Pub Date : 2020-06-04DOI: 10.2174/1874838402011010001
Aline Beatriz Mahler Pereira, A. P. Rogerio
Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection of global importance affecting the central nervous system and other organs such as the lungs. The severity of cryptococcosis is largely dependent on the integrity of the host immune system. The protection to cryptococcosis is associated with Th1 immune response while Th2 results in susceptibility to Cryptococcus infection. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease commonly coordinated by Th2 immune response. The airway inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients is characterized by increased neutrophils, macrophages, proteases, IL-6, IL-8, and Th1 cytokines. Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap Syndrome (ACOS) patients present phenotype that shares Th1 (COPD) and Th2 (asthma). There are several risk factors associated with Cryptococcus infection, including smoking, that cause airway remodeling and dysregulated and damaging airway inflammation.
{"title":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap Syndrome (ACOS) are Risk Factors for Cryptococcosis","authors":"Aline Beatriz Mahler Pereira, A. P. Rogerio","doi":"10.2174/1874838402011010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874838402011010001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection of global importance affecting the central nervous system and other organs such as the lungs. The severity of cryptococcosis is largely dependent on the integrity of the host immune system. The protection to cryptococcosis is associated with Th1 immune response while Th2 results in susceptibility to Cryptococcus infection. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease commonly coordinated by Th2 immune response. The airway inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients is characterized by increased neutrophils, macrophages, proteases, IL-6, IL-8, and Th1 cytokines. Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap Syndrome (ACOS) patients present phenotype that shares Th1 (COPD) and Th2 (asthma). There are several risk factors associated with Cryptococcus infection, including smoking, that cause airway remodeling and dysregulated and damaging airway inflammation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":22835,"journal":{"name":"The Open Allergy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91072752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-31DOI: 10.2174/1874838401910010001
A. Luukkainen, J. Numminen, M. Rautiainen, Anna Julkunen, H. Huhtala, J. Lampi, A. Markkola, J. Myller, A. Andiappan, D. Wang, S. Toppila-Salmi
Chronic Rhinosinusitis without Nasal Polyps (CRSsNP) and with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP) affect 10% and 1-4% of the general population respectively. Early detection and treatment of CRSwNP might prevent recalcitrant disease forms. The aim of this prospective controlled study was to evaluate association between endoscopic, radiologic, and self-reported CRSwNP, and a family history in defining CRSwNP. This study involved 73 CRS patients aged 18 years or over undergoing CRS-surgical consultation at the Tampere University Hospital. Data of sinus Computed Tomography (CT) scans and nasal endoscopy was obtained from patient records. Sixty controls ±allergic rhinitis underwent clinical examination. All subjects filled a questionnaire. Associations were analyzed by Chi square and adjusted regression models. The predictive performance of various parameters was assessed using the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUROC). A total of 33% of CRSwNP patients reported not having Nasal Polyps (NPs), while 18% of CRSsNP patients reported having NPs (p < 0.001). Radiologic Nasal Polyp (NP) score differentiated CRSwNP from CRSsNP with an AUROC of 0.95 (95% CI 0.91-1.00). The AUROC value for Lund-Mackay (LM) score was 0.84 (0.75-0.94). Positive family history of NP did not differ significantly between CRS and control groups. Family history of allergy or asthma was given with certainty, whereas CRS patients had uncertainty of reporting NPs in family compared to controls (adjusted OR=6.02, 95% CI 1.98-18.30, p = 0.002). Our findings suggest that in situations where nasal endoscopy cannot be performed, early detection of CRSwNP could result from information obtained from sinus CT scans and patients, in comparison to family history which has lower predictive value. However validation studies with larger sample sizes are still needed.
