Allison R Gillies, Mark A. Chapman, E. Bushong, T. Deerinck, Mark Ellisman, R. Lieber
Fibrosis occurs secondary to many skeletal muscle diseases and injuries, and can alter muscle function. It is unknown how collagen, the most abundant extracellular structural protein, alters its organization during fibrosis. Quantitative and qualitative high‐magnification electron microscopy shows that collagen is organized into perimysial cables which increase in number in a model of fibrosis, and cables have unique interactions with collagen‐producing cells. Fibrotic muscles are stiffer and have a higher concentration of collagen‐producing cells. These results improve our understanding of the organization of fibrotic skeletal muscle extracellular matrix and identify novel structures that might be targeted by antifibrotic therapy.
{"title":"High resolution three‐dimensional reconstruction of fibrotic skeletal muscle extracellular matrix","authors":"Allison R Gillies, Mark A. Chapman, E. Bushong, T. Deerinck, Mark Ellisman, R. Lieber","doi":"10.1113/JP273376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273376","url":null,"abstract":"Fibrosis occurs secondary to many skeletal muscle diseases and injuries, and can alter muscle function. It is unknown how collagen, the most abundant extracellular structural protein, alters its organization during fibrosis. Quantitative and qualitative high‐magnification electron microscopy shows that collagen is organized into perimysial cables which increase in number in a model of fibrosis, and cables have unique interactions with collagen‐producing cells. Fibrotic muscles are stiffer and have a higher concentration of collagen‐producing cells. These results improve our understanding of the organization of fibrotic skeletal muscle extracellular matrix and identify novel structures that might be targeted by antifibrotic therapy.","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":"Volume 84 Iss 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86585737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Ogawa, Y. Kamijo, S. Ikegawa, S. Masuki, H. Nose
Humans are unique in controlling body temperature in a hot environment by a large amount of skin blood flow; however, the decrease in total peripheral resistance due to systemic cutaneous vasodilatation and the reduction of venous return to the heart due to blood pooling in the cutaneous vein threatens blood pressure maintenance in the upright position, and occasionally causes heat syncope. Against this condition, cutaneous vasodilatation is reportedly suppressed to maintain arterial pressure; however, the nerve activity responsible for this phenomenon has not been identified. In the present study, we found that the skin sympathetic nerve activity component that was synchronised with the cardiac cycle increased in hyperthermia, but the increase was suppressed when the posture was changed from supine to head‐up tilt. The profile of the component agreed with that of cutaneous vasodilatation. Thus, the component might contribute to the prevention of heat syncope in humans.
{"title":"Effects of postural change from supine to head‐up tilt on the skin sympathetic nerve activity component synchronised with the cardiac cycle in warmed men","authors":"Yu Ogawa, Y. Kamijo, S. Ikegawa, S. Masuki, H. Nose","doi":"10.1113/JP273281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273281","url":null,"abstract":"Humans are unique in controlling body temperature in a hot environment by a large amount of skin blood flow; however, the decrease in total peripheral resistance due to systemic cutaneous vasodilatation and the reduction of venous return to the heart due to blood pooling in the cutaneous vein threatens blood pressure maintenance in the upright position, and occasionally causes heat syncope. Against this condition, cutaneous vasodilatation is reportedly suppressed to maintain arterial pressure; however, the nerve activity responsible for this phenomenon has not been identified. In the present study, we found that the skin sympathetic nerve activity component that was synchronised with the cardiac cycle increased in hyperthermia, but the increase was suppressed when the posture was changed from supine to head‐up tilt. The profile of the component agreed with that of cutaneous vasodilatation. Thus, the component might contribute to the prevention of heat syncope in humans.","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91284874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Stone, Wendy Burgess, Jordan P R McIntyre, A. Gunn, Christopher A. Lear, L. Bennet, E. Mitchell, J. Thompson
Fetal behavioural state in healthy late gestation pregnancy is affected by maternal position. Fetal state 1F is more likely to occur in maternal supine or right lateral positions. Fetal state 4F is less likely to occur when the woman lies supine or semi‐recumbent. Fetal state change is more likely when the woman is supine or semi‐recumbent. Fetal heart rate variability is affected by maternal position with variability reduced in supine and semi‐recumbent positions.
{"title":"Effect of maternal position on fetal behavioural state and heart rate variability in healthy late gestation pregnancy","authors":"P. Stone, Wendy Burgess, Jordan P R McIntyre, A. Gunn, Christopher A. Lear, L. Bennet, E. Mitchell, J. Thompson","doi":"10.1113/JP273201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273201","url":null,"abstract":"Fetal behavioural state in healthy late gestation pregnancy is affected by maternal position. Fetal state 1F is more likely to occur in maternal supine or right lateral positions. Fetal state 4F is less likely to occur when the woman lies supine or semi‐recumbent. Fetal state change is more likely when the woman is supine or semi‐recumbent. Fetal heart rate variability is affected by maternal position with variability reduced in supine and semi‐recumbent positions.","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86072429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chihiro Takami, Kohgaku Eguchi, T. Hori, Tomoyuki Takahashi
It is controversial whether glutamate can leak out of vesicles in the nerve terminal. To address this issue, we abolished vesicular glutamate uptake by washing out presynaptic cytosolic glutamate or by blocking vacuolar ATPase activity using bafilomycin A1. In the absence of vesicular glutamate uptake, both spontaneous and nerve‐evoked EPSCs underwent a rundown, suggesting that vesicular glutamate can leak out of vesicles. However, the rundown of evoked EPSCs was caused mainly by accumulation of unfilled vesicles after exocytic release of glutamate, suggesting a minor influence of glutamate leakage on synaptic transmission.
{"title":"Impact of vesicular glutamate leakage on synaptic transmission at the calyx of Held","authors":"Chihiro Takami, Kohgaku Eguchi, T. Hori, Tomoyuki Takahashi","doi":"10.1113/JP273467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273467","url":null,"abstract":"It is controversial whether glutamate can leak out of vesicles in the nerve terminal. To address this issue, we abolished vesicular glutamate uptake by washing out presynaptic cytosolic glutamate or by blocking vacuolar ATPase activity using bafilomycin A1. In the absence of vesicular glutamate uptake, both spontaneous and nerve‐evoked EPSCs underwent a rundown, suggesting that vesicular glutamate can leak out of vesicles. However, the rundown of evoked EPSCs was caused mainly by accumulation of unfilled vesicles after exocytic release of glutamate, suggesting a minor influence of glutamate leakage on synaptic transmission.","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88531301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cerebral haemodynamic response to neural stimulation has been extensively investigated in animal and clinical studies, in both adult and paediatric populations, but little is known about cerebral haemodynamic functional response in the fetal brain. The present study describes the cerebral haemodynamic response measured by near‐infrared spectroscopy to somatosensory stimulation in fetal sheep. The cerebral haemodynamic response in the fetal sheep brain changes from a positive (increase in oxyhaemoglobin (oxyHb)) response pattern to a negative or biphasic response pattern when the duration of somatosensory stimulation is increased, probably due to cerebral vasoconstriction with prolonged stimulations. In contrast to adult studies, we have found that changes in fetal cerebral blood flow and oxyHb are positively increased in response to somatosensory stimulation during hypercapnia. We propose this is related to reduced vascular resistance and recruitment of cerebral vasculature in the fetal brain during hypercapnia.
{"title":"Cerebral haemodynamic response to somatosensory stimulation in near‐term fetal sheep","authors":"S. Nakamura, D. Walker, F. Wong","doi":"10.1113/JP273163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273163","url":null,"abstract":"Cerebral haemodynamic response to neural stimulation has been extensively investigated in animal and clinical studies, in both adult and paediatric populations, but little is known about cerebral haemodynamic functional response in the fetal brain. The present study describes the cerebral haemodynamic response measured by near‐infrared spectroscopy to somatosensory stimulation in fetal sheep. The cerebral haemodynamic response in the fetal sheep brain changes from a positive (increase in oxyhaemoglobin (oxyHb)) response pattern to a negative or biphasic response pattern when the duration of somatosensory stimulation is increased, probably due to cerebral vasoconstriction with prolonged stimulations. In contrast to adult studies, we have found that changes in fetal cerebral blood flow and oxyHb are positively increased in response to somatosensory stimulation during hypercapnia. We propose this is related to reduced vascular resistance and recruitment of cerebral vasculature in the fetal brain during hypercapnia.","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89404796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Brocca, L. Toniolo, C. Reggiani, R. Bottinelli, M. Sandri, M. Pellegrino
Muscle atrophy is a debilitating condition that affects a high percentage of the population with a negative impact on quality of life. Dissecting the molecular level of the atrophy process, and the similarities/dissimilarities among different catabolic conditions, is a necessary step for designing specific countermeasures to attenuate/prevent muscle loss. The FoxO family transcription factors represent one of the most important regulators of atrophy programme stimulating the expression of many atrophy‐related genes. The findings of the present study clearly indicate that the signalling network controlling the atrophy programme is specific for each catabolic condition.
