Monica Manalo, Maria Elsa Falco, Rosela Gomez, Kristine Ann dela Cruz, Pete Maverick Nicole Estudillo, Joanna Marie Ramos, Bienvenido Flores, Christian Niamey Cortado
Around 5–20% of the total banana crop in the Philippines is rejected because it does not meet the specifications for export as fresh fruit. This study aimed to utilize the out-of-specification unripe Cavendish banana of local exporters into banana powder. The effects of different pre-drying treatments such as blanching time and concentrations of citric acid and ascorbic acid on the properties of the resulting Cavendish banana powder in terms of moisture content, water activity, color, solubility, water absorption capacity, bulk density, water holding capacity, and % yield were determined using a central composite face-centered response surface methodology design. Significant mathematical models were generated that predicted the effects of individual and combined influences of pre-drying treatments. Results showed that ascorbic acid was the main factor that influence the lightness, water activity, swelling power, bulk density, and water absorption capacity of banana powder. Results of the optimization process suggested that the desirable pre-drying treatments for banana powder were a blanching time of 0–5 min, as well as soaking in ascorbic acid ranging from 0.01–0.10% and in citric acid ranging from 0.07–0.10%. The identified optimal treatment ranges for blanching time, ascorbic acid concentration, and citric acid concentration provide valuable insights for producing acceptable, safe, and high-quality banana powder. By utilizing out-of-specification bananas and transforming them into value-added intermediate products like powder, the banana industry can reduce waste, maximize resource utilization, and create a more environmentally friendly and economically viable approach to banana production.
{"title":"Utilization of Out-of-specification Unripe Cavendish Banana [Musa acuminata (AAA)] as Banana Powder","authors":"Monica Manalo, Maria Elsa Falco, Rosela Gomez, Kristine Ann dela Cruz, Pete Maverick Nicole Estudillo, Joanna Marie Ramos, Bienvenido Flores, Christian Niamey Cortado","doi":"10.56899/152.05.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.05.24","url":null,"abstract":"Around 5–20% of the total banana crop in the Philippines is rejected because it does not meet the specifications for export as fresh fruit. This study aimed to utilize the out-of-specification unripe Cavendish banana of local exporters into banana powder. The effects of different pre-drying treatments such as blanching time and concentrations of citric acid and ascorbic acid on the properties of the resulting Cavendish banana powder in terms of moisture content, water activity, color, solubility, water absorption capacity, bulk density, water holding capacity, and % yield were determined using a central composite face-centered response surface methodology design. Significant mathematical models were generated that predicted the effects of individual and combined influences of pre-drying treatments. Results showed that ascorbic acid was the main factor that influence the lightness, water activity, swelling power, bulk density, and water absorption capacity of banana powder. Results of the optimization process suggested that the desirable pre-drying treatments for banana powder were a blanching time of 0–5 min, as well as soaking in ascorbic acid ranging from 0.01–0.10% and in citric acid ranging from 0.07–0.10%. The identified optimal treatment ranges for blanching time, ascorbic acid concentration, and citric acid concentration provide valuable insights for producing acceptable, safe, and high-quality banana powder. By utilizing out-of-specification bananas and transforming them into value-added intermediate products like powder, the banana industry can reduce waste, maximize resource utilization, and create a more environmentally friendly and economically viable approach to banana production.","PeriodicalId":22801,"journal":{"name":"The Philippine journal of science","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135998887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adi Bejo Suwardi, Syamsuardi Syamsuardi, Erizal Mukhtar, Nurainas Nurainas
Wild edible fruit (WEF) plant species are species that are not cultivated or domesticated but are available in their natural habitat and are an important food source for indigenous communities. In recent times, WEFs have been threatened by various factors – particularly over-exploitation, land-use changes, and biodiversity loss. The aim of the study, therefore,is to investigate the diversity and ethnobotany of WEF species used by indigenous people in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The study was conducted in five villages of Pesisir Selatan district,West Sumatra, Indonesia – namely, IV Koto Mudiek, Sungai Nyalo IV Koto Mudiek, Taratak Tempatih IV Koto Mudiek, IV Koto Hilie, and Taluk Tigo Sakato. The plant materials were collected from the study area, while local knowledge was gathered through semi-structured interviews involving 393 respondents that were selected using random sampling. A total of 75WEF plants from 30 botanical families were found in the study area. These plants were used for multiple purposes – including food, medicine, construction materials, agricultural tools,fuel wood, and fodder. Artocarpus integer, Baccaurea polyneura, Pometia pinnata, Baccaurea macrocarpa, Bellucia pentamera, Mangifera foetida, Durio oxleyanus, Mangifera odorata, and Baccaurea racemosa were the most popular species for local people in the study area. Loss of traditional knowledge among generations is a major threat to the availability and existence of these species. Indigenous and local knowledge is essential for the use, management, and conservation of WEF plants.
