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Lamellae in the spindle of mitotic cells of Walker 256 carcinoma. Walker 256癌有丝分裂细胞纺锤体中的薄片。
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.227
R C BUCK

In mitotic cells of Walker 256 carcinoma some four-layered lamellar structures were observed which had the appearance of paired cysternae of the ER. Two inner membranes were regular, smooth surfaced, and closely applied to each other. The two outer membranes were somewhat irregularly placed in relation to the inner pair; they showed attached RNP particles and connections with cysternae of the ER. The membranes often appeared to radiate from the region of the centrosphere towards the compact mass of chromosomes. Thus, they lay amid the spindle fibres and are referred to as "spindle lamellae." They approached the centrioles closely but were not observed to be continuous with them. They appeared to terminate in the pole of the spindle by joining smooth surfaced membranes in the centrosphere. Their equatorial termination was in relation to the chromosomes. At the surface of the chromosome mass they frequently split into two double membranes, which were closely applied to the chromosome substance. The most prominent and complicated membranes were seen in anaphase cells. An hypothesis is advanced which ascribes the development of the nuclear membrane to the spindle lamellae.

Walker - 256癌有丝分裂细胞中可见四层板层结构,具有内质网成对囊状结构。两个内膜是规则的,表面光滑,彼此紧密地贴在一起。两个外膜相对于内膜的位置有些不规则;它们显示了附着的RNP颗粒和与ER的半胱氨酸的连接。膜通常表现为从中心球区向致密的染色体群辐射。因此,它们位于纺锤体纤维之间,被称为“纺锤体薄片”。它们接近中心粒,但没有观察到与中心粒连续。它们似乎在纺锤体的极点终止,通过在中心球中连接光滑表面的膜。它们的平伏终止与染色体有关。在染色体团块的表面,它们经常分裂成两层双层膜,这两层膜紧密地附着在染色体物质上。在后期细胞中可见最突出和复杂的膜。提出了一种将核膜的发育归因于纺锤片的假说。
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引用次数: 52
Kinetics of nucleoside incorporation into nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA. 核苷掺入细胞核和细胞质RNA的动力学。
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.1
R P PERRY

HeLa and conjunctiva tissue culture cells were incubated for various intervals with tritiated nucleosides and the incorporation into RNA was localized in different parts of the cell by means of autoradiography. In order to obtain quantitative measurements of incorporation from grain count data the influence of cell geometry on the absorption of the tritium beta ray was considered. Relative correction factors, E = g/g*, relating an idealized grain count in the absence of absorption, g, to the actual grain count, g*, were derived for the different cell compartments. For the average HeLa cell the factors for the nucleolus, n, non-nucleolar parts of the nucleus, N, and the cytoplasm, C, are in the ratio E(n)/E(N)/E(C)= 2.3/1.6/1.0. The kinetics of incorporation for cytidine and adenosine are similar. The n and N curves are characterized by a rapid rise and early saturation, whereas the C curves show an appreciable lag and no evidence of saturation for intervals as long as one generation time. Estimates of the relative amounts of RNA in each compartment were obtained from ultraviolet micro absorption measurements and used together with the kinetic data to calculate specific activities. For incubation periods of short duration the ratio of specific activities n/N for cytidine is approximately twice that for adenosine. Three hypotheses for the mechanism of ribonucleoside incorporation and RNA synthesis are discussed, and arguments favoring a transport of RNA or an RNA by-product from the nucleus and nucleolus to the cytoplasm are presented.

将HeLa和结膜组织培养细胞与氚化核苷孵育不同时间间隔,并通过放射自显影法定位入RNA的细胞不同部位。为了从颗粒计数数据中获得掺入量的定量测量,考虑了细胞几何形状对氚射线吸收的影响。相对校正因子E = g/g*,将没有吸收的理想粒数g与实际粒数g*联系起来,推导出不同细胞区室的相对校正因子。对于一般的HeLa细胞,核仁n、细胞核非核仁部分n和细胞质C的因子为E(n)/E(n)/E(C)= 2.3/1.6/1.0。胞苷和腺苷的结合动力学是相似的。n和n曲线的特征是迅速上升和早期饱和,而C曲线则表现出明显的滞后,并且在长达一代时间的间隔内没有饱和的迹象。每个隔室中RNA的相对数量估计是通过紫外微吸收测量得到的,并与动力学数据一起用于计算特定活性。在孵育期较短的情况下,胞苷的比活性n/ n约为腺苷的两倍。讨论了核糖核苷结合和RNA合成机制的三种假设,并提出了支持RNA或RNA副产物从细胞核和核仁转运到细胞质的论点。
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引用次数: 97
The organization of the flight muscle in a dragonfly, Aeshna sp. (Odonata). 蜻蜓的飞行肌肉的组织。
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.119
D S SMITH

