Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal最新文献

{"title":"The multifaceted benefits of passive heat therapies for extending the healthspan: A comprehensive review with a focus on Finnish sauna","authors":"J. Laukkanen, S. Kunutsor","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2023.2300623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2023.2300623","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Passive heat therapy is characterized by exposure to a high environmental temperature for a brief period. There are several types of passive heat therapy which include hot tubs, Waon therapy, hydrotherapy, sanarium, steam baths, infrared saunas and Finnish saunas. The most commonly used and widely studied till date are the Finnish saunas, which are characterized by high temperatures (ranging from 80–100°C) and dry air with relative humidity varying from 10–20%. The goal of this review is to provide a summary of the current evidence on the impact of passive heat therapies particularly Finnish saunas on various health outcomes, while acknowledging the potential of these therapies to contribute to the extension of healthspan, based on their demonstrated health benefits and disease prevention capabilities. The Finnish saunas have the most consistent and robust evidence regarding health benefits and they have been shown to decrease the risk of health outcomes such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, thromboembolism, dementia, and respiratory conditions; may improve the severity of musculoskeletal disorders, COVID-19, headache and flu, while also improving mental well-being, sleep, and longevity. Finnish saunas may also augment the beneficial effects of other protective lifestyle factors such as physical activity. The beneficial effects of passive heat therapies may be linked to their anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective and anti-oxidant properties and synergistic effects on neuroendocrine, circulatory, cardiovascular and immune function. Passive heat therapies, notably Finnish saunas, are emerging as potentially powerful and holistic strategies to promoting health and extending the healthspan in all populations.","PeriodicalId":22565,"journal":{"name":"Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal","volume":"10 2","pages":"27 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140433365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermoregulation in mice: The road to understanding torpor hypothermia and the shortcomings of a circuit for generating fever","authors":"S. Morrison, Kazuhiro Nakamura, D. Tupone","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2021.2021059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2021.2021059","url":null,"abstract":"In their review, “Genetic identification of preoptic neurons that regulate body in mice”, Machado and Saper [1] summarize and interpret the results of several recent studies in which the latest genetic and molecular approaches were employed to genetically specify populations of thermally responsive neurons in the preoptic area (POA) of mice and to observe the changes on core body temperature (Tc) evoked by stimulating or inhibiting their cell bodies or axon terminals. This review is a useful summary of many of the key findings related to POA thermoregulatory neurons that would need to be incorporated in functional models of the neural circuitry mediating mouse thermoregulatory responses, including not only cold- and warm-defense, but also fever and the hypothermia of cold-evoked torpor. In stark contrast to rats and humans, mice depend heavily on the cold-defense mechanisms of somatic activity thermogenesis and torpor, suggesting that there must be several aspects of the functional organiza-tion of their thermoregulatory circuitry, including that in the POA, that are unique to mice. Thus, it will be of particular interest to determine the wider applicability to other mammalian species of the new discoveries regarding central thermoregulatory circuits being made through genetic manipulation approaches in mice. However, despite several detailed studies on thermoregulatory neurons in mice, including those described in this review, many of the fundamental aspects of the neural circuits that function to explain even the most basic aspects of mouse thermoregulation, such as cold- or warm-defense, energy-conserving torpor hypothermia, and pathogen-combating fever, remain to be elucidated. The authors describe some of what is known of the considerable heterogeneity with regard to genetics, projection patterns, and receptor and neurotransmitter","PeriodicalId":22565,"journal":{"name":"Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"8 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77936238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cooling vests alleviate perceptual heat strain perceived by COVID-19 nurses","authors":"Johannus Q. de Korte, C. Bongers, M. Catoire, B. Kingma, T. Eijsvogels","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2020.1868386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2020.1868386","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Cooling vests alleviate heat strain. We quantified the perceptual and physiological heat strain and assessed the effects of wearing a 21°C phase change material cooling vest on these measures during work shifts of COVID-19 nurses wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). Seventeen nurses were monitored on two working days, consisting of a control (PPE only) and a cooling vest day (PPE + cooling vest). Sub-PPE air temperature, gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi), and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously. Thermal comfort (2 [1–4] versus 1 [1–2], pcondtition < 0.001) and thermal sensation (5 [4–7] versus 4 [2–7], pcondition < 0.001) improved in the cooling vest versus control condition. Only 18% of nurses reported thermal discomfort and 36% a (slightly) warm thermal sensation in the cooling vest