野生可食用水果(WEF)植物物种是指在其自然栖息地可获得的非栽培或驯化物种，是土著社区重要的食物来源。近年来，世界经济论坛受到各种因素的威胁，特别是过度开发、土地利用变化和生物多样性丧失。因此，本研究的目的是调查印度尼西亚西苏门答腊岛土著居民使用的世界森林资源物种的多样性和民族植物学。该研究在印度尼西亚西苏门答腊Pesisir Selatan县的5个村庄进行，即IV Koto Mudiek、Sungai Nyalo IV Koto Mudiek、Taratak Tempatih IV Koto Mudiek、IV Koto Hilie和Taluk Tigo Sakato。植物材料从研究区域收集，同时通过随机抽样选取的393名受访者的半结构化访谈收集当地知识。研究区共发现30科wef植物75种。这些植物有多种用途，包括食品、药品、建筑材料、农具、燃料木材和饲料。研究区内最受居民欢迎的植物种类为整枝竹、多神经竹、石榴树、大树竹、五花树竹、山竹竹、牛皮桐、臭竹竹和总状山竹竹。世代之间传统知识的丧失是对这些物种的可获得性和生存的主要威胁。土著和地方知识对世界森林论坛植物的使用、管理和保护至关重要。
{"title":"Ethnobotany and Conservation of Wild Edible Fruits in Sumatra: a Case Study in Pesisir Selatan, West Sumatra, Indonesia","authors":"Adi Bejo Suwardi, Syamsuardi Syamsuardi, Erizal Mukhtar, Nurainas Nurainas","doi":"10.56899/152.05.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.05.19","url":null,"abstract":"Wild edible fruit (WEF) plant species are species that are not cultivated or domesticated but are available in their natural habitat and are an important food source for indigenous communities. In recent times, WEFs have been threatened by various factors – particularly over-exploitation, land-use changes, and biodiversity loss. The aim of the study, therefore,is to investigate the diversity and ethnobotany of WEF species used by indigenous people in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The study was conducted in five villages of Pesisir Selatan district,West Sumatra, Indonesia – namely, IV Koto Mudiek, Sungai Nyalo IV Koto Mudiek, Taratak Tempatih IV Koto Mudiek, IV Koto Hilie, and Taluk Tigo Sakato. The plant materials were collected from the study area, while local knowledge was gathered through semi-structured interviews involving 393 respondents that were selected using random sampling. A total of 75WEF plants from 30 botanical families were found in the study area. These plants were used for multiple purposes – including food, medicine, construction materials, agricultural tools,fuel wood, and fodder. Artocarpus integer, Baccaurea polyneura, Pometia pinnata, Baccaurea macrocarpa, Bellucia pentamera, Mangifera foetida, Durio oxleyanus, Mangifera odorata, and Baccaurea racemosa were the most popular species for local people in the study area. Loss of traditional knowledge among generations is a major threat to the availability and existence of these species. Indigenous and local knowledge is essential for the use, management, and conservation of WEF plants.","PeriodicalId":22801,"journal":{"name":"The Philippine journal of science","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135313874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patrick Relacion, Zaidy Martin, Richelle Ann Manalo, Francisco Heralde
Ilocos Pink garlic (IPG) is a local garlic variety found in Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Recently known for its moderate beta-adrenergic receptor inhibitory activity in vivo, there is still a limited number of studies describing its genetic and metabolite profile to distinguish it from other garlic varieties. In this study, genetic markers of IPG were identified using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) analysis. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry followed by principal component analysis (PCA) was used to discriminate IPG’s metabolites from Ilocos Native garlic. Based on the degree of brown-stripe pigmentation on their outer skin, IPG samples can be classified into three – light, moderate, and heavy pigmentation. These subgroups were found to share seven SRAP marker pairs – namely,ME1-EM1 (at 300bp), ME1-EM4 (at 400bp), ME2-EM3 (500bp), ME3-EM1 (300bp), ME3-EM2(at 400bp), ME3-EM4 (at 200bp), and ME5-EM2 (at 300bp). Unique SRAP marker pairs were also observed between subgroups. PCA revealed Ilocos Native garlic to be discriminated from the IPG groups, but the marker matrix tool showed mere differences in concentrations except m/z247.129 at RT 1.40. Concentration-wise, nine markers may be proposed to discriminate IPG light from IPG moderate and heavy, seven of which are putatively identified as saponins. These findings suggest that SRAP markers can effectively discriminate IPG into subgroups, whereas metabolite profiling may provide little insight into the differences between IPG and Ilocos Native garlic.