无鼻息肉的慢性鼻窦炎(CRSsNP)和有鼻息肉的慢性鼻窦炎(CRSwNP)分别占总人口的10%和1-4%。早期发现和治疗CRSwNP可能会预防顽固性疾病的形成。这项前瞻性对照研究的目的是评估内镜、放射学和自我报告的CRSwNP与CRSwNP定义的家族史之间的关系。本研究涉及73名18岁或以上的CRS患者，他们在坦佩雷大学医院接受CRS手术会诊。鼻窦计算机断层扫描(CT)和鼻内窥镜检查数据从患者记录中获得。对照组±变应性鼻炎60例进行临床检查。所有的研究对象都填写了一份问卷。通过卡方和调整后的回归模型分析相关性。使用受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUROC)评估各参数的预测性能。共有33%的CRSwNP患者报告没有鼻息肉(NPs)，而18%的CRSsNP患者报告有鼻息肉(p < 0.001)。鼻息肉(NP)评分区分CRSwNP和CRSsNP的AUROC为0.95 (95% CI 0.91-1.00)。LM评分的AUROC值为0.84(0.75 ~ 0.94)。阳性NP家族史在CRS组和对照组之间无显著差异。过敏或哮喘家族史是确定的，而与对照组相比，CRS患者报告NPs的家族史是不确定的(调整后or =6.02, 95% CI 1.98-18.30, p = 0.002)。我们的研究结果表明，在不能进行鼻内窥镜检查的情况下，可以从鼻窦CT扫描和患者获得的信息中早期发现CRSwNP，而家族史的预测价值较低。然而，仍然需要更大样本量的验证研究。
{"title":"Association Between Endoscopic, Radiologic and Patient-reported Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps","authors":"A. Luukkainen, J. Numminen, M. Rautiainen, Anna Julkunen, H. Huhtala, J. Lampi, A. Markkola, J. Myller, A. Andiappan, D. Wang, S. Toppila-Salmi","doi":"10.2174/1874838401910010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874838401910010001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Chronic Rhinosinusitis without Nasal Polyps (CRSsNP) and with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP) affect 10% and 1-4% of the general population respectively. Early detection and treatment of CRSwNP might prevent recalcitrant disease forms. The aim of this prospective controlled study was to evaluate association between endoscopic, radiologic, and self-reported CRSwNP, and a family history in defining CRSwNP.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study involved 73 CRS patients aged 18 years or over undergoing CRS-surgical consultation at the Tampere University Hospital. Data of sinus Computed Tomography (CT) scans and nasal endoscopy was obtained from patient records. Sixty controls ±allergic rhinitis underwent clinical examination. All subjects filled a questionnaire. Associations were analyzed by Chi square and adjusted regression models. The predictive performance of various parameters was assessed using the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUROC).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A total of 33% of CRSwNP patients reported not having Nasal Polyps (NPs), while 18% of CRSsNP patients reported having NPs (p < 0.001). Radiologic Nasal Polyp (NP) score differentiated CRSwNP from CRSsNP with an AUROC of 0.95 (95% CI 0.91-1.00). The AUROC value for Lund-Mackay (LM) score was 0.84 (0.75-0.94). Positive family history of NP did not differ significantly between CRS and control groups. Family history of allergy or asthma was given with certainty, whereas CRS patients had uncertainty of reporting NPs in family compared to controls (adjusted OR=6.02, 95% CI 1.98-18.30, p = 0.002).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Our findings suggest that in situations where nasal endoscopy cannot be performed, early detection of CRSwNP could result from information obtained from sinus CT scans and patients, in comparison to family history which has lower predictive value. However validation studies with larger sample sizes are still needed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":22835,"journal":{"name":"The Open Allergy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77728824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-29DOI: 10.2174/1874838401809010001
Gassem Gohal
Food allergy topic has become more widely discussed in developed countries, but with less interest in Middle Eastern Arabian Countries. The main objective of this paper is to assess the knowledge and perception of schoolteachers about food allergy. A cross sectional study was conducted among a sample of 360 school teachers between May 2013 and February 2014 in province of Jazan in Saudi Arabia, using a validated web-based self-administered survey. The results revealed that almost (59.7%) of the schoolteachers had a medium insufficient knowledge about food allergy; only 17.3% had good knowledge about food allergy. Female teachers had higher knowledge scores (58.5 ± 17.2) as compared to male (51.8 ± 16.0) with statistically significant difference (p = 0.017). The majority of schoolteachers have a significantly poor knowledge in most of food allergy domains. More than half of responders either do not know or they disagree that the food allergy is a serious problem and can lead to death. Regression analysis revealed that participant’s level of knowledge is significantly associated with school teacher’s attitudes towards food allergy (OR = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.39 - 0.92, p = 0.01), practice (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.11 - 2.56, p = 0.01), and years of experiences (OR = 1.8, 95% CI; 1.15 - 2.98, p = 0.011). Knowledge of food allergy among schoolteachers is not adequate, failing to recognize and treat fatal food allergy reactions necessitate an urgent need to set a school policy to improve the food allergy situation.