condition versus 81% and 94% in the control condition (OR (95%CI) 0.05 (0.01–0.29) and 0.04 (<0.01–0.35), respectively). Accordingly, perceptual strain index was lower in the cooling vest versus control condition (5.7 ± 1.5 versus 4.3 ± 1.7, pcondition < 0.001, respectively). No differences were observed for the physiological heat strain index Tgi and rating of perceived exertion across conditions. Average HR was slightly lower in the cooling vest versus the control condition (85 ± 12 versus 87 ± 11, pcondition = 0.025). Although the physiological heat strain among nurses using PPE was limited, substantial perceptual heat strain was experienced. A 21°C phase change material cooling vest can successfully alleviate the perceptual heat strain encountered by nurses wearing PPE.","PeriodicalId":22565,"journal":{"name":"Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal","volume":"68 1","pages":"103 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85578537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divers risk accelerated fatigue and core temperature rise during fully-immersed exercise in warmer water temperature extremes","authors":"David P. Looney, E. T. Long, Adam W. Potter, Xiaojiang Xu, K. Friedl, R. Hoyt, Christopher R. Chalmers, M. Buller, J. Florian","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2019.1599182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2019.1599182","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Physiological responses to work in cold water have been well studied but little is known about the effects of exercise in warm water; an overlooked but critical issue for certain military, scientific, recreational, and professional diving operations. This investigation examined core temperature responses to fatiguing, fully-immersed exercise in extremely warm waters. Twenty-one male U.S. Navy divers (body mass, 87.3 ± 12.3 kg) were monitored during rest and fatiguing exercise while fully-immersed in four different water temperatures (Tw): 34.4, 35.8, 37.2, and 38.6°C (Tw34.4, Tw35.8, Tw37.2, and Tw38.6 respectively). Participants exercised on an underwater cycle ergometer until volitional fatigue or core temperature limits were reached. Core body temperature and heart rate were monitored continuously. Trial performance time decreased significantly as water temperature increased (Tw34.4, 174 ± 12 min; Tw35.8, 115 ± 13 min; Tw37.2, 50 ± 13 min; Tw38.6, 34 ± 14 min). Peak core body temperature during work was significantly lower in Tw34.4 water (38.31 ± 0.49°C) than in warmer temperatures (Tw35.8, 38.60 ± 0.55°C; Tw37.2, 38.82 ± 0.76°C; Tw38.6, 38.97 ± 0.65°C). Core body temperature rate of change increased significantly with warmer water temperature (Tw34.4, 0.39 ± 0.28°C·h−1; Tw35.8, 0.80 ± 0.19°C·h−1; Tw37.2, 2.02 ± 0.31°C·h−1; Tw38.6, 3.54 ± 0.41°C·h−1). Physically active divers risk severe hyperthermia in warmer waters. Increases in water temperature drastically increase the rate of core body temperature rise during work in warm water. New predictive models for core temperature based on workload and duration of warm water exposure are needed to ensure warm water diving safety.","PeriodicalId":22565,"journal":{"name":"Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"150 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73019046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prolonged self-paced exercise in the heat – environmental factors affecting performance","authors":"Nicklas Junge, Rasmus Jørgensen, A. Flouris, L. Nybo","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2016.1216257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2016.1216257","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this review we examine how self-paced performance is affected by environmental heat stress factors during cycling time trial performance as well as considering the effects of exercise mode and heat acclimatization. Mean power output during prolonged cycling time trials in the heat (≥30°C) was on average reduced by 15% in the 14 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Ambient temperature per se was a poor predictor of the integrated environmental heat stress and 2 of the prevailing heat stress indices (WBGT and UTCI) failed to predict the environmental influence on performance. The weighing of wind speed appears to be too low for predicting the effect for cycling in trained acclimatized subjects, where performance may be maintained in outdoor time trials at ambient temperatures as high as 36°C (36°C UTCI; 28°C WBGT). Power output during indoor trials may also be maintained with temperatures up to at least 27°C when humidity is modest and wind speed matches the movement speed generated during outdoor cycling, whereas marked reductions are observed when air movement is minimal. For running, representing an exercise mode with lower movement speed and higher heat production for a given metabolic rate, it appears that endurance is affected even at much lower ambient temperatures. On this basis we conclude that environmental heat stress impacts self-paced endurance performance. However, the effect is markedly modified by acclimatization status and exercise mode, as the wind generated by the exercise (movement speed) or the environment (natural or fan air movement) exerts a strong influence.","PeriodicalId":22565,"journal":{"name":"Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal","volume":"124 1","pages":"539 - 548"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77656830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperthermia during exercise – a double-edged sword","authors":"M. Buono, P. Cabrales","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2016.1194954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2016.1194954","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractPrevious studies have reported that various types of exercise cause a significant increase in blood viscosity. However, they did not account for the potential effect that exercise-induced