{"title":"Genetic Diversity of Eristalis Tenax (Linnaeus, 1758) as Insect Pollinator of Prunus Persica (L.) Stokes Flowers Based on MtcoⅠ Gene","authors":"Poonam K. Dhiman, Mahender Singh Thakur","doi":"10.26502/ijpaes.4490149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ijpaes.4490149","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22532,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76612792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcos R D Batista, Ana R de Oliveira Santos, Rafael D Chaves, Carlos A Rosa, Louis B Klaczko
Background: Hoang et al. [1] questioned the use of commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for investigating Drosophila – yeast association, since this approach “may not be fully representative of hostmicrobe interactions as they operate in nature”. They also claimed: “S. cerevisiae is rarely found with natural populations of D. melanogaster or other Drosophila species”. Indeed, previous choice experiments found that Sophophora subgenus flies (including invasive species D. melanogaster) are more attracted to banana baits inoculated with apiculate yeasts such as Hanseniaspora uvarum over S. cerevisiae inoculated baits. Yet, the forest interior dwelling species (FIDS) D. tripunctata group flies choose preferentially S. cerevisiae inoculated baits over H. uvarum in a natural forest environment.
{"title":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae found in the Crop of a Neotropical Drosophila Species Fly Collected in a Natural Forest Remnant","authors":"Marcos R D Batista, Ana R de Oliveira Santos, Rafael D Chaves, Carlos A Rosa, Louis B Klaczko","doi":"10.26502/ijpaes.4490151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ijpaes.4490151","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hoang et al. [1] questioned the use of commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for investigating Drosophila – yeast association, since this approach “may not be fully representative of hostmicrobe interactions as they operate in nature”. They also claimed: “S. cerevisiae is rarely found with natural populations of D. melanogaster or other Drosophila species”. Indeed, previous choice experiments found that Sophophora subgenus flies (including invasive species D. melanogaster) are more attracted to banana baits inoculated with apiculate yeasts such as Hanseniaspora uvarum over S. cerevisiae inoculated baits. Yet, the forest interior dwelling species (FIDS) D. tripunctata group flies choose preferentially S. cerevisiae inoculated baits over H. uvarum in a natural forest environment.","PeriodicalId":22532,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135801396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Jilore, Magarini, and Matsangoni of Kilifi County, assessments of ecological species variety, distribution, abundance, and utilization of therapeutic flora were made. Total of 90 field survey forms were distributed randomly to 90 households. Additionally, 60 10m × 10m quadrats were set up along 6 transects to gather data on the vegetation.
{"title":"Assessment of Ecological Distribution, Species Diversity, Utilization and Conservation of Indigenous Medicinal Plants in Kilifi North, Kilifi County –Kenya","authors":"Rita Kanini Mulatya, Benards Okeyo, Najma Dharani","doi":"10.26502/ijpaes.4490155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ijpaes.4490155","url":null,"abstract":"In Jilore, Magarini, and Matsangoni of Kilifi County, assessments of ecological species variety, distribution, abundance, and utilization of therapeutic flora were made. Total of 90 field survey forms were distributed randomly to 90 households. Additionally, 60 10m × 10m quadrats were set up along 6 transects to gather data on the vegetation.","PeriodicalId":22532,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135712030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kai Chi, Yaya Guo, Haiping Gu, Qiuling Zhang, Tabatabaeipozveh Meisam, Yafeng Yang, Xiangmeng Chen, S. Lam, Liran Xu, Christian Sonne, Wanxi Peng
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes immune suppression known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) leading to various opportunistic infections and malignancies having high mortality rates. Here we provide a systematic review and discussion of current knowledge on photochemical activities against HIV and AIDS. After several years of research, efficient antiretroviral therapy helps controlling the progression of AIDS. However, due to the overuse of antiretroviral drugs, viral resistance in patients and side effects from long-term use of drug therapy have emerged, which shorten life expectancy of patients. To improve HIV treatment, substances in plants may inhibit the life cycle of HIV through inhibition of the activity of reverse transcriptase, integrase or protease required for processes such as HIV transcription and replication. In addition, phytochemicals regulate the human immune system and thereby suppression of HIV and AIDS development in clinical treatments. Therefore, more experiments are needed to demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of plants for therapeutic AIDS treatment, which may bring forward new HIV and AIDS treatment options.
{"title":"Phytochemicals and HIV Suppression: A Systematic Review","authors":"Kai Chi, Yaya Guo, Haiping Gu, Qiuling Zhang, Tabatabaeipozveh Meisam, Yafeng Yang, Xiangmeng Chen, S. Lam, Liran Xu, Christian Sonne, Wanxi Peng","doi":"10.26502/ijpaes.4490150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ijpaes.4490150","url":null,"abstract":"The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes immune suppression known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) leading to various opportunistic infections and malignancies having high mortality rates. Here we provide a systematic review and discussion of current knowledge on photochemical activities against HIV and AIDS. After several years of research, efficient antiretroviral therapy helps controlling the progression of AIDS. However, due to the overuse of antiretroviral drugs, viral resistance in patients and side effects from long-term use of drug therapy have emerged, which shorten life expectancy of patients. To improve HIV treatment, substances in plants may inhibit the life cycle of HIV through inhibition of the activity of reverse transcriptase, integrase or protease required for processes such as HIV transcription and replication. In addition, phytochemicals regulate the human immune system and thereby suppression of HIV and AIDS development in clinical treatments. Therefore, more experiments are needed to demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of plants for therapeutic AIDS treatment, which may bring forward new HIV and AIDS treatment options.","PeriodicalId":22532,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences","volume":"11 6 Suppl 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88850578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bumblebees are a diverse group of crucial pollinators for agricultural food production and natural ecosystems worldwide. They are interesting insect pollinators to explore social evolution, behavior and ecology because they have both eusocial and solitary life-cycle stages as well as some social parasite species. Numerous reports of species declines cite the interrelated causes of pathogen spread, habitat loss, pesticide use and global temperature change. Our reliance on a small number of thoroughly researched species for agricultural pollination is particularly hazardous due to these threats to bumblebee diversity. Sanger sequencing was used to analyze the genetic diversity of mtCOI Bombus haemorrhoidalis, which was collected on Punica granatum (wild pomegranate) from seven different Western Himalayan regions. Omega revealed a total of 6 variable sites in the alignment between all the mtCO1 sequences of Bombus haemorrhoidalis. The estimated transition/transversion (Ts/Tv) bias of COI (R) is 1.67. The variation in nucleotide content almost completely exist in the third codon position due to AT rich region, as compared to the first and second position of codons. The transition/transversion (Ts/ Tv) ratio is significant in deducing the magnitude and direction of natural selection. Our study reveals clearly signifies the vast difference among the sampled species proves that there is genetic diversity between the samples collected from different areas of Western Himalaya.
{"title":"Evaluating Genetic Diversity of mtCOI Bombus haemorrhoidalis from Different Regions of Western Himalaya","authors":"Poonam Kumari, Mahender Singh Thakur","doi":"10.26502/ijpaes.4490152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ijpaes.4490152","url":null,"abstract":"Bumblebees are a diverse group of crucial pollinators for agricultural food production and natural ecosystems worldwide. They are interesting insect pollinators to explore social evolution, behavior and ecology because they have both eusocial and solitary life-cycle stages as well as some social parasite species. Numerous reports of species declines cite the interrelated causes of pathogen spread, habitat loss, pesticide use and global temperature change. Our reliance on a small number of thoroughly researched species for agricultural pollination is particularly hazardous due to these threats to bumblebee diversity. Sanger sequencing was used to analyze the genetic diversity of mtCOI Bombus haemorrhoidalis, which was collected on Punica granatum (wild pomegranate) from seven different Western Himalayan regions. Omega revealed a total of 6 variable sites in the alignment between all the mtCO1 sequences of Bombus haemorrhoidalis. The estimated transition/transversion (Ts/Tv) bias of COI (R) is 1.67. The variation in nucleotide content almost completely exist in the third codon position due to AT rich region, as compared to the first and second position of codons. The transition/transversion (Ts/ Tv) ratio is significant in deducing the magnitude and direction of natural selection. Our study reveals clearly signifies the vast difference among the sampled species proves that there is genetic diversity between the samples collected from different areas of Western Himalaya.","PeriodicalId":22532,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135103292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: To examine the prevalence of Compassion Fatigue and Compassion Satisfaction and correlate them with Social Support among oncology nurses in Pakistan.