The structure of the flight muscle of a dragonfly (Aeshna sp.) has been studied with the light and electron microscopes, and the organization of this specialized tubular muscle is described. This tissue is characterized by the great development of the sarcosomes, which are slab-like and are arranged within the fiber opposite each sarcomere of the radially oriented lamellar myofibrils. A well developed and highly ordered sarcoplasmic reticulum is present, consisting of perforated curtain-like cisternae extending across the face of each fibril, together with tubular invaginations of the fiber plasma membrane situated within indentations in the sarcosomes and traversing the fibril surface midway between the Z and M levels. The structure of these fibers, and notably the organization of the reticulum, is compared with that of other types of muscle, and the possible role of the two components of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the contraction physiology of the dragonfly muscle fiber is discussed.

用光学显微镜和电子显微镜研究了蜻蜓(Aeshna sp.)飞行肌的结构,并描述了这种特殊管状肌肉的组织。该组织的特征是肌小体的大量发育,它们呈板状,排列在纤维内,与径向取向的板层肌原纤维的每个肌小体相对。存在发育良好且高度有序的肌浆网,由横跨每个纤维表面的穿孔幕状池组成,以及位于肌体凹痕内的纤维质膜管状内陷,并穿过纤维表面,介于Z和M水平之间。这些纤维的结构,特别是网的组织,与其他类型的肌肉进行了比较,并讨论了肌浆网的两个组成部分在蜻蜓肌纤维收缩生理中的可能作用。
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引用次数: 77
The fine structure of inhibitory synapses in the crayfish. 小龙虾抑制性突触的精细结构。
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.157
R P PETERSON, F PEPE

Physiological investigations have shown that the synaptic input to the sensory neuron of the stretch receptor in the abdominal muscles of the crayfish is purely inhibitory. This neuron was chosen, therefore, as a site in which to study the fine structure of inhibitory synaptic endings. It was hoped that this fine structure might (a) provide a morphological prototype for the study of more complex synaptic systems and (b) reflect the inhibitory mechanisms. Stretch receptors were fixed in situ in buffered OsO(4), dehydrated, and embedded in Araldite. Both cross and longitudinal sections were examined after staining with phosphotungstic acid. The inhibitory endings were easily identified by their great similarity to previously described excitatory endings. Small circular profiles (synaptic vesicles) about 460 A in diameter and an accumulation of mitochondria were consistently observed within the presynaptic endings. An increased osmiophilia of pre- and postsynaptic membranes, where they were in apposition, was also seen. The only observed difference between these inhibitory endings and excitatory endings, described by other authors, was the variable presence of a latticework of 230 A tubules in the connective tissue immediately adjacent to the inhibitory endings. Inhibitory endings were observed on all parts of the sensory neuron except the axon.

生理学研究表明,对小龙虾腹肌拉伸受体感觉神经元的突触输入是纯抑制性的。因此,这个神经元被选为研究抑制性突触末梢精细结构的地点。希望这种精细结构可以(a)为研究更复杂的突触系统提供形态学原型,(b)反映抑制机制。拉伸受体原位固定在缓冲的OsO(4)中,脱水后包埋在Araldite中。磷钨酸染色后,观察横切面和纵切面。抑制性末梢与先前描述的兴奋性末梢非常相似,因此很容易识别。在突触前末端一致观察到直径约460 A的小圆形轮廓(突触囊泡)和线粒体的积累。突触前膜和突触后膜的亲锇性增加,突触前膜和突触后膜处于相对位置。其他作者所描述的这些抑制性末梢和兴奋性末梢之间唯一观察到的区别是,在紧邻抑制性末梢的结缔组织中,存在可变的230a小管晶格。除轴突外,感觉神经元各部位均可见抑制性末梢。
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引用次数: 47
The presence of centrioles in artificially activated sea urchin eggs. 人工激活的海胆卵中中心粒的存在。
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.244
E R DIRKSEN
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引用次数: 99
The relationship between the fine structure and direction of beat in gill cilia of a lamellibranch mollusc. 板鳃软体动物鳃纤毛精细结构与搏动方向的关系。
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.179
I R GIBBONS

This paper describes the fine structure and its relationship to the direction of beat in four types of cilia on the gill of the fresh-water mussel Anodonta cataracta. The cilia contain nine outer, nine secondary, and two central fibers, such as have been described previously in other material. Each outer fiber is a doublet with one subfiber bearing arms. One particular pair of outer fibers (numbers 5 and 6) are joined together by a bridge. The two central fibers are enclosed by a central sheath; also present in this region is a single, small mid-fiber. The different groups of fibers are connected together by radial links that extend from the outer to the secondary fibers, and from the secondary fibers to the central sheath. The basal body consists of a cylinder of nine triplet fibers. Projecting from it on one side is a dense conical structure called the basal foot. The cylinder of outer fibers continues from the basal body into the cilium, passing through a complex transitional region in which five distinct changes of structure occur at different levels. There are two sets of fibers associated with the basal bodies: a pair of striated rootlets that extends from each basal body down into the cell, and a system of fine tubular fibers that runs parallel to the cell surface. The relationship between fine structure and direction of beat is the same in all four types of cilia examined. The plane of beat is perpendicular to the plane of the central fibers, with the effective stroke toward the bridge between outer fibers 5 and 6, and toward the foot on the basal body.

本文描述了淡水贻贝(Anodonta cataracta)鳃上四种纤毛的精细结构及其与拍打方向的关系。纤毛包含九根外层纤维、九根次级纤维和两根中心纤维,如前面在其他材料中描述的那样。每根外层纤维是一根带有一根亚纤维承载臂的双线。一对特殊的外层纤维(5号和6号)通过桥接连接在一起。两个中心纤维被中心鞘包围;在这个区域也有一个单一的,小的中纤维。不同组的纤维通过径向连接在一起,径向连接从外层延伸到次级纤维,从次级纤维延伸到中心鞘。基体由九根三联体纤维组成的圆柱体。从它的一侧突出的是一个致密的圆锥形结构,称为基足。外纤维的圆柱体从基底体继续进入纤毛,经过一个复杂的过渡区,在这个过渡区中,在不同的水平上发生了五种不同的结构变化。与基生体相关的纤维有两组:一对有条纹的细根,从每个基生体延伸到细胞内;一组细管状纤维,平行于细胞表面。四种纤毛的精细结构与搏动方向之间的关系是相同的。拍击平面垂直于中心纤维的平面,有效拍击方向为外侧纤维5和6之间的桥,以及基底上的足部。
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引用次数: 366
Cilia in different segments of the rat nephron. 大鼠肾元不同节段的纤毛。
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.248
H LATTA, A B MAUNSBACH, S C MADDEN
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引用次数: 111
THE STRUCTURE OF INSECT FIBRILLAR FLIGHT MUSCLE : A Study Made with Special Reference to the Membrane Systems of the Fiber. 昆虫纤维飞行肌的结构:以纤维膜系统为重点的研究。
Pub Date : 1961-08-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.10.4.123
D S Smith

The fine structure of fibrillar flight muscle of the mature adult beetle Tenebrio molitor is described. Although the very high frequency of contraction of fibrillar muscle has previously been in part accounted for as the result of mechanical specialization of the wing-bearing segment rather than of a correspondingly high rate of motor impulse supply, the problem of the nature of the pathway by which excitation is conducted into these large fibers remained. Therefore, particular attention has been given to the disposition and relationships of the plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum in this tissue. The invading tracheoles draw with them a sheath of plasma membrane from the surface to all depths in the fiber, and it is suggested that these sheaths, together with the extensive tubular arborisations arising from them, reduce the maximum plasma membrane-to-fibril distance from the radius of the fiber to a value of less than 2 micro. The evidence presented here confirms Veratti's contention that in fibrillar muscle the "reticulum" is associated with, though entirely distinct from the fibrils. Unlike other muscles so far examined, these flight muscle fibers contain a plasma membrane reticulum only, but it is possible that elsewhere the general "sarcoplasmic reticulum" includes a component derived from the plasma membrane, likewise acting as the pathway for inward conduction of excitation. Profiles of the internalised plasma membrane in Tenebrio showing the usual triple-layered 25-25-25 A organization are frequently seen, in sections, in close association with isolated vesicles (defined by "simple" 50 A membranes) which are here considered to represent, in vestigial form, the portion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum which in other types of muscle is complex and highly developed. Such associations, in Tenebrio, between these two dissimilar elements are here termed "dyads" and the possible morphological and functional homology between these and the "triads" of other types of fiber is considered.