{"title":"FoxO‐dependent atrogenes vary among catabolic conditions and play a key role in muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb suspension","authors":"L. Brocca, L. Toniolo, C. Reggiani, R. Bottinelli, M. Sandri, M. Pellegrino","doi":"10.1113/JP273097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273097","url":null,"abstract":"Muscle atrophy is a debilitating condition that affects a high percentage of the population with a negative impact on quality of life. Dissecting the molecular level of the atrophy process, and the similarities/dissimilarities among different catabolic conditions, is a necessary step for designing specific countermeasures to attenuate/prevent muscle loss. The FoxO family transcription factors represent one of the most important regulators of atrophy programme stimulating the expression of many atrophy‐related genes. The findings of the present study clearly indicate that the signalling network controlling the atrophy programme is specific for each catabolic condition.","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83313014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rozlyn C. T. Boutin, Zaki Alsahafi, S. Pagliardini
This study investigates the effects of cholinergic transmission on the expiratory oscillator, the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG) in urethane anaesthetized adult rats. Local inhibition of the acetyl cholinesterase enzyme induced activation of expiratory abdominal muscles and active expiration. Local application of the cholinomimetic carbachol elicited recruitment of late expiratory neurons, expiratory abdominal muscle activity and active expiration. This effect was antagonized by local application of the muscarinic antagonists scopolamine, J104129 and 4DAMP. We observed distinct physiological responses between the more medial chemosensitive region of the retrotrapezoid nucleus and the more lateral region of pFRG. These results support the hypothesis that pFRG is under cholinergic neuromodulation and the region surrounding the facial nucleus contains a group of neurons with distinct physiological roles.
{"title":"Cholinergic modulation of the parafacial respiratory group","authors":"Rozlyn C. T. Boutin, Zaki Alsahafi, S. Pagliardini","doi":"10.1113/JP273012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273012","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the effects of cholinergic transmission on the expiratory oscillator, the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG) in urethane anaesthetized adult rats. Local inhibition of the acetyl cholinesterase enzyme induced activation of expiratory abdominal muscles and active expiration. Local application of the cholinomimetic carbachol elicited recruitment of late expiratory neurons, expiratory abdominal muscle activity and active expiration. This effect was antagonized by local application of the muscarinic antagonists scopolamine, J104129 and 4DAMP. We observed distinct physiological responses between the more medial chemosensitive region of the retrotrapezoid nucleus and the more lateral region of pFRG. These results support the hypothesis that pFRG is under cholinergic neuromodulation and the region surrounding the facial nucleus contains a group of neurons with distinct physiological roles.","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90727837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Farivar, S. Clavagnier, Bruce C. Hansen, Ben Thompson, R. Hess
Just as a portrait painting can come from a collection of coarse and fine details, natural vision can be decomposed into coarse and fine components. Previous studies have shown that the early visual areas in the brain represent these components in a map‐like fashion. Other studies have shown that these same visual areas can be sensitive to how coarse and fine features line up in space. We found that the brain actually jointly represents both the scale of the feature (fine, medium, or coarse) and the alignment of these features in space. The results suggest that the visual cortex has an optimized representation particularly for the alignment of fine details, which are crucial in understanding the visual scene.