{"title":"Molecular Characterization and Metabolite Profiling of Philippine Allium sativum Linn.: Ilocos Pink","authors":"Patrick Relacion, Zaidy Martin, Richelle Ann Manalo, Francisco Heralde","doi":"10.56899/152.05.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.05.20","url":null,"abstract":"Ilocos Pink garlic (IPG) is a local garlic variety found in Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Recently known for its moderate beta-adrenergic receptor inhibitory activity in vivo, there is still a limited number of studies describing its genetic and metabolite profile to distinguish it from other garlic varieties. In this study, genetic markers of IPG were identified using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) analysis. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry followed by principal component analysis (PCA) was used to discriminate IPG’s metabolites from Ilocos Native garlic. Based on the degree of brown-stripe pigmentation on their outer skin, IPG samples can be classified into three – light, moderate, and heavy pigmentation. These subgroups were found to share seven SRAP marker pairs – namely,ME1-EM1 (at 300bp), ME1-EM4 (at 400bp), ME2-EM3 (500bp), ME3-EM1 (300bp), ME3-EM2(at 400bp), ME3-EM4 (at 200bp), and ME5-EM2 (at 300bp). Unique SRAP marker pairs were also observed between subgroups. PCA revealed Ilocos Native garlic to be discriminated from the IPG groups, but the marker matrix tool showed mere differences in concentrations except m/z247.129 at RT 1.40. Concentration-wise, nine markers may be proposed to discriminate IPG light from IPG moderate and heavy, seven of which are putatively identified as saponins. These findings suggest that SRAP markers can effectively discriminate IPG into subgroups, whereas metabolite profiling may provide little insight into the differences between IPG and Ilocos Native garlic.","PeriodicalId":22801,"journal":{"name":"The Philippine journal of science","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135313869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study aimed to determine the bonding performance of laminated giant bamboo[Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.) Backer] glued with four commercial adhesives (PVAc-D3, PUR, UF, PF) at different surface pairings (pith-pith, pith-skin, and skin-skin) and glue spread rates(100, 150, and 200 g/m2). Kiln-dried giant bamboo poles were ripsawn, planed, and cut to length to produce slats for lamination. Slats for surface roughness and wettability tests were sanded with 180-grit sandpaper on both skin and pith surfaces. Surface roughness of the skin and pith was measured using Mitutoyo SJ–210 Surftest unit, whereas wettability was determined via the sessile drop method. Giant bamboo slats were bonded using specific lamination parameters for each adhesive. Tensile shear tests at dry and wet conditions were performed on the laminates to determine bond strength. The results showed that the bamboo pith had a rougher texture than the skin but with insignificant contact angle differences. Moreover, PVAc-D3 and PUR gave the highest and lowest initial contact angles on both sides, respectively, with PUR maintaining the smallest values throughout the contact duration. Adhesive, surface pairing, and some interactions (adhesive x glue spread and adhesive x surface pairing) significantly affected the dry shear strength, whereas adhesive and adhesive x surface pairing influenced wet shear strength. PUR-bonded laminates had the highest dry shear strength, followed by PF, PVAc-D3, and UF. In terms of wet shear strength, only PVAc-D3 did not conform to the minimum glue bond strength requirement of more than 1 MPa and cohesive bamboo failure of at least 40% (PNS 2099:2015). Skin-skin and pith-pith surface pairing yielded the highest and lowest dry shear strengths, respectively. Increasing the amount of glue did not translate to a stronger bond. PUR, UF, and PF are feasible alternatives to PVAc-D3 in engineered bamboo production for various end-uses.
{"title":"Gluing Characteristics of Giant Bamboo Using Four Commercial Adhesives","authors":"Juanito Jimenez, James Edelbert Ramos","doi":"10.56899/152.05.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.05.22","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to determine the bonding performance of laminated giant bamboo[Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.) Backer] glued with four commercial adhesives (PVAc-D3, PUR, UF, PF) at different surface pairings (pith-pith, pith-skin, and skin-skin) and glue spread rates(100, 150, and 200 g/m2). Kiln-dried giant bamboo poles were ripsawn, planed, and cut to length to produce slats for lamination. Slats for surface roughness and wettability tests were sanded with 180-grit sandpaper on both skin and pith surfaces. Surface roughness of the skin and pith was measured using Mitutoyo SJ–210 Surftest unit, whereas wettability was determined via the sessile drop method. Giant bamboo slats were bonded using specific lamination parameters for each adhesive. Tensile shear tests at dry and wet conditions were performed on the laminates to determine bond strength. The results showed that the bamboo pith had a rougher texture than the skin but with insignificant contact angle differences. Moreover, PVAc-D3 and PUR gave the highest and lowest initial contact angles on both sides, respectively, with PUR maintaining the smallest values throughout the contact duration. Adhesive, surface pairing, and some interactions (adhesive x glue spread and adhesive x surface pairing) significantly affected the dry shear strength, whereas adhesive and adhesive x surface pairing influenced wet shear strength. PUR-bonded laminates had the highest dry shear strength, followed by PF, PVAc-D3, and UF. In terms of wet shear strength, only PVAc-D3 did not conform to the minimum glue bond strength requirement of more than 1 MPa and cohesive bamboo failure of at least 40% (PNS 2099:2015). Skin-skin and pith-pith surface pairing yielded the highest and lowest dry shear strengths, respectively. Increasing the amount of glue did not translate to a stronger bond. PUR, UF, and PF are feasible alternatives to PVAc-D3 in engineered bamboo production for various end-uses.","PeriodicalId":22801,"journal":{"name":"The Philippine journal of science","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135313865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nova Doyog, Roscinto Ian Lumbres, Lynn Talkasen, Deign Frolley Soriano
Declared protected areas have ecologically important landscapes that must be conserved and protected. Status of protected areas could be monitored through land use and land cover (LULC) assessments. LULC offers baseline data for integrated land use planning and improvement of existing policies are therefore necessary to be conducted. This study was conducted to monitor the existing LULC of six islands within the Batanes Protected Landscapes and Seascapes (BPLS) through a machine learning (ML)-based random forest (RF) classifier using multi-sourced data such as Landsat imageries’ surface reflectance (SR), Landsat-derived land surface temperature (LST), and global ecosystem dynamic investigation (GEDI)-derived height (Ht) metrics and to determine the effects of the LST and Ht metrics to LULC classification. Four layer stacked images with different features were analyzed – including SR, SR-LST, SR-Ht, and SR-LST-Ht. The result of the LULC classification showed an accuracy based on Macro F1-score and Kappa (K) of 0.81 and 0.83, 0.83and 0.86, 0.86 and 0.89, and 0.93 and 0.94, for SR, SR-LST, SR-Ht, and SR-LST-Ht, respectively. When compared to the existing global-scale LULC, this study has higher accuracy than the GLAD and ESRI products, which have Macro F1-scores and K-values of 0.73 and 0.71, and 0.59 and 0.64, respectively. To conclude, the inclusion of LST and Ht information in addition to SR data in LULC classification can improve the accuracy by up to 12% and 11% based on Macro F1-score and K,respectively. The result of this study can serve as a reference for achieving improved and reliable LULC information that is necessary for monitoring fluctuations of the global earth’s resources and comprehensive LULC planning. In addition, the technique used in this study can serve as a reference in generating reliable LULC information that can aid in the sustainable implementation of policies, rules, and regulations intended for declared protected areas like BPLS.