目的:探讨巴基斯坦肿瘤科护士同情疲劳和同情满意度的患病率及其与社会支持的关系。
{"title":"Correlation between the Professional Quality of Life and Social Support in Oncology Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"Muhammad Sohaib","doi":"10.26502/ijpaes.4490153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ijpaes.4490153","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To examine the prevalence of Compassion Fatigue and Compassion Satisfaction and correlate them with Social Support among oncology nurses in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":22532,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135506315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident in March 2011 led to extensive environmental contamination by radiocesium isotopes 134Cs (half-life T1/2=2.06 years) and 137Cs (T1/2=30.17 years). Numerous research studies of environmental behavior of radiocesium in the context of geoclimatic conditions of Japan were undertaken. A lot of thought was given to what makes Fukushima environmental impacts different from previous nuclear disasters. This review paper summarizes key findings of post-Fukushima studies of radiocesium fate and transport in abiotic soil-water environment and discusses some challenges for future research. After the Fukushima accident scientific evidence was obtained to confirm that radiocesium behavior in the environment is governed by its speciation in fallout and site-specific environmental characteristics. Given strong binding of Fukushima-derived 137Cs to soil and sediment particles, its potential bioavailability appeared to be reduced. Incorporation of the deposited 137Cs in glassy hot microparticles insoluble in water and slowly decomposing in the environment was another salient feature. The Fukushima contaminated areas are noted by relatively high annual precipitation and steep slopes, resulting in significant erosion and intensive radiocesium wash-off, especially during devastating typhoons. Extreme floods during typhoons Etou in 2015 and Hagibis in 2019 caused major redistribution of 137Cs on river watersheds and floodplains, and, in some cases, natural self-decontamination. Significantly, for all special features and characteristics of Fukushima areas, the recently obtained knowledge is in line with the basic perceptions of modern environmental chemistry regarding radionuclide behavior in the environment. Challenges for future research include, to name a few, tackling radiocesium leaching from glassy hot particles and studying dynamics of radiocesium in the environment over long term, better understanding of dissolved radiocesium seasonality in water bodies and addressing radiocesium remobilization from rivertransported sediments at the freshwater-seawater interface.
{"title":"Fate and Transport of Fukushima-Derived Radiocesium in the Environment: Key Findings and Challenges for the Future","authors":"Alexei Konoplev, Yoshifumi Wakiyama, Yasunori Igarashi, Kenji Nanba","doi":"10.26502/ijpaes.4490154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ijpaes.4490154","url":null,"abstract":"Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident in March 2011 led to extensive environmental contamination by radiocesium isotopes 134Cs (half-life T1/2=2.06 years) and 137Cs (T1/2=30.17 years). Numerous research studies of environmental behavior of radiocesium in the context of geoclimatic conditions of Japan were undertaken. A lot of thought was given to what makes Fukushima environmental impacts different from previous nuclear disasters. This review paper summarizes key findings of post-Fukushima studies of radiocesium fate and transport in abiotic soil-water environment and discusses some challenges for future research. After the Fukushima accident scientific evidence was obtained to confirm that radiocesium behavior in the environment is governed by its speciation in fallout and site-specific environmental characteristics. Given strong binding of Fukushima-derived 137Cs to soil and sediment particles, its potential bioavailability appeared to be reduced. Incorporation of the deposited 137Cs in glassy hot microparticles insoluble in water and slowly decomposing in the environment was another salient feature. The Fukushima contaminated areas are noted by relatively high annual precipitation and steep slopes, resulting in significant erosion and intensive radiocesium wash-off, especially during devastating typhoons. Extreme floods during typhoons Etou in 2015 and Hagibis in 2019 caused major redistribution of 137Cs on river watersheds and floodplains, and, in some cases, natural self-decontamination. Significantly, for all special features and characteristics of Fukushima areas, the recently obtained knowledge is in line with the basic perceptions of modern environmental chemistry regarding radionuclide behavior in the environment. Challenges for future research include, to name a few, tackling radiocesium leaching from glassy hot particles and studying dynamics of radiocesium in the environment over long term, better understanding of dissolved radiocesium seasonality in water bodies and addressing radiocesium remobilization from rivertransported sediments at the freshwater-seawater interface.","PeriodicalId":22532,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135711798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mashair Sir El Khatim Mustafa, Z. Jaal, Sumaia M A Abukashawa, Siti Azizah Mohd Nor
{"title":"Species Composition, Abundance and Population Structure of Indoor Resting Mosquitoes in Two Villages of Sudan","authors":"Mashair Sir El Khatim Mustafa, Z. Jaal, Sumaia M A Abukashawa, Siti Azizah Mohd Nor","doi":"10.26502/ijpaes.4490146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ijpaes.4490146","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22532,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72646285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dannica C Wall, Ramon D. Malheiros, Kenneth (Ken) Anderson, Nick Anthony
Nutrient absorption is essential for all stages of life and production in Leghorn hens. The selection for production traits, specifically linked to promoting digestive utilization of feed, has resulted in improved feed efficiency and ultimately increased egg production. Digestion of ingested feed and nutrient absorption takes place within the small intestine by the crypts and villi of the absorptive epithelium, specifically in the crypts and microvilli. Understanding the absorptive epithelium and its structural changes, related to genetic selection and improved feed efficiency, is important for continued efforts to improve egg production. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the histological changes in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of the 1940 Leghorn vs. the 2016 Leghornbased commercial laying hens fed diets representative of those fed by the industry during the respective years of production.