{"title":"Food Allergy Knowledge and Attitudes Among School Teachers in Jazan, Saudi Arabia","authors":"Gassem Gohal","doi":"10.2174/1874838401809010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874838401809010001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Food allergy topic has become more widely discussed in developed countries, but with less interest in Middle Eastern Arabian Countries.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The main objective of this paper is to assess the knowledge and perception of schoolteachers about food allergy.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A cross sectional study was conducted among a sample of 360 school teachers between May 2013 and February 2014 in province of Jazan in Saudi Arabia, using a validated web-based self-administered survey.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results revealed that almost (59.7%) of the schoolteachers had a medium insufficient knowledge about food allergy; only 17.3% had good knowledge about food allergy. Female teachers had higher knowledge scores (58.5 ± 17.2) as compared to male (51.8 ± 16.0) with statistically significant difference (p = 0.017). The majority of schoolteachers have a significantly poor knowledge in most of food allergy domains. More than half of responders either do not know or they disagree that the food allergy is a serious problem and can lead to death. Regression analysis revealed that participant’s level of knowledge is significantly associated with school teacher’s attitudes towards food allergy (OR = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.39 - 0.92, p = 0.01), practice (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.11 - 2.56, p = 0.01), and years of experiences (OR = 1.8, 95% CI; 1.15 - 2.98, p = 0.011).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Knowledge of food allergy among schoolteachers is not adequate, failing to recognize and treat fatal food allergy reactions necessitate an urgent need to set a school policy to improve the food allergy situation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":22835,"journal":{"name":"The Open Allergy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76450000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-17DOI: 10.2174/1874838401508010023
S. Wöhrl, F. Wantke, W. Hemmer
Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone, Teva Pharma) and interferon beta are the two only disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis. Glatiramer acetate is known for frequently simulating mild, anaphylactoid reactions while true, IgE- mediated allergic reactions have been hardly reported so far. Herein, we report two females suffering from multiple scle- rosis who experienced rapidly aggravating hypersensitivity-reactions upon treatment with glatiramer acetate. Patient one experienced an asthma attack, patient two an exacerbation of her urticaria and angioedema. An IgE-mediated mechanism could be demonstrated by a positive intradermal test to a 1:1000 dilution in the first 31-year old and by a positive skin prick test to a 1:10 diluted skin prick test in the second 32-year old second woman.
{"title":"Anaphylaxis to Glatiramer Acetate","authors":"S. Wöhrl, F. Wantke, W. Hemmer","doi":"10.2174/1874838401508010023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874838401508010023","url":null,"abstract":"Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone, Teva Pharma) and interferon beta are the two only disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis. Glatiramer acetate is known for frequently simulating mild, anaphylactoid reactions while true, IgE- mediated allergic reactions have been hardly reported so far. Herein, we report two females suffering from multiple scle- rosis who experienced rapidly aggravating hypersensitivity-reactions upon treatment with glatiramer acetate. Patient one experienced an asthma attack, patient two an exacerbation of her urticaria and angioedema. An IgE-mediated mechanism could be demonstrated by a positive intradermal test to a 1:1000 dilution in the first 31-year old and by a positive skin prick test to a 1:10 diluted skin prick test in the second 32-year old second woman.","PeriodicalId":22835,"journal":{"name":"The Open Allergy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86335624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-15DOI: 10.2174/1874838401508010014
M. Kaneko, Arisa Yamada
Mast cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells and play important roles in allergic responses. Mast cells are long-lived compared with other granular cell types. Since the response of the individual mast cell after Fc RI-induced degranulation is unclear, the aim of this study was to analyze morphological changes in individual mast cells after re- stimulation. To observe plasma and granule membrane dynamics, AcGFP-actb ( -actin) and DsRed-monomer (DRM)- CD63 fusion constructs were introduced into bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Furthermore, AcGFP-CD63 and DRM-Cma1 (mMCP-5) were introduced into BMMCs. Re-stimulation resulted in increased -hexosