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Studies on formalin fixation for electron microscopy and cytochemical staining purposes. 电镜和细胞化学染色用福尔马林固定物的研究。
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.31
S J HOLT, R M HICKS

A study has been made of the preservation of fine structure, phospholipids, and the activity of acid phosphatase and esterase in rat liver fixed in various solutions containing 4 per cent formaldehyde. Examination of methacrylate-embedded preparations shows that calcium-containing fixatives result in poor preservation of fine structure, whereas veronal-treated or phosphate-buffered formalin gives excellent results if the tonicity of the solutions is suitably adjusted by addition of sucrose. Formol-phosphate, to which Versene has been added, causes deterioration of cellular morphology. Phospholipids are retained almost quantitatively in tissue fixed in formol-calcium, and in phosphate-, collidine-, or triethanolamine-buffered formalin. About 50 per cent of the activity of acid phosphatase and esterase are preserved after 24 hours exposure to these fixatives at 0-2 degrees C, and the distributions of the enzymes and of phospholipids, as judged by cytochemical staining results, are not altered by any of these formalin solutions. Consideration of the morphological and biochemical integrity of the fixed tissue suggests that 4 per cent formaldehyde, buffered at pH 7.2 with 0.067 M phosphate, and containing 7.5 per cent sucrose, is the most suitable of the fixatives for combined cytochemical staining and electron microscopical studies.

研究了固定在含4%甲醛溶液中的大鼠肝脏的精细结构、磷脂以及酸性磷酸酶和酯酶的活性。对甲基丙烯酸酯包埋制剂的检查表明,含钙固定剂导致精细结构保存不良,而如果通过添加蔗糖适当调整溶液的滋补性,则经维罗那纳处理或磷酸盐缓冲的福尔马林可以获得极好的结果。添加了茴香的甲醛-磷酸盐会导致细胞形态的恶化。磷脂几乎被定量地保留在固定在福尔马林中的组织中,以及在磷酸盐、碰撞碱或三乙醇胺缓冲的福尔马林中。大约50%的酸性磷酸酶和酯酶的活性在0-2摄氏度的固定液中暴露24小时后得以保存,根据细胞化学染色结果判断,酶和磷脂的分布没有被任何这些福尔马林溶液改变。考虑到固定组织的形态和生化完整性,4%的甲醛,在pH值为7.2时用0.067 M的磷酸盐缓冲,含有7.5%的蔗糖,是最适合细胞化学染色和电子显微镜研究的固定剂。
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引用次数: 230
Localization of DNA and protein in Tipula iridescent virus (TIV) by enzymatic digestion and electron microscopy. 用酶解和电镜技术定位虹彩蒂普拉病毒(TIV)的DNA和蛋白质。
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.15
R S THOMAS, R C WILLIAMS

De-embedded ultrathin sections of ethanol-fixed Tipula Iridescent Virus particles were incubated with pepsin at pH 1.8, trypsin at pH 7.7, and DNase at pH 7.7. The outer shell of the particles, but not an inner core, was removed by the action of pepsin. Conversely, the inner core, but not the outer shell, was removed by the action of trypsin and DNase in combination, but not by either enzyme acting alone. These results are taken to mean that the outer shell of the particles is protein in nature and the inner core is nucleoprotein. Whole virus particles were also exposed to the same 3 enzymes. Trypsin and/or DNase had no effect on the whole particles, while pepsin at pH 1.8 digested away the outer shell of the particles and released an intact core, resistant to pepsin. The protein nature of the digested outer shells and the nucleoprotein nature of the released cores were confirmed by ultraviolet absorption spectra. Chemical analyses showed that the cores contain 89 per cent of the whole virus phosphorus but only 35 per cent of the nitrogen, while the outer shells contain only 5 per cent of the phosphorus but 63 per cent of the nitrogen. On the basis of nitrogen: phosphorus ratios the composition of the cores is estimated to be about 30 per cent DNA and 60 to 65 per cent protein.