{"title":"Non‐uniform phase sensitivity in spatial frequency maps of the human visual cortex","authors":"R. Farivar, S. Clavagnier, Bruce C. Hansen, Ben Thompson, R. Hess","doi":"10.1113/JP273206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273206","url":null,"abstract":"Just as a portrait painting can come from a collection of coarse and fine details, natural vision can be decomposed into coarse and fine components. Previous studies have shown that the early visual areas in the brain represent these components in a map‐like fashion. Other studies have shown that these same visual areas can be sensitive to how coarse and fine features line up in space. We found that the brain actually jointly represents both the scale of the feature (fine, medium, or coarse) and the alignment of these features in space. The results suggest that the visual cortex has an optimized representation particularly for the alignment of fine details, which are crucial in understanding the visual scene.","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91302385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saša Virijević Jovanović, T. Radulovic, C. Coddou, Beatrice Dietz, Jana Nerlich, S. Stojilkovic, R. Rübsamen, I. Milenkovic
Following the genetically controlled formation of neuronal circuits, early firing activity guides the development of sensory maps in the auditory, visual and somatosensory system. However, it is not clear whether the activity of central auditory neurons is specifically regulated depending on the position within the sensory map. In the ventral cochlear nucleus, the first central station along the auditory pathway, we describe a mechanism through which paracrine ATP signalling enhances firing in a cell‐specific and tonotopically‐determined manner. Developmental down‐regulation of P2X2/3R currents along the tonotopic axis occurs simultaneously with an increase in AMPA receptor currents, suggesting a high‐to‐low frequency maturation pattern. Facilitated action potential (AP) generation, measured as higher firing rate, shorter EPSP‐AP delay in vivo and shorter AP latency in slice experiments, is consistent with increased synaptic efficacy caused by ATP. The long lasting change in intrinsic neuronal excitability is mediated by the heteromeric P2X2/3 receptors.
{"title":"Tonotopic action potential tuning of maturing auditory neurons through endogenous ATP","authors":"Saša Virijević Jovanović, T. Radulovic, C. Coddou, Beatrice Dietz, Jana Nerlich, S. Stojilkovic, R. Rübsamen, I. Milenkovic","doi":"10.1113/JP273272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273272","url":null,"abstract":"Following the genetically controlled formation of neuronal circuits, early firing activity guides the development of sensory maps in the auditory, visual and somatosensory system. However, it is not clear whether the activity of central auditory neurons is specifically regulated depending on the position within the sensory map. In the ventral cochlear nucleus, the first central station along the auditory pathway, we describe a mechanism through which paracrine ATP signalling enhances firing in a cell‐specific and tonotopically‐determined manner. Developmental down‐regulation of P2X2/3R currents along the tonotopic axis occurs simultaneously with an increase in AMPA receptor currents, suggesting a high‐to‐low frequency maturation pattern. Facilitated action potential (AP) generation, measured as higher firing rate, shorter EPSP‐AP delay in vivo and shorter AP latency in slice experiments, is consistent with increased synaptic efficacy caused by ATP. The long lasting change in intrinsic neuronal excitability is mediated by the heteromeric P2X2/3 receptors.","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":"247 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80629478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Fusi, Valentina Percario, E. Brunello, M. Caremani, P. Bianco, J. Powers, M. Reconditi, V. Lombardi, G. Piazzesi
Myosin filament mechanosensing determines the efficiency of the contraction by adapting the number of switched ON motors to the load. Accordingly, the unloaded shortening velocity (V0) is already set at the end of latency relaxation (LR), ∼10 ms after the start of stimulation, when the myosin filament is still in the OFF state. Here the number of actin‐attached motors per half‐myosin filament (n) during V0 shortening imposed either at the end of LR or at the plateau of the isometric contraction is estimated from the relation between half‐sarcomere compliance and force during the force redevelopment after shortening. The value of n decreases progressively with shortening and, during V0 shortening starting at the end of LR, is 1–4. Reduction of n is accounted for by a constant duty ratio of 0.05 and a parallel switching OFF of motors, explaining the very low rate of ATP utilization found during unloaded shortening.
{"title":"Minimum number of myosin motors accounting for shortening velocity under zero load in skeletal muscle","authors":"L. Fusi, Valentina Percario, E. Brunello, M. Caremani, P. Bianco, J. Powers, M. Reconditi, V. Lombardi, G. Piazzesi","doi":"10.1113/JP273299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273299","url":null,"abstract":"Myosin filament mechanosensing determines the efficiency of the contraction by adapting the number of switched ON motors to the load. Accordingly, the unloaded shortening velocity (V0) is already set at the end of latency relaxation (LR), ∼10 ms after the start of stimulation, when the myosin filament is still in the OFF state. Here the number of actin‐attached motors per half‐myosin filament (n) during V0 shortening imposed either at the end of LR or at the plateau of the isometric contraction is estimated from the relation between half‐sarcomere compliance and force during the force redevelopment after shortening. The value of n decreases progressively with shortening and, during V0 shortening starting at the end of LR, is 1–4. Reduction of n is accounted for by a constant duty ratio of 0.05 and a parallel switching OFF of motors, explaining the very low rate of ATP utilization found during unloaded shortening.","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86638451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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