Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.2
P. Gaur, Gaurav Singh, S. Bhattacharya, S. Kant, Sarika Pandey, R. Pandey, Pooja Singh
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. The epidermal-growthfactor receptor (EGFR) cascades the signaling pathway that regulates tumor-cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and apoptosis. Since EGFR is often over-expressed in NSCLC and the level of EGFR expression correlates with poor prognosis. EGFR inhibitors have been developed as a novel therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Gefitinib is the first molecular targeted agent approved for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. It is a highly effective EGFR TK inhibitor (TKI) selectively blocks the signal transduction pathways implicated in cancer growth. Key-wordsLung Cancer, EGFR, NSCLC, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) INTRODUCTION Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. Lung cancer is defined as the uncontrolled cell growth of lung tissues which may lead to metastasis, invasion of adjacent tissue and infiltration beyond the lungs. Majority of lung cancers are carcinoma of the lung and are derived from epithelial cells [1] . After breast cancer, the second most common cancer present in women is lung cancer. It also constitutes the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. [2] Despite recent advances in the management of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the cure rate remains still low [3-4] . Hence further molecular investigation of lung cancer is required for the development of the new treatment strategies to improve the prognosis of lung cancer patients. It has been found that the activation and proliferation of NSCLC is regulated by growth factors and receptors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) subfamily. The principal available therapeutic options for the treatment of lung cancer were surgical intervention, platinum-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy but with the description of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non-small cell lung cancer in the Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:
{"title":"EGFR Mutation and Tyrosine-Kinase Inhibitors (TKI) in Non Small Cell Lung Cancer: An Overview","authors":"P. Gaur, Gaurav Singh, S. Bhattacharya, S. Kant, Sarika Pandey, R. Pandey, Pooja Singh","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. The epidermal-growthfactor receptor (EGFR) cascades the signaling pathway that regulates tumor-cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and apoptosis. Since EGFR is often over-expressed in NSCLC and the level of EGFR expression correlates with poor prognosis. EGFR inhibitors have been developed as a novel therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Gefitinib is the first molecular targeted agent approved for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. It is a highly effective EGFR TK inhibitor (TKI) selectively blocks the signal transduction pathways implicated in cancer growth. Key-wordsLung Cancer, EGFR, NSCLC, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) INTRODUCTION Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. Lung cancer is defined as the uncontrolled cell growth of lung tissues which may lead to metastasis, invasion of adjacent tissue and infiltration beyond the lungs. Majority of lung cancers are carcinoma of the lung and are derived from epithelial cells [1] . After breast cancer, the second most common cancer present in women is lung cancer. It also constitutes the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. [2] Despite recent advances in the management of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the cure rate remains still low [3-4] . Hence further molecular investigation of lung cancer is required for the development of the new treatment strategies to improve the prognosis of lung cancer patients. It has been found that the activation and proliferation of NSCLC is regulated by growth factors and receptors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) subfamily. The principal available therapeutic options for the treatment of lung cancer were surgical intervention, platinum-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy but with the description of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non-small cell lung cancer in the Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87966966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.9
C. Negi, P. Verma
Diseases caused by mosquitoes have been a threat all around the globe since ages and humans have been coping with the disease spread in various possible ways. Mosquitoes are ectoparasites, which are vectors to numerous of diseases caused in humans as well as animals, and birds. Through the diseases they carry, it may lead to severe illness and even death. Culex quinquefasciatus is one of the mosquito species, which is a potential vector of several arboviruses like West Nile virus (WNV), Rift Valley fever virus, avian pox and protozoa like Plasmodium relictum, which causes bird malaria. This mosquito exists throughout the tropics and the lower latitudes of temperate regions. Also, it can transmit several other arboviruses in the laboratory conditions. The present study is an attempt to review the bioecology, medical importance, and impact of phytoextracts on the life of Culex quinquefasciatus. It acts as an important bridge since it bridges between different reservoir/amplifier hosts to humans because of its encounter with different vertebrates. It