firm and a foreign rival produce imperfect substitutes and compete in the domestic market. Consumption of the foreign product generates more emissions than that of the domestic product. Emission taxes reduce emissions, harm the foreign firm, but may benefit the domestic firm. Tariffs could mitigate externalities more "effectively" than emission taxes. Consumption subsidies provided to the domestic product may raise emissions and worsen domestic welfare. Stringent environmental policies may induce the foreign firm to produce an environmentally friendly good, though environmental damages may increase.
{"title":"Environmental and Trade Policies for Oligopolistic Industry in the Presence of Consumption Externalities","authors":"Jota Ishikawa, Toshihiro Okubo","doi":"10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2010.04.I.O","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2010.04.I.O","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the effects of environmental and trade policies with negative consumption externalities when a domestic firm and a foreign rival produce imperfect substitutes and compete in the domestic market. Consumption of the foreign product generates more emissions than that of the domestic product. Emission taxes reduce emissions, harm the foreign firm, but may benefit the domestic firm. Tariffs could mitigate externalities more \"effectively\" than emission taxes. Consumption subsidies provided to the domestic product may raise emissions and worsen domestic welfare. Stringent environmental policies may induce the foreign firm to produce an environmentally friendly good, though environmental damages may increase.","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88631418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2010.07.S.Y.K
M. Satake, Yosiko Yamashige, T. Kikuchi
In recent years, the increased export of recyclable materials from Japan to Asia, particularly to China, has raised questions regarding Japanese recycling system for containers and packaging, which had assumed no transboundary movement of these materials when first implemented. Facing significant outflow, the Japanese government added the policy to the revised law to encourage local governments to transfer used plastic bottles to designated recyclers who process them for domestic manufactures of final products. However, it is questionable whether such a policy is beneficial as well as sustainable. This study attempts to provide an answer to this question by constructing a simple model of plastic bottle recycling and conducting a positive as well as a normative analysis of the export of recyclable materials in the context of increasing import demand and international market fluctuation.
{"title":"Export of Recyclable Materials and the Japanese Recycling System: The Case of Used Plastic Bottles","authors":"M. Satake, Yosiko Yamashige, T. Kikuchi","doi":"10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2010.07.S.Y.K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.IE2010.07.S.Y.K","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the increased export of recyclable materials from Japan to Asia, particularly to China, has raised questions regarding Japanese recycling system for containers and packaging, which had assumed no transboundary movement of these materials when first implemented. Facing significant outflow, the Japanese government added the policy to the revised law to encourage local governments to transfer used plastic bottles to designated recyclers who process them for domestic manufactures of final products. However, it is questionable whether such a policy is beneficial as well as sustainable. This study attempts to provide an answer to this question by constructing a simple model of plastic bottle recycling and conducting a positive as well as a normative analysis of the export of recyclable materials in the context of increasing import demand and international market fluctuation.","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78428397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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