将脱包体超薄切片用乙醇固定Tipula彩虹病毒颗粒,与pH 1.8的胃蛋白酶、pH 7.7的胰蛋白酶和pH 7.7的dna酶孵育。颗粒的外壳,而不是内核,被胃蛋白酶的作用去除。相反,内核,而不是外壳,被胰蛋白酶和dna酶联合作用,而不是单独作用。这些结果被认为意味着粒子的外壳本质上是蛋白质,内核是核蛋白。整个病毒颗粒也暴露在同样的3种酶中。胰蛋白酶和/或DNase对整个颗粒没有影响,而pH为1.8的胃蛋白酶消化掉了颗粒的外壳,释放出一个完整的核,对胃蛋白酶具有抗性。用紫外吸收光谱测定了酶解壳的蛋白质性质和释放核的核蛋白性质。化学分析表明,病毒核含有整个病毒磷的89%,但只含有35%的氮,而外壳只含有5%的磷,但含有63%的氮。根据氮磷比,岩心的组成估计约为30%的DNA和60%至65%的蛋白质。
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引用次数: 19
Sarcomere size in developing muscles of a tarsonemid mite. tarsonemite螨正在发育的肌肉中的肌节大小。
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.147
J ARONSON

The embryo of a tarsonemid mite was found to be suitable for in vivo observations of muscle development by polarization microscopy. The four dorsal muscles of the metapodosoma each contain three sarcomeres, the anterior two of which can be seen clearly. These sarcomeres can be identified and followed during much of their development. Sarcomeres are about 2.5 micra long when first detected and increase in length until they are about 10 micra long. The change in length is associated with a slow, approximately constant rate of increase in the length of the A region, and an initially slow then much more rapid increase in the length of the I band. Preceding the period when the I band elongates rapidly there is an increase in the diameter of the muscle fibers and an increase in the retardation of the A band. A, I, Z, and H bands are visible during most of these changes. The change in A band length has been interpreted in terms of the growth of the A filaments which have been observed by electron microscopy in muscles of other animals. It is suggested that the exceptionally long sarcomeres in this mite result from the early fixing of the number of sarcomeres in a given muscle fiber.

用偏振显微镜观察了一种螨的胚胎,发现其适于在体内观察肌肉的发育。后足瘤的4块背肌各包含3个肌节,其中前2个可以清楚地看到。这些肌瘤在其发育过程中可以被识别和跟踪。肌节第一次被发现时大约2.5微米长,长度逐渐增加,直到大约10微米长。长度的变化与a区长度的缓慢,近似恒定的增长速率有关,而I波段长度的增长最初缓慢,后来迅速得多。在I肌束迅速伸长之前,肌纤维直径增加,A肌束迟滞增加。A, I, Z和H波段在这些变化中是可见的。A带长度的变化可以用电子显微镜在其他动物肌肉中观察到的A丝的生长来解释。这表明,在这个螨异常长的肌节是由于早期固定的数量的肌节在一个给定的肌纤维。
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引用次数: 42
The structure of the yolk of the hen's egg as studied by electron microscopy. I. The yolk of the unincubated egg. 用电子显微镜观察的鸡蛋蛋黄的结构。蛋黄:未孵化的蛋的蛋黄
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.207
R BELLAIRS

A description of the fine structure of the yolk of the unincubated hen's egg has been provided, which will serve as a basis for further studies on yolk digestion. The gross components of the yolk (that is, free-floating lipid drops, yellow and white yolk spheres together with their enclosed lipid subdroplets, and aqueous protein fluid) could be recognized by phase contrast and low power electron microscopy. The majority of the lipid drops, whether free floating or enclosed within yolk spheres, were composed of particles about 30 to 60 A in diameter. The protein component of the yolk was found to consist of round profiles about 250 A in diameter. The surfaces of the yolk spheres were of three types, and it is difficult to decide which represents the true structure although reasons are given for believing that yolk spheres are not normally enclosed by membranes identical with cell membranes.