also forms an ecological bridge between the urban, periurban and rural areas, which leads to its presence and adaptability in diverse ecological conditions. Emerging as a smart vector because of the features like-adaptive fitness, ecological plasticity, invasive behaviour and high reproductive potential, this mosquito possesses the necessary capability for disease transmission by establishing an effective vector-host transmission cycle for diverse pathogens in variable environments. Thus, in the changing ecological conditions also this mosquito might enhance its epidemiological importance in the near future as a smart vector even for those pathogens, which are presently not even having any public health importance. Hence, studies are being made to find out and prepare plants based environment friendly formulations in order to target this organism because this species may develop resistance to the chemical insecticides due to its high resistivity and adaptability. Key-wordsCulex quinquefasciatus, Smart vector, Plasmodium relictum, Southern house mosquito INTRODUCTION Mosquitoes are vector agents that cause diseases by transmitting the virus and parasite from one person to another [1] . Mosquitoes are the major public health pests and are vectors for many diseases, such as malaria and West Nile Virus [2] . Culex is a genus of mosquito which acts as a vector for many humans, animals as well as birds. The genus is found to be of worldwide occurrence. Mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for significant global morbidity and mortality. Culex mosquitoes, especially Culex quinquefasciatus are the chief vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti that cause a disease known as bancroftian filariasis. This disease is common in many regions of the world including the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean countries [3] . C. quinquefasciatus may also cause protozoan, viral, parasitic and helminthic diseases. Access this artic
{"title":"Review on Culex quinquefasciatus: Southern House Mosquito","authors":"C. Negi, P. Verma","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Diseases caused by mosquitoes have been a threat all around the globe since ages and humans have been coping with the disease spread in various possible ways. Mosquitoes are ectoparasites, which are vectors to numerous of diseases caused in humans as well as animals, and birds. Through the diseases they carry, it may lead to severe illness and even death. Culex quinquefasciatus is one of the mosquito species, which is a potential vector of several arboviruses like West Nile virus (WNV), Rift Valley fever virus, avian pox and protozoa like Plasmodium relictum, which causes bird malaria. This mosquito exists throughout the tropics and the lower latitudes of temperate regions. Also, it can transmit several other arboviruses in the laboratory conditions. The present study is an attempt to review the bioecology, medical importance, and impact of phytoextracts on the life of Culex quinquefasciatus. It acts as an important bridge since it bridges between different reservoir/amplifier hosts to humans because of its encounter with different vertebrates. It also forms an ecological bridge between the urban, periurban and rural areas, which leads to its presence and adaptability in diverse ecological conditions. Emerging as a smart vector because of the features like-adaptive fitness, ecological plasticity, invasive behaviour and high reproductive potential, this mosquito possesses the necessary capability for disease transmission by establishing an effective vector-host transmission cycle for diverse pathogens in variable environments. Thus, in the changing ecological conditions also this mosquito might enhance its epidemiological importance in the near future as a smart vector even for those pathogens, which are presently not even having any public health importance. Hence, studies are being made to find out and prepare plants based environment friendly formulations in order to target this organism because this species may develop resistance to the chemical insecticides due to its high resistivity and adaptability. Key-wordsCulex quinquefasciatus, Smart vector, Plasmodium relictum, Southern house mosquito INTRODUCTION Mosquitoes are vector agents that cause diseases by transmitting the virus and parasite from one person to another [1] . Mosquitoes are the major public health pests and are vectors for many diseases, such as malaria and West Nile Virus [2] . Culex is a genus of mosquito which acts as a vector for many humans, animals as well as birds. The genus is found to be of worldwide occurrence. Mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for significant global morbidity and mortality. Culex mosquitoes, especially Culex quinquefasciatus are the chief vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti that cause a disease known as bancroftian filariasis. This disease is common in many regions of the world including the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean countries [3] . C. quinquefasciatus may also cause protozoan, viral, parasitic and helminthic diseases. Access this artic","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81195656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.4
K. Srivastava, D. Sharma, A. Anal, Sonika Sharma
Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is a widely distributed pest in South-East Asia, feeding on 63 plant species belonging to 22 families. It is a serious pest of soybean, pulses oilseeds, cotton and vegetables. In an outbreak phase, this insect can completely defoliate large area of crops causing reduction in yield. Heavy use of synthetic organic insecticides to control this pest resulted in the development of resistance against insecticides of different groups. Although a variety of agrochemicals are used for growing crops, little is known about their direct or indirect effects on nontarget organisms including insect pests. Therefore, alternative control measures have been searched out for this noxious pest. By adopting probable and advanced management practices this important pest can be managed. Key-wordsSpodoptera litura, Bioassay, agrochemicals, Growth and development, Polyphagous pest INTRODUCTION Spodoptera litura Fabricius commonly known as tobacco caterpillar is a polyphagous pest and cause considerable damage to soybean, cotton, and vegetables [1-3] . Use of insecticides for controlling this pest is on the rise and it has the ability to develop resistance to many insecticides [4-5] . Further, various pesticides viz. herbicides, fungicides have been reported to have detrimental effects on different aspects of a life cycle of the S. litura [6-7] . In addition, to understand the influence of agrochemicals on expression of resistance in plants against insects, it is also essential to complete a database on the direct and indirect effect of agrochemicals on insect pests. Therefore, it is essential to know the role of different agrochemicals on the developmental profile of Spodoptera litura. Such observations have been useful in understanding the shifts in insect pest population on a crop influenced by these molecules. Information on this interesting area of pest management is scanty and therefore, needs more observations [6] . Integrated management optionsNo doubt, insecticides are most powerful and widely accepted weapons for the control of above mentioned insect pests. However, excessive reliance on insecticides has posed several adverse effects such as a buildup of pest resistance to insecticide, outbreak of secondary pests, Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:
{"title":"Integrated Management of Spodoptera litura: A Rewiew","authors":"K. Srivastava, D. Sharma, A. Anal, Sonika Sharma","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is a widely distributed pest in South-East Asia, feeding on 63 plant species belonging to 22 families. It is a serious pest of soybean, pulses oilseeds, cotton and vegetables. In an outbreak phase, this insect can completely defoliate large area of crops causing reduction in yield. Heavy use of synthetic organic insecticides to control this pest resulted in the development of resistance against insecticides of different groups. Although a variety of agrochemicals are used for growing crops, little is known about their direct or indirect effects on nontarget organisms including insect pests. Therefore, alternative control measures have been searched out for this noxious pest. By adopting probable and advanced management practices this important pest can be managed. Key-wordsSpodoptera litura, Bioassay, agrochemicals, Growth and development, Polyphagous pest INTRODUCTION Spodoptera litura Fabricius commonly known as tobacco caterpillar is a polyphagous pest and cause considerable damage to soybean, cotton, and vegetables [1-3] . Use of insecticides for controlling this pest is on the rise and it has the ability to develop resistance to many insecticides [4-5] . Further, various pesticides viz. herbicides, fungicides have been reported to have detrimental effects on different aspects of a life cycle of the S. litura [6-7] . In addition, to understand the influence of agrochemicals on expression of resistance in plants against insects, it is also essential to complete a database on the direct and indirect effect of agrochemicals on insect pests. Therefore, it is essential to know the role of different agrochemicals on the developmental profile of Spodoptera litura. Such observations have been useful in understanding the shifts in insect pest population on a crop influenced by these molecules. Information on this interesting area of pest management is scanty and therefore, needs more observations [6] . Integrated management optionsNo doubt, insecticides are most powerful and widely accepted weapons for the control of above mentioned insect pests. However, excessive reliance on insecticides has posed several adverse effects such as a buildup of pest resistance to insecticide, outbreak of secondary pests, Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75572985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.1
V. Soni, Preetpal Kaur
Wastewater treatment is a problem of grave concern in most developing countries. In the last two decades, there has been a lot of research to develop appropriate technologies to alleviate pollution in water resources. Efficient wastewater treatments through conventional methods are expensive and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable solution used to remediate toxic pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. The review describes various aquatic plants, which have high potential to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Key-wordsWater pollution, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Aquatic plants, Wastewater treatment INTRODUCTION Water pollution by heavy metal ions is one of the worldwide environmental problems [1] . Heavy metal pollution due to increased industrialization and urbanization is a global problem. Toxic heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, zinc, and nickel are important environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. They can’t be biodegraded so released into the environment and contribute to lots of toxic effects even in relatively lower concentrations on living organisms in food chain [2-6] by bioaccumulation and bio-magnification [7] . Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these heavy metals including chemical precipitation, oxidation or reduction, filtration, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, membrane technology, evaporation and electrochemical treatment (but most of them are expensive, time consuming and environmentally destructive [8] . Therefore, it is essential for a remediation technology to be effective, economic/affordable, and consistent; moreover, it should effectively reduce HM concentrations to environmentally acceptable levels, and be applicable to field conditions such as effluents and aquatic bodies. Currently, phytoremediation of metals is an effective and affordable “green” technology based on the use of specially selected metal accumulating plants to remove toxic metals from soils and water. Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:
{"title":"Efficacy of Aquatic Plants for Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater","authors":"V. Soni, Preetpal Kaur","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2018.4.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater treatment is a problem of grave concern in most developing countries. In the last two decades, there has been a lot of research to develop appropriate technologies to alleviate pollution in water resources. Efficient wastewater treatments through conventional methods are expensive and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable solution used to remediate toxic pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. The review describes various aquatic plants, which have high potential to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Key-wordsWater pollution, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Aquatic plants, Wastewater treatment INTRODUCTION Water pollution by heavy metal ions is one of the worldwide environmental problems [1] . Heavy metal pollution due to increased industrialization and urbanization is a global problem. Toxic heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, zinc, and nickel are important environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. They can’t be biodegraded so released into the environment and contribute to lots of toxic effects even in relatively lower concentrations on living organisms in food chain [2-6] by bioaccumulation and bio-magnification [7] . Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these heavy metals including chemical precipitation, oxidation or reduction, filtration, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, membrane technology, evaporation and electrochemical treatment (but most of them are expensive, time consuming and environmentally destructive [8] . Therefore, it is essential for a remediation technology to be effective, economic/affordable, and consistent; moreover, it should effectively reduce HM concentrations to environmentally acceptable levels, and be applicable to field conditions such as effluents and aquatic bodies. Currently, phytoremediation of metals is an effective and affordable “green” technology based on the use of specially selected metal accumulating plants to remove toxic metals from soils and water. Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74159832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-17DOI: 10.21276/IJLSSR.2017.3.6.14
Ijlssr Journal, A. Siddiqui, C. Negi, Sunita Singh, S. Parveen
{"title":"Zika Virus: A Review","authors":"Ijlssr Journal, A. Siddiqui, C. Negi, Sunita Singh, S. Parveen","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2017.3.6.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2017.3.6.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91161175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.21276/IJLSSR.2017.3.6.9
Mithun Pr, Jobi Xavier, Jayarama Reddy, N. Praveen
Nothapodytes nimmoniana is an endangered tree endemic to Western Ghats, India and it is the convenient source for large scale isolation of camptothecin (CPT). Since the first report of CPT detection in N. nimmoniana, significant work has been done on its applications. Due to heavy collection of its wood chips for CPT, population is under threat in India. Several plant tissue culture techniques offer alternative strategies for clonal propagation and CPT production to conserve the species. Various strategies are employed to enhance in vitro condition response through culture medium optimization, elicitation, and artificial seed method. In this article, we have reviewed progress made so far on different methods of plant tissue culture techniques for production of camptothecin from N. nimmoniana and biosynthesis of CPT in details. Key-wordsNothapodytes nimmoniana, Camptothecin, Plant tissue culture, Elicitation, Biosynthesis INTRODUCTION The Western Ghats are known for their rich as well as unique flora and fauna. It is one of the rich sources for medicinal plants which are used for curing various diseases. Nothapodytes nimmoniana (J. Graham) Mabberly (Syn. Nothapodytes foetida) belongs to the family Icacinaceae, it is a small tree which can grow up to 8 meters tall which is allocated in Nilgiris, Annamalis, Pullneys, North Kanara and Konkan Ghats, broadly in Western Ghats of India, a global biodiversity hot spot. The tree is endemic to Western Ghats, but is also distributed in Sri lanka, China, South East Asia, North Sumatra, Taiwan and Myanmar [1-3] . The significant interest on this plant is due to the presence of anti-cancer drug, camptothecin (CPT) and 9-Methoxy CPT (Fig. 1). CPT is a monoterpene cytotoxic quinoline alkaloid, first isolated from the plant Camptotheca acuminata [4] which belongs to the family Nyssaceae and later in N. nimmoniana [5] . It is also reported in Pyrenacantha klaineana [6] , Ophiorrhiza species [7] , Chenomorpha fragrance [8] , Dysoxylum binectariferum [9] , and other related species [10] . Reason for distribution of CPT in several unrelated taxa suggests that the genes encoding enzymes involved in CPT biosynthesis evolved early during evolution, but followed switched ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ process for certain period [11] . Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:
{"title":"Production of Camptothecin from Nothapodytes nimmoniana: An Overview","authors":"Mithun Pr, Jobi Xavier, Jayarama Reddy, N. Praveen","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2017.3.6.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2017.3.6.9","url":null,"abstract":"Nothapodytes nimmoniana is an endangered tree endemic to Western Ghats, India and it is the convenient source for large scale isolation of camptothecin (CPT). Since the first report of CPT detection in N. nimmoniana, significant work has been done on its applications. Due to heavy collection of its wood chips for CPT, population is under threat in India. Several plant tissue culture techniques offer alternative strategies for clonal propagation and CPT production to conserve the species. Various strategies are employed to enhance in vitro condition response through culture medium optimization, elicitation, and artificial seed method. In this article, we have reviewed progress made so far on different methods of plant tissue culture techniques for production of camptothecin from N. nimmoniana and biosynthesis of CPT in details. Key-wordsNothapodytes nimmoniana, Camptothecin, Plant tissue culture, Elicitation, Biosynthesis INTRODUCTION The Western Ghats are known for their rich as well as unique flora and fauna. It is one of the rich sources for medicinal plants which are used for curing various diseases. Nothapodytes nimmoniana (J. Graham) Mabberly (Syn. Nothapodytes foetida) belongs to the family Icacinaceae, it is a small tree which can grow up to 8 meters tall which is allocated in Nilgiris, Annamalis, Pullneys, North Kanara and Konkan Ghats, broadly in Western Ghats of India, a global biodiversity hot spot. The tree is endemic to Western Ghats, but is also distributed in Sri lanka, China, South East Asia, North Sumatra, Taiwan and Myanmar [1-3] . The significant interest on this plant is due to the presence of anti-cancer drug, camptothecin (CPT) and 9-Methoxy CPT (Fig. 1). CPT is a monoterpene cytotoxic quinoline alkaloid, first isolated from the plant Camptotheca acuminata [4] which belongs to the family Nyssaceae and later in N. nimmoniana [5] . It is also reported in Pyrenacantha klaineana [6] , Ophiorrhiza species [7] , Chenomorpha fragrance [8] , Dysoxylum binectariferum [9] , and other related species [10] . Reason for distribution of CPT in several unrelated taxa suggests that the genes encoding enzymes involved in CPT biosynthesis evolved early during evolution, but followed switched ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ process for certain period [11] . Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88185301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.21276/IJLSSR.2017.3.6.12
A. Rai, A. Siddiqui, Sunita Singh, C. Negi, S. Parveen
Ebola can cause disease in humans and non-human primates like chimpanzees, gorillas, and monkeys). The spring of 2014 has brought a new calamity, the exotic infectious disease: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, which is caused by the highly contagious and pathogenic virus, transmitted directly by interpersonal contact or indirectly by common usage of the objects. The epidemic which occurred in Guinea tended to expand to neighboring countries; 83 deaths have been reported on April 1 st 2014. Genetic analysis have revealed that the virus that causes this epidemic is similar in a proportion of 98% to Ebolavirus Zaire (EBOV) species that were responsible for the epidemic in Democratic Republic of Congo, in 2008. The Ebola virus belongs to the Filoviridae family and genus Ebolavirus. Each species of the genus Ebola virus has one member virus, and four of these cause Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans, a type of hemorrhagic fever having a very high case fatality rate up to 90% in humans. There are five identified Ebola virus species Bundibugyo Ebolavirus (BDBV), Ebolavirus Zaire (EBOV), Reston Ebolavirus (RESTV), Sudan Ebolavirus (SUDV), and Tai Forest Ebolavirus (TAFV). Ebola viruses are present in numerous African countries. The four of the five virus strains occur in an animal host native to Africa. Key-wordsEbola Virus (EBOV), Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs), Emerging Infectious Disease (EID) INTRODUCTION Ebola, previously known as ‘Ebola hemorrhagic fever’, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the Ebola virus species. Ebola can cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees). Outbreak of Ebola virus in West Africa could be described as most severe public health emergency in modern times. Before the current situation, outbreaks have appeared sporadically in Africa. EVD (Ebola hemorrhagic fever) first appeared in 1976 with two concurrent outbreaks of acute viral hemorrhagic fever involving 284 cases (151 deaths [53%]) centered in Nzara, Sudan [1] , and 318 cases (280 deaths [88%]) in Yambuku (near the Ebola River), Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) [2] . Since these original cases, there have been approximately 20 other outbreaks occurring through to 2013, involving nearly 2500 cases in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Gabon, Cote d’Ivoire, Uganda and the Republic of the Congo [3] . Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:
{"title":"Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Re-Emerging Infectious Disease","authors":"A. Rai, A. Siddiqui, Sunita Singh, C. Negi, S. Parveen","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2017.3.6.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2017.3.6.12","url":null,"abstract":"Ebola can cause disease in humans and non-human primates like chimpanzees, gorillas, and monkeys). The spring of 2014 has brought a new calamity, the exotic infectious disease: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, which is caused by the highly contagious and pathogenic virus, transmitted directly by interpersonal contact or indirectly by common usage of the objects. The epidemic which occurred in Guinea tended to expand to neighboring countries; 83 deaths have been reported on April 1 st 2014. Genetic analysis have revealed that the virus that causes this epidemic is similar in a proportion of 98% to Ebolavirus Zaire (EBOV) species that were responsible for the epidemic in Democratic Republic of Congo, in 2008. The Ebola virus belongs to the Filoviridae family and genus Ebolavirus. Each species of the genus Ebola virus has one member virus, and four of these cause Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans, a type of hemorrhagic fever having a very high case fatality rate up to 90% in humans. There are five identified Ebola virus species Bundibugyo Ebolavirus (BDBV), Ebolavirus Zaire (EBOV), Reston Ebolavirus (RESTV), Sudan Ebolavirus (SUDV), and Tai Forest Ebolavirus (TAFV). Ebola viruses are present in numerous African countries. The four of the five virus strains occur in an animal host native to Africa. Key-wordsEbola Virus (EBOV), Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs), Emerging Infectious Disease (EID) INTRODUCTION Ebola, previously known as ‘Ebola hemorrhagic fever’, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the Ebola virus species. Ebola can cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees). Outbreak of Ebola virus in West Africa could be described as most severe public health emergency in modern times. Before the current situation, outbreaks have appeared sporadically in Africa. EVD (Ebola hemorrhagic fever) first appeared in 1976 with two concurrent outbreaks of acute viral hemorrhagic fever involving 284 cases (151 deaths [53%]) centered in Nzara, Sudan [1] , and 318 cases (280 deaths [88%]) in Yambuku (near the Ebola River), Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) [2] . Since these original cases, there have been approximately 20 other outbreaks occurring through to 2013, involving nearly 2500 cases in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Gabon, Cote d’Ivoire, Uganda and the Republic of the Congo [3] . Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81320241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.21276/IJLSSR.2017.3.6.2
J. Shahi, A. Singh
The present study deals with the physicochemical characteristics of river water Aami. A pulp and paper mill namely Rayana Paper Board Industries Ltd Khalilabad, Uttar Pradesh, were studied for sample collection and analysis of various pollution parameters. Three sampling sites have been selected for this study. Water of this river has toxic effects on fish Channa punctatus. The 96h LC50 values of these sites are 8.99 % dilution for site 1, 22.96 % dilution for site 2 and 41.15 % dilution for site 3. Fishes were treated with different sublethal doses of water samples, it shown significant alterations in different biochemical and haematological parameters of fish. Key-wordsBiochemistry, Haematological, Pulp and paper mill effluents, Physicochemical characteristics, River Aam
{"title":"Toxic Effect of Bleached Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents on the River Water and It’s Organism","authors":"J. Shahi, A. Singh","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2017.3.6.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2017.3.6.2","url":null,"abstract":"The present study deals with the physicochemical characteristics of river water Aami. A pulp and paper mill namely Rayana Paper Board Industries Ltd Khalilabad, Uttar Pradesh, were studied for sample collection and analysis of various pollution parameters. Three sampling sites have been selected for this study. Water of this river has toxic effects on fish Channa punctatus. The 96h LC50 values of these sites are 8.99 % dilution for site 1, 22.96 % dilution for site 2 and 41.15 % dilution for site 3. Fishes were treated with different sublethal doses of water samples, it shown significant alterations in different biochemical and haematological parameters of fish. Key-wordsBiochemistry, Haematological, Pulp and paper mill effluents, Physicochemical characteristics, River Aam","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87031930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.21276/IJLSSR.2017.3.6.13
Endah Tri Lestari, E. Effendy, M. Amin, B. Loebis, M. J. Simbolon, Ht Parinduri
BackgroundVitamin D levels with schizophrenia is lower than the control due to lifestyle and physical health factors such as smoking, inactivity, and social withdrawal including decreases of sunlight exposure. Asia has the lowest average of vitamin D serum levels and Europe with lighter colored skin has higher serum levels of vitamin D. The Indonesian people were known as a nation that has a diversity of ethnic groups that exist in many areas. Each tribe has differences in living habits. Ethnic diversity, culture, religion, customs, geographical location, this is reflected in our daily lives that will affect the levels of vitamin D in patients with schizophrenic. Aims: To determine the differences of serum vitamin D levels with antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenic male patients between Batak and Malay. Methods: This study was an analytical study to recruited 60 subjects of schizophrenic male patient (30 Bataknese and 30 Malayan), aged between 15 to 55 years old, period at MayNov 2016, the acute phase with no agitation, treatment with riperidone 4 mg. Statistical analysis was using Mann Whitney U test. Blood sample for vitamin D serum was using ELFA method. Results: The vitamin D serum levels with antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenic patient were lower in Bataknese ethnic group than Malayan ethnic group, reaching statistically (22.9±3.33 ng/ml) vs (27.9±4.19 ng/ml) p<0.001. Conclusion: There are found significant differences of serum vitamin D levels with antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenic patient between Batak and Malay. Key-wordsSchizophrenia, Serum vitamin D, Ethnicity, Antipsychotic Treatment INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder, characterized by symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, confused thinking, and disorganized speech. [1] In a systematic review on 188 studies from 46 countries, the median prevalence of schizophrenia ranged from 4 to 7 per 1000 persons, depending on the type of prevalence. Despite low prevalence of schizophrenia, it is one of the great contributors to global burden of disease. These ecological findings might simply the role of vitamin D in the etiology of schizophrenia because cutaneous production of vitamin D from sun exposure is less efficient at high latitudes, during winter, and in dark-skinned persons. [2] The serum vitamin D level is determined by skin synthesis through sun exposure and/or dietary intake. [3] Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:
{"title":"Differences of Serum Vitamin D Level with Antipsychotic Treatment in Schizophrenic Male Patients Between Batak and Malay","authors":"Endah Tri Lestari, E. Effendy, M. Amin, B. Loebis, M. J. Simbolon, Ht Parinduri","doi":"10.21276/IJLSSR.2017.3.6.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJLSSR.2017.3.6.13","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundVitamin D levels with schizophrenia is lower than the control due to lifestyle and physical health factors such as smoking, inactivity, and social withdrawal including decreases of sunlight exposure. Asia has the lowest average of vitamin D serum levels and Europe with lighter colored skin has higher serum levels of vitamin D. The Indonesian people were known as a nation that has a diversity of ethnic groups that exist in many areas. Each tribe has differences in living habits. Ethnic diversity, culture, religion, customs, geographical location, this is reflected in our daily lives that will affect the levels of vitamin D in patients with schizophrenic. Aims: To determine the differences of serum vitamin D levels with antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenic male patients between Batak and Malay. Methods: This study was an analytical study to recruited 60 subjects of schizophrenic male patient (30 Bataknese and 30 Malayan), aged between 15 to 55 years old, period at MayNov 2016, the acute phase with no agitation, treatment with riperidone 4 mg. Statistical analysis was using Mann Whitney U test. Blood sample for vitamin D serum was using ELFA method. Results: The vitamin D serum levels with antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenic patient were lower in Bataknese ethnic group than Malayan ethnic group, reaching statistically (22.9±3.33 ng/ml) vs (27.9±4.19 ng/ml) p<0.001. Conclusion: There are found significant differences of serum vitamin D levels with antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenic patient between Batak and Malay. Key-wordsSchizophrenia, Serum vitamin D, Ethnicity, Antipsychotic Treatment INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder, characterized by symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, confused thinking, and disorganized speech. [1] In a systematic review on 188 studies from 46 countries, the median prevalence of schizophrenia ranged from 4 to 7 per 1000 persons, depending on the type of prevalence. Despite low prevalence of schizophrenia, it is one of the great contributors to global burden of disease. These ecological findings might simply the role of vitamin D in the etiology of schizophrenia because cutaneous production of vitamin D from sun exposure is less efficient at high latitudes, during winter, and in dark-skinned persons. [2] The serum vitamin D level is determined by skin synthesis through sun exposure and/or dietary intake. [3] Access this article online Quick Response Code Website:","PeriodicalId":22509,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83578546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.21276/IJLSSR.2017.3.6.5
Rahul P. Pol, P. M. Somade, A. Chopade, N. Naikwade, R. Dias
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