{"title":"Comparative Intestinal Histological Features Observed in 1940 Leghorn vs. 2016 Leghorn-Based Commercial Laying Hens Fed Representative Diets","authors":"Dannica C Wall, Ramon D. Malheiros, Kenneth (Ken) Anderson, Nick Anthony","doi":"10.26502/ijpaes.4490157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ijpaes.4490157","url":null,"abstract":"Nutrient absorption is essential for all stages of life and production in Leghorn hens. The selection for production traits, specifically linked to promoting digestive utilization of feed, has resulted in improved feed efficiency and ultimately increased egg production. Digestion of ingested feed and nutrient absorption takes place within the small intestine by the crypts and villi of the absorptive epithelium, specifically in the crypts and microvilli. Understanding the absorptive epithelium and its structural changes, related to genetic selection and improved feed efficiency, is important for continued efforts to improve egg production. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the histological changes in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of the 1940 Leghorn vs. the 2016 Leghornbased commercial laying hens fed diets representative of those fed by the industry during the respective years of production.","PeriodicalId":22532,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135712019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research had been conducted for calculation of water balance components by Thornthwaite Mather method and simulation model WATBAL model had been used to calculate different water balance components like soil moisture, actual evapotranspiration, surplus, deficit, moisture adequacy index and soil moisture index by using average weekly precipitation and potential evapotranspiration from 1981-2020 for Tarai region of Uttarakhand. In this study, different weather-based indices like, Humidity Index, Aridity Index and Moisture Index also been calculated on the seasonal and annual basis. Based on which climatic classification had been done for Tarai region of Uttarakhand as well as it is of International significance as based on this study water stress condition for the crops and advisories could be done to the farmers for the Tarai region of the world. From, this study it has been concluded that humid climate exists in this region. The results also revealed that there is an increase in the water surplus during 1981-2020 when compared with IMD data for Pantnagar during 1971-2005. Water Surplus was found to be 670.0 mm and water deficit was found to be 440.2 mm. Total potential evapotranspiration was found to be 1339.4 mm, which was calculated by Penman Monteith’s equation during 1981-2020 and was found to be decreased when compared with the PET calculated by IMD for the year 1971-2005 of about 1463.9 mm. When compared with the IMD data over the periods from 1971-2005 with current data from 1981-2020 for Pantnagar region then humidity index had been decreased from 149.0% to 144.7% respectively. Aridity index had been decreased from 73.0% to 50.2%, as water deficit had been decreased from 566.7 mm to 440.2 mm. Moisture index had been increased from 76% to 94.5% as water surplus was increased from 447.7 mm to 670.0 mm respectively on annual basis.
{"title":"Characterizing the Climate of Tarai Region of Uttarakhand Based On Water Balance Studies","authors":"Shubhika Goel, Jaya Dhami, R K Singh","doi":"10.26502/ijpaes.4490156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ijpaes.4490156","url":null,"abstract":"This research had been conducted for calculation of water balance components by Thornthwaite Mather method and simulation model WATBAL model had been used to calculate different water balance components like soil moisture, actual evapotranspiration, surplus, deficit, moisture adequacy index and soil moisture index by using average weekly precipitation and potential evapotranspiration from 1981-2020 for Tarai region of Uttarakhand. In this study, different weather-based indices like, Humidity Index, Aridity Index and Moisture Index also been calculated on the seasonal and annual basis. Based on which climatic classification had been done for Tarai region of Uttarakhand as well as it is of International significance as based on this study water stress condition for the crops and advisories could be done to the farmers for the Tarai region of the world. From, this study it has been concluded that humid climate exists in this region. The results also revealed that there is an increase in the water surplus during 1981-2020 when compared with IMD data for Pantnagar during 1971-2005. Water Surplus was found to be 670.0 mm and water deficit was found to be 440.2 mm. Total potential evapotranspiration was found to be 1339.4 mm, which was calculated by Penman Monteith’s equation during 1981-2020 and was found to be decreased when compared with the PET calculated by IMD for the year 1971-2005 of about 1463.9 mm. When compared with the IMD data over the periods from 1971-2005 with current data from 1981-2020 for Pantnagar region then humidity index had been decreased from 149.0% to 144.7% respectively. Aridity index had been decreased from 73.0% to 50.2%, as water deficit had been decreased from 566.7 mm to 440.2 mm. Moisture index had been increased from 76% to 94.5% as water surplus was increased from 447.7 mm to 670.0 mm respectively on annual basis.","PeriodicalId":22532,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135711807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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