hyperthermia might have on mitigating the change in blood viscosity. Our results suggest that hemoconcentration and hyperthermia counterbalance each other so there is no overall change in blood viscosity during prolonged exercise in the heat.","PeriodicalId":22565,"journal":{"name":"Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"512 - 513"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84689223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why is it easier to run in the cold?","authors":"Y. Molkov, D. Zaretsky","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2016.1201182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2016.1201182","url":null,"abstract":"Overheating is one of the main factors limiting physical activity. During running, thermoregulatory metabolism, which keeps core temperature steady at rest, is adjusted through a body temperature independent mechanism to compensate for the exertional heat generation. The colder the environment, the higher the metabolism at rest, and the more complete the compensation is. As a marathoner, one of us logged many miles of training which serve as an interesting dataset spanning several summer and winter seasons. Strikingly, the average pace during the winter months appears to be about 1 minute per mile faster than during the summer months, displaying a huge difference in performance. Besides, every long distance runner knows that it may take a noticeably longer time to start sweating when it is cold outside in spite of an often faster pace and warmer clothing. This raises the question why colder environment possibly leads to a slower temperature growth and to a potentially better performance. High body temperature is a major regulatory signal to limit the physical effort and, thus, to prevent the temperature from growing further. So, for the effort to remain at high level, the temperature should stay away from this threshold for as long as possible. The rate of temperature change is defined by a balance between 2 processes: heat produced vs. heat dissipated per unit of time. Importantly, both heat production and skin thermal conductance have lower limits: a certain level of metabolism is required to maintain basic functions, and the skin even with fully constricted vessels does not completely insulate the body. To maintain constant temperature, the production of heat must exactly compensate for the dissipation of heat. When possible, mammals keep their heat dissipation at minimum not to spend energy for regulatory thermogenesis. Physical activity is actuated by muscle contractions, which are not extremely efficient processes. In fact, more than 80% of the energy generated in the muscles is wasted in the form of additional heat. This heat depends on the exercise intensity only. It may look like the best way to limit the temperature growth is to increase heat dissipation, which in both humans and rodents occurs in major part through an increase in blood flow in the skin. However, greater cutaneous blood flow competes with blood supply to other organs including muscles. That may be a reason why during exercise cutaneous vasodilation does not kick in until the temperature reaches really high levels close to the fatigue threshold. Heat dissipation can be represented as the product of the difference of temperatures inside and outside of the body and the thermal conductance of skin. In this context, one may think that at colder ambient conditions heat dissipation naturally increases due to a greater difference between the body temperature and the temperature of the environment. However, this higher dissipation occurs before the exercise even starts and, henc","PeriodicalId":22565,"journal":{"name":"Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"509 - 511"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89594861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive processes explain variations in human thermal sensation","authors":"M. Schweiker","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2016.1200204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2016.1200204","url":null,"abstract":"Models for human perception of thermal environments included in so-called thermal comfort standards are either based on principles of thermal heat balance, or on large empirical datasets that include human adaptations to different thermal environments (i.e. so-called adaptive approach). The framework for an adaptive thermal heat balance model (ATHB) combines these 2 approaches, improves the predictive performance and offers further potentials to explain variations in human thermal sensation as discussed below. At first, due to different foundations of both models it may seem illogical to combine the heat balance approach with the adaptive approach. One is based on a steady-state heat balance of the human body taking into account the indoor environmental parameters air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air velocity, and air humidity as well as the clothing level and metabolic rate of a person. The other established a theoretical framework including behavioral, physiological, and psychological adaptive processes and considers averaged floating outdoor conditions. The combination of the 2 approaches as described by the ATHB is realized by setting up simple exemplary equations for each of the 3 adaptive processes individually. These equations adapt the values for the clothing level and the metabolic rate used as input for the heat balance model equations. The equation related to behavioral adaptation is a linear function with the running mean outdoor temperature as independent and the clothing level as dependent variable. With increasing outdoor temperatures, people are wearing lighter clothing ensembles. Maximum and minimum clothing insulation values are specified. Related to physiological adaptation, a linear equation modifies the metabolic rate based on the running mean outdoor temperature. With increasing outdoor temperatures, metabolic rate decreases as we assumed that people’s