对未孵化鸡蛋蛋黄的精细结构进行了描述,为进一步研究蛋黄消化提供了基础。通过相衬和低倍电子显微镜可以识别蛋黄的大体成分(即自由漂浮的脂滴、黄色和白色的蛋黄球及其封闭的脂亚滴和含水蛋白液)。大多数脂滴,无论是自由漂浮的还是封闭在蛋黄球内的,都是由直径约为30至60 A的颗粒组成的。发现蛋黄的蛋白质成分由直径约250 A的圆形轮廓组成。卵黄球的表面有三种类型,很难确定哪一种代表了真正的结构,尽管有理由相信卵黄球通常不是由与细胞膜相同的膜包围的。
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引用次数: 66
Morphology of isolated rabbit heart muscle mitochondria and the oxidation of extramitochondrial reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide. 离体兔心肌线粒体形态及线粒体外还原二磷酸吡啶核苷酸的氧化。
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.77
P D DESHPANDE, D D HICKMAN, R W VON KORFF

The morphology of rabbit heart muscle mitochondria isolated in several media has been compared by electron microscopy. The internal structure of isolated mitochondria differs from that of in situ mitochondria, with the type and degree of alteration depending on the isolation medium. Examination of the isolated mitochondria after incubation revealed that additional morphological changes occurred during incubation, but these changes were less pronounced when the incubation was conducted in a complete medium containing substrate. The isolated mitochondria have been shown to be capable of catalyzing a slow aerobic oxidation of extramitochondrial reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide. The rate of DPNH oxidation observed is sufficient to account for the ability of the mitochondria to oxidize lactate in the presence of catalytic amounts of DPNH. The suspensions used were essentially free of mitochondrial fragments, which are known to oxidize DPNH. Possible relationships of these findings to metabolism in situ are discussed. The results indicate the desirability of correlating biochemical activities with the morphology of isolated mitochondria.

用电镜对几种培养基分离的兔心肌线粒体的形态进行了比较。分离线粒体的内部结构不同于原位线粒体,其类型和程度取决于分离介质。孵育后对分离线粒体的检查显示,在孵育期间发生了额外的形态学变化,但当孵育在含有底物的完整培养基中进行时,这些变化不太明显。分离的线粒体已被证明能够催化线粒体外还原二磷酸吡啶核苷酸的缓慢有氧氧化。观察到的DPNH氧化速率足以说明线粒体在催化量的DPNH存在下氧化乳酸的能力。所使用的悬浮液基本上不含线粒体片段,已知线粒体片段会氧化DPNH。讨论了这些发现与原位代谢的可能关系。结果表明,将生物化学活性与分离线粒体的形态联系起来是可取的。
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引用次数: 20
Ultrastructure of the resting and contracted striated muscle fiber at different degrees of stretch. 不同拉伸程度下静息和收缩的横纹肌纤维超微结构。
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.95
F CARLSEN, G G KNAPPEIS, F BUCHTHAL

Passive stretch, isometric contraction, and shortening were studied in electron micrographs of striated, non-glycerinated frog muscle fibers. The artifacts due to the different steps of preparation were evaluated by comparing sarcomere length and fiber diameter before, during, and after fixation and after sectioning. Tension and length were recorded in the resting and contracted fiber before and during fixation. The I filaments could be traced to enter the A band between the A filaments on both sides of the I band, creating a zone of overlap which decreased linearly with stretch and increased with shortening. This is consistent with a sliding filament model. The decrease in the length of the A and I filaments during isometric contraction and the finding that fibers stretched to a sarcomere length of 3.7 micro still developed 30 per cent of the maximum tetanic tension could not be explained in terms of the sliding filament model. Shortening of the sarcomeres near the myotendinous junctions which still have overlap could account for only one-sixth of this tension, indicating that even those sarcomeres stretched to such a degree that there is a gap between A and I filaments are activated during isometric contraction (increase in stiffness). Shortening, too, was associated with changes in filament length. The diameter of A filaments remained unaltered with stretch and with isometric contraction. Shortening of 50 per cent was associated with a 13 per cent increase in A filament diameter. The area occupied by the fibrils and by the interfibrillar space increased with shortening, indicating a 20 per cent reduction in the volume of the fibrils when shortening amounted to 40 per cent.