描述了黄粉甲虫成熟成虫的纤维状飞行肌的精细结构。虽然纤维肌的高频率收缩在一定程度上被认为是翼部机械专门化的结果,而不是相应的高运动脉冲供应率的结果,但是将兴奋传导到这些大纤维的途径的性质问题仍然存在。因此,特别注意的是质膜和肌浆网在这一组织中的分布和关系。侵入的气管从纤维的表面到纤维的所有深度都吸引了一层质膜鞘,这表明这些鞘和由此产生的广泛的管状分枝一起,使质膜到纤维的最大距离从纤维的半径减小到小于2微。这里提出的证据证实了Veratti的论点,即在纤维肌中,“网状”与原纤维有关,尽管与原纤维完全不同。与目前所研究的其他肌肉不同,这些飞行肌纤维只包含一个质膜网,但在其他地方,一般的“肌浆网”可能包括来自质膜的成分,同样作为向内传导兴奋的途径。黄粉虫内化质膜的剖面显示通常的三层25-25-25 A组织,在切片中经常看到与孤立的囊泡(由“简单”50 A膜定义)密切相关,在这里被认为是退化形式的肌浆网部分,而在其他类型的肌肉中是复杂和高度发达的。在《黄粉虫》中,这两种不同成分之间的这种联系被称为“二联体”,并考虑了它们与其他类型纤维的“三联体”之间可能的形态和功能同源性。
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引用次数: 156
A METHOD FOR INTRACELLULAR AUTORADIOGRAPHY IN THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE. 电子显微镜下细胞内放射自显影的方法。
Pub Date : 1961-08-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.10.4.577
M H Silk, A O Hawtrey, I M Spence, J H Gear

A technic is described for high resolution intracellular autoradiography in the electron microscope. Cultures of LLC-MK(2) monkey kidney cells were incubated for 72 hours in a medium containing 0.4 microcurie per ml of thymidine-H(3). After labeling, the cells were fixed with osmium tetroxide and embedded in methacrylate. Ultrathin sections of the labeled tissue were taken up on Formvar-coated and carbon-stabilized electron microscope grids. A 150 to 450 A layer of silver metal was then evaporated onto the tissue. The coated grids were exposed to bromine vapor for 1.5 to 2 minutes under red light, allowed to dry for 1 minute, and then covered with a thin film of 1 per cent aqueous gelatin applied by means of a fine wire loop lowered over the grid supported on a glass peg. For autoradiographic exposure, the grids were stored 50 days in a light-proof container at 4 degrees C with calcium chloride desiccant. Development was carried out for 5 minutes at 20 degrees C in Promicrol (May and Baker, England) diluted 1:1 with water, followed by a 1 minute water wash and fixation for 2.5 minutes in 15 per cent aqueous sodium thiosulphate. After removal of the gelatin by immersion for 16 hours in water at 37 degrees C, the autoradiograms were dried and examined in the electron microscope. Ultrastructural detail was fairly well defined and the cytoplasm of each labeled cell was covered with an electron opaque deposit of silver, suggesting that a polynucleotide containing thymidine may be synthesized in the cytoplasm. The matter is discussed.

介绍了一种在电子显微镜下进行高分辨率细胞内放射自显影的技术。将LLC-MK(2)猴肾细胞在含有0.4微居里/ ml胸苷- h(3)的培养基中培养72小时。标记后,用四氧化锇固定细胞,并包埋在甲基丙烯酸酯中。标记组织的超薄切片在formvar涂层和碳稳定的电子显微镜网格上拍摄。然后将一层银金属蒸发到组织上。涂覆的网格在红光下暴露在溴蒸气中1.5至2分钟,允许干燥1分钟,然后用1%的含水明胶薄膜覆盖,通过在玻璃钉上支撑的网格上降低的细线环施加。为了进行放射自显影,网格在4摄氏度的避光容器中与氯化钙干燥剂一起储存50天。在20℃下用1:1稀释的Promicrol (May and Baker, England)进行5分钟显影,然后用水冲洗1分钟,在15%的硫代硫酸钠水溶液中固定2.5分钟。在37℃的水中浸泡16小时去除明胶后,将自射线图干燥并在电子显微镜下检查。超微结构细节相当清晰,每个标记细胞的细胞质上覆盖着一层电子不透明的银沉积物,这表明含有胸腺嘧啶的多核苷酸可能在细胞质中合成。这件事被讨论了。
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引用次数: 27
RETICULAR ORGANIZATIONS WITHIN THE STRIATED MUSCLE CELL : An Historical Survey of Light Microscopic Studies. 横纹肌细胞内的网状组织:光显微研究的历史调查。
Pub Date : 1961-08-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.10.4.61
D S Smith
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引用次数: 26
期刊
The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology
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