thermo-regulative system adapts to warm conditions and gets more efficient. Psychological adaptive processes were assumed to alter metabolic rate, too. This can happen on the one hand in a variable form depending on an environmental stimulus, e.g. with higher indoor temperatures, perceived control was found to decrease, which let the metabolic rate increase. On the other hand, this can be a fixed offset in metabolic rate depending on the type of environment, e.g., a higher number of people in the same room increased metabolic rate due to psychological stress while a higher number of control opportunities decreased metabolic rate. Using data from experimental studies in our LOBSTER facility, a realistic office environment with a controllable thermal indoor environment and possibilities for subjects to interact with the outdoor environment through operable windows (Fig. 1A), we derived the corresponding coefficients for these equations through mixed effect regression analyses. Thereby, the magnitude of increase and decrease of the metabolic rate was inferred from measu","PeriodicalId":22565,"journal":{"name":"Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"518 - 520"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89810419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cellular pathway controlling functional plasma membrane incorporation of the cold sensor TRPM8","authors":"J. Vriens, T. Voets","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2016.1200205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2016.1200205","url":null,"abstract":"The transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) plays a crucial part in cold detection by the somatosensory system. In heterologous expression systems, TRPM8 activity steeply increases upon cooling and in the presence of substances that are known to produce a cooling sensation, including menthol, and the ‘super-cooling agent’ icilin. TRPM8-deficient mice exhibited a striking deficit in avoiding cool temperatures (18–30 C). Moreover, whereas mild cooling can evoke analgesia in wild-type mice, cooling-induced analgesia was absent in TRPM8-deficient mice. Importantly, increased functional expression of TRPM8 contributes to pathological cold hypersensitivity and cold allodynia in various animal models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. In recent years, important advances have been made in our knowledge about the biophysical properties of TRPM8. However, the knowledge about the trafficking mechanism that determine the abundance of TRPM8 at the plasma membrane is very sparse. Nevertheless, modulation of the number of active cold sensitive TRPM8 channels at the plasma membrane represents an important regulatory mechanism under normal and pathophysiological conditions. In this article we discuss our recent findings published in the article ’VAMP7 regulates constitutive membrane incorporation of the cold-activated channel’ in which we have uncovered a cellular pathway that controls functional plasma membrane incorporation of TRPM8, and thus regulates thermo-sensitivity in vivo. By the use of Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, in which only a thin layer of illumination above the interface is created and only fluorophores within this thin layer (»100–300 nm) in the sample are excited, we revealed that fluorescently tagged TRPM8 channels are located in a population of highly dynamic vesicular and tubular structures. By treatment of TRPM8-mCherry expressing cells with microtubuleor actindepolymerizing agents and additional TIRF Recovery after Photobleaching (TIRF-FRAP) experiments, we were able to show that TRPM8-positive structures use microtubules as principal track for rapid near-membrane intracellular movement. Further characterization of the mobile TRPM8-positive structures was done by co-expression of TRPM8-mCherry along with known markers of various cellular compartments tagged with GFP, and quantified by dual-color TIRFM to simultaneously monitor the movement of TRPM8-mCherry along with GFP-tagged marker proteins. These results showed strong dynamic co-localization of TRPM8 and the Lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), which was also observed in neurites of TGN co-expressing TRPM8-mCherry and LAMP1-GFP (Fig. 1A). Although LAMP1 is typically associated with endo-lysosomal structures, additional TIR-FRAP experiments indicated that TRPM8and LAMP1-positive mobile vesicles transport TRPM8 from the cell center toward the plasma membrane via microtubules. The pool of mobile TRPM8-positive vesicles is a stable compar","PeriodicalId":22565,"journal":{"name":"Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal","volume":"62 1","pages":"521 - 523"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75090575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions in human performance: An individual and combined stressors approach","authors":"Alex B. Lloyd, G. Havenith","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2016.1189991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2016.1189991","url":null,"abstract":"In many clinical, ergonomic and sporting contexts, humans are exposed to environments that are suboptimal for physical and cognitive performance. This has prompted a substantial body research on the human response to heat, cold, hypoxia, noise, vibration, hypoand hyperbaria, as well as hyperand microgravity. However, working at environmental extremes can expose individuals to more than just a single stressor. Indeed, it is the combination of stressful factors which characterizes the ‘extreme’ nature of environments like high-altitude (e.g. hypobaric hypoxia, cold, solar radiation), deep-sea (e.g., hyperbaria, cold, inspiratory gas toxicity) and space (e.g. heat, cold, hypobaric normoxia, hyperand microgravity).","PeriodicalId":22565,"journal":{"name":"Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"514 - 517"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86474514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}