{"title":"Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Assessment within the Batanes Protected Landscapes and Seascapes","authors":"Nova Doyog, Roscinto Ian Lumbres, Lynn Talkasen, Deign Frolley Soriano","doi":"10.56899/152.05.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.05.18","url":null,"abstract":"Declared protected areas have ecologically important landscapes that must be conserved and protected. Status of protected areas could be monitored through land use and land cover (LULC) assessments. LULC offers baseline data for integrated land use planning and improvement of existing policies are therefore necessary to be conducted. This study was conducted to monitor the existing LULC of six islands within the Batanes Protected Landscapes and Seascapes (BPLS) through a machine learning (ML)-based random forest (RF) classifier using multi-sourced data such as Landsat imageries’ surface reflectance (SR), Landsat-derived land surface temperature (LST), and global ecosystem dynamic investigation (GEDI)-derived height (Ht) metrics and to determine the effects of the LST and Ht metrics to LULC classification. Four layer stacked images with different features were analyzed – including SR, SR-LST, SR-Ht, and SR-LST-Ht. The result of the LULC classification showed an accuracy based on Macro F1-score and Kappa (K) of 0.81 and 0.83, 0.83and 0.86, 0.86 and 0.89, and 0.93 and 0.94, for SR, SR-LST, SR-Ht, and SR-LST-Ht, respectively. When compared to the existing global-scale LULC, this study has higher accuracy than the GLAD and ESRI products, which have Macro F1-scores and K-values of 0.73 and 0.71, and 0.59 and 0.64, respectively. To conclude, the inclusion of LST and Ht information in addition to SR data in LULC classification can improve the accuracy by up to 12% and 11% based on Macro F1-score and K,respectively. The result of this study can serve as a reference for achieving improved and reliable LULC information that is necessary for monitoring fluctuations of the global earth’s resources and comprehensive LULC planning. In addition, the technique used in this study can serve as a reference in generating reliable LULC information that can aid in the sustainable implementation of policies, rules, and regulations intended for declared protected areas like BPLS.","PeriodicalId":22801,"journal":{"name":"The Philippine journal of science","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135607757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Orpilla, Arthur Ibanez, Florentina Dumlao, Harley Tolentino
In the Philippines, tricycles are the most popular short-distance mode of transportation, and they are considered one of the major sources of air and noise pollution. Shifting to an electric tricycle (e-Trike) is seen as the solution, but it is hindered due to its high investment cost. One way to reduce the investment cost while having the benefit of an e-Trike is by converting the conventional tricycle to an electric tricycle (c-Trike). This study compares the performance and economic potential of conventional tricycles with the c-Trike. Mileage efficiency, climbing ability, and emissions are the factors considered in comparing these tricycles. The c-Trike has a better mileage efficiency of around 268 and 365% compared with 4- and 2- stroke counterparts, respectively. Climbing ability is tested considering different loads on the sloped roads available within Tuguegarao City. Due to the absence of a transmission, the c-Trike can only climb a 13-degree sloped road at a maximum load of 250 kg, compared to the 300 kg of the conventional tricycle, which limits its application to relatively flat terrain areas. The c-Trike emits half and a third less CO2 than the 2- and 4-stroke counterparts, respectively. Converting all 2-stroke units to c-Trike in Tuguegarao City will result in yearly environmental savings of around 16,000 tons of CO2. Economic analysis performed shows that the c-Trike is more economically feasible – having a 242.38% rate of investment (ROI), an 877,748.16 net present value (NPV), and a 0.41 payback period compared to 241.29%, 708,761.96, and 0.41 for conventional tricycles. The result of the study provides valuable input for the TODA operators, especially those with 2-stroke units, on which option is the most feasible as they are mandated to upgrade their tricycles. This could also be useful information for lawmakers in drafting legislation and policies supporting transportation modernization.