被动拉伸,等距收缩,缩短在电子显微镜下研究了条纹,非甘油蛙肌纤维。通过比较固定前、固定中、固定后和切片后的肌节长度和纤维直径来评估不同准备步骤引起的伪影。在固定前和固定中记录静息纤维和收缩纤维的张力和长度。在I带两侧的A丝之间,可追踪到I丝进入A带,形成一个随拉伸线性减少、随缩短线性增加的重叠区。这与滑动细丝模型一致。A和I纤维在等距收缩期间长度的减少以及纤维拉伸到肌节长度为3.7微的发现仍然发展了最大破伤风张力的30%,这些都不能用滑动纤维模型来解释。肌腱连接处附近仍有重叠的肌节的缩短可能只占张力的六分之一,这表明即使这些肌节拉伸到a和I丝之间存在间隙的程度,在等距收缩期间也被激活(刚度增加)。缩短也与纤维长度的变化有关。A纤维的直径在拉伸和等距收缩时保持不变。缩短50%与a丝直径增加13%有关。原纤维和纤维间空间所占的面积随着缩短而增加,表明当原纤维缩短40%时,原纤维的体积减少了20%。
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引用次数: 118
The localization of acid phosphatase in rat liver cells as revealed by combined cytochemical staining and electron microscopy. 联合细胞化学染色和电镜观察酸性磷酸酶在大鼠肝细胞中的定位。
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.47
S J HOLT, R M HICKS

Discrete localization of stain in pericanalicular granules was found in 10 micro frozen sections of formol-phosphate-sucrose-fixed liver stained by the Gomori acid phosphatase technique and examined in the light microscope. The staining patterns, before and after treatment with Triton X-100 and lecithinase, were identical with those previously reported for formol-calcium-fixed material treated in the same way, and it can be assumed that the stained granules are identical with "lysosomes." Examination in the light microscope of the staining patterns and lead penetration in fixed blocks and slices of various dimensions showed nuclear staining and other artefacts to be present, produced by the different rates of penetration of the various components of the staining medium into the tissue. A uniform pericanalicular staining pattern could be obtained, however, with slices not more than 50 micro thick, into which the staining medium could penetrate rapidly from both faces. The staining pattern produced in 50 micro slices was the same both at pH 5.0 and pH 6.2, and was not altered by subsequent embedding of the stained material in butyl methacrylate. Electron microscopy showed the fine structure of fixed 50 micro frozen slices to be well preserved, but it deteriorated badly when they were incubated in the normal Gomori medium at pH 5.0 before postfixing in osmium tetroxide. After incubation in the Gomori medium at pH 6.2, the detailed morphology was substantially maintained. In both cases lead phosphate, the reaction product, was found in the pericanalicular regions of the cell, but only in the vacuolated dense bodies and never in the microbodies. Not every vacuolated dense body contained lead, and stained and unstained bodies were sometimes seen adjacent to each other. This heterogeneous distribution of stain within a morphologically homogeneous group of particles is consistent with de Duve's suggestion (9) that there is a heterogeneous distribution of enzymes within the lysosome population. It is concluded from these investigations that the vacuolated dense bodies seen in the electron microscope are the morphological counterparts of the "lysosomes" defined biochemically by de Duve.

用Gomori酸性磷酸酶染色法对10个甲醛-磷酸盐-蔗糖-固定肝脏的冷冻切片进行光镜观察,发现微管周围颗粒中有离散的斑点。Triton X-100和卵磷脂酶处理前后的染色模式与先前报道的用相同方法处理的甲醛-钙固定材料的染色模式相同,可以假设染色的颗粒与“溶酶体”相同。在光学显微镜下检查染色模式和铅在不同尺寸的固定块和切片中的渗透情况,发现有核染色和其他人工产物存在,这是由染色介质的不同成分渗透到组织中的不同速率产生的。然而,可以获得均匀的管周染色模式,切片不超过50微厚,染色介质可以从两面快速渗透。在pH 5.0和pH 6.2下,50个微片的染色模式是相同的,并且随后将染色材料包埋在甲基丙烯酸丁酯中没有改变。电镜观察显示,固定后的50片微冻切片的超微结构保存良好,但在pH 5.0的正常Gomori培养基中孵育后,在四氧化二锇中固定后,其超微结构严重恶化。在pH 6.2的Gomori培养基中孵育后,其详细形态基本保持不变。在这两种情况下,反应产物磷酸铅都存在于细胞的管周区域,但只存在于液泡化致密体中,而不存在于微体中。并非每个液泡致密体都含有铅,有时可见染色体和未染色体相邻。在形态均匀的颗粒群中,这种染色的不均匀分布与de Duve的建议(9)是一致的,即溶酶体群体中酶的分布是不均匀的。从这些研究中可以得出结论,在电子显微镜下看到的液泡状致密体是de Duve生物化学定义的“溶酶体”的形态对应物。
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引用次数: 268
Morphological bases for a nursing role of glia in the toad retina. Electron microscope observations. 蟾蜍视网膜胶质细胞护理作用的形态学基础。电子显微镜观察。
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.237
A LASANSKY
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引用次数: 26
Intracellular crystalline ergosterol in Neurospora. 神经孢子虫细胞内结晶麦角甾醇。
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.171
S TSUDA, E L TATUM

In the fungus Neurospora crassa, hexagonal crystalline inclusions have been observed with both the light and electron microscopes. These crystals have been enriched by differential centrifugation and found to be identical with ergosterol by the criteria of ultraviolet spectral analysis and cytochemical analysis. Observations have been made on the distribution and fine structure of the crystalline bodies in various wild type and mutant strains of N. crassa.

在真菌粗神经孢子菌中,用光学显微镜和电子显微镜观察到六方结晶包裹体。这些晶体经差速离心富集,经紫外光谱分析和细胞化学分析发现与麦角甾醇相同。对不同野生型和突变株的晶体分布和精细结构进行了观察。
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引用次数: 30
The distribution of muscle antigens in contracted myofibrils determined by fluorescein-labeled antibodies. 用荧光素标记抗体测定收缩肌原纤维中肌肉抗原的分布。
Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.1.67
B TUNIK, H HOLTZER

Chick myofibrils in different states of contraction were treated with fluorescein-labeled antibodies. The rabbit antibodies were prepared against chick myosin, light and heavy meromyosins, and actin. For any one state of contraction, a single myofibril was photographed through the phase contrast microscope, stained with one of the antisera, and photographed through the fluorescence microscope. The cytological changes in the sarcomeres accompanying contraction as observed under phase were correlated with changes in the distribution of the precipitated antibodies as observed under the fluorescence microscope. The changing patterns observed through the fluorescence microscope were compared with those predicted by the sliding filament model of contraction.

用荧光素标记抗体处理不同收缩状态的鸡肌原纤维。制备了鸡肌球蛋白、轻、重肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白的兔抗体。对于任何一种收缩状态,通过相差显微镜拍摄单个肌原纤维,用一种抗血清染色,并通过荧光显微镜拍摄。相下观察到的肌瘤随收缩的细胞学变化与荧光显微镜下观察到的沉淀抗体分布变化相关。通过荧光显微镜观察到的变化模式与滑动丝收缩模型预测的变化模式进行了比较。
{"title":"The distribution of muscle antigens in contracted myofibrils determined by fluorescein-labeled antibodies.","authors":"B TUNIK,&nbsp;H HOLTZER","doi":"10.1083/jcb.11.1.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.11.1.67","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chick myofibrils in different states of contraction were treated with fluorescein-labeled antibodies. The rabbit antibodies were prepared against chick myosin, light and heavy meromyosins, and actin. For any one state of contraction, a single myofibril was photographed through the phase contrast microscope, stained with one of the antisera, and photographed through the fluorescence microscope. The cytological changes in the sarcomeres accompanying contraction as observed under phase were correlated with changes in the distribution of the precipitated antibodies as observed under the fluorescence microscope. The changing patterns observed through the fluorescence microscope were compared with those predicted by the sliding filament model of contraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":22618,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology","volume":"11 ","pages":"67-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1083/jcb.11.1.67","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"23514273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 31
期刊
The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology
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