{"title":"Comparative Study between Conventional and Converted Electric Tricycle","authors":"Michael Orpilla, Arthur Ibanez, Florentina Dumlao, Harley Tolentino","doi":"10.56899/152.03.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.38","url":null,"abstract":"In the Philippines, tricycles are the most popular short-distance mode of transportation, and they are considered one of the major sources of air and noise pollution. Shifting to an electric tricycle (e-Trike) is seen as the solution, but it is hindered due to its high investment cost. One way to reduce the investment cost while having the benefit of an e-Trike is by converting the conventional tricycle to an electric tricycle (c-Trike). This study compares the performance and economic potential of conventional tricycles with the c-Trike. Mileage efficiency, climbing ability, and emissions are the factors considered in comparing these tricycles. The c-Trike has a better mileage efficiency of around 268 and 365% compared with 4- and 2- stroke counterparts, respectively. Climbing ability is tested considering different loads on the sloped roads available within Tuguegarao City. Due to the absence of a transmission, the c-Trike can only climb a 13-degree sloped road at a maximum load of 250 kg, compared to the 300 kg of the conventional tricycle, which limits its application to relatively flat terrain areas. The c-Trike emits half and a third less CO2 than the 2- and 4-stroke counterparts, respectively. Converting all 2-stroke units to c-Trike in Tuguegarao City will result in yearly environmental savings of around 16,000 tons of CO2. Economic analysis performed shows that the c-Trike is more economically feasible – having a 242.38% rate of investment (ROI), an 877,748.16 net present value (NPV), and a 0.41 payback period compared to 241.29%, 708,761.96, and 0.41 for conventional tricycles. The result of the study provides valuable input for the TODA operators, especially those with 2-stroke units, on which option is the most feasible as they are mandated to upgrade their tricycles. This could also be useful information for lawmakers in drafting legislation and policies supporting transportation modernization.","PeriodicalId":22801,"journal":{"name":"The Philippine journal of science","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135526498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Seven Crater Lakes—Sampaloc Lake, Bunot Lake, Palakpakin Lake, Pandin Lake, Yambo Lake, Mohicap Lake, and Calibato Lake—are work-in-progress to address and conclude the aquaculture structure impediments. This paper examines the aquaculture structure’s configuration of the maar lakes by looking into the fish cage zone’s arrangement and limitation attributes. This academic work embraces a subjective-qualitative approach and takes from the above perspective. The inferences are: [1] Pandin Lake, Yambo Lake, Mohicap Lake, and Sampaloc Lake have attained the fish cage structures’ restriction, i.e. Sampaloc Lake has accomplished, whereas Pandin Lake, Yambo Lake, and Mohicap Lake have to be satisfied the fish cage structures’ dimension, alignment, and distance; [2] Palakpakin Lake has confirmed the fish cage structures’ reduction, as well as the fish cage structures’ dimension, alignment, and distance, i.e. Palakpakin Lake shows that the aquaculture structure’s configuration has not been strictly observed and, hence, this requires stringent implementation; and [3] Bunot Lake and Calibato Lake have not yet conformed to the fish cage structures’ reduction, as well as the fish cage structures’ dimension, alignment, and distance. Bunot Lake and Calibato Lake are still behind the rest and, thus, these necessitate responding urgently. Overall, these central features are rudimentary but essential requirements in the crater lakes—whether complementing, reciprocating, or augmenting from conservation-development connection to the aquaculture-tourism nexus.
{"title":"Looking from above the Seven Crater Lakes, Arrangement, and Limitation of Aquaculture Structure","authors":"Bing Baltazar Brillo","doi":"10.56899/152.03.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.28","url":null,"abstract":"The Seven Crater Lakes—Sampaloc Lake, Bunot Lake, Palakpakin Lake, Pandin Lake, Yambo Lake, Mohicap Lake, and Calibato Lake—are work-in-progress to address and conclude the aquaculture structure impediments. This paper examines the aquaculture structure’s configuration of the maar lakes by looking into the fish cage zone’s arrangement and limitation attributes. This academic work embraces a subjective-qualitative approach and takes from the above perspective. The inferences are: [1] Pandin Lake, Yambo Lake, Mohicap Lake, and Sampaloc Lake have attained the fish cage structures’ restriction, i.e. Sampaloc Lake has accomplished, whereas Pandin Lake, Yambo Lake, and Mohicap Lake have to be satisfied the fish cage structures’ dimension, alignment, and distance; [2] Palakpakin Lake has confirmed the fish cage structures’ reduction, as well as the fish cage structures’ dimension, alignment, and distance, i.e. Palakpakin Lake shows that the aquaculture structure’s configuration has not been strictly observed and, hence, this requires stringent implementation; and [3] Bunot Lake and Calibato Lake have not yet conformed to the fish cage structures’ reduction, as well as the fish cage structures’ dimension, alignment, and distance. Bunot Lake and Calibato Lake are still behind the rest and, thus, these necessitate responding urgently. Overall, these central features are rudimentary but essential requirements in the crater lakes—whether complementing, reciprocating, or augmenting from conservation-development connection to the aquaculture-tourism nexus.","PeriodicalId":22801,"journal":{"name":"The Philippine journal of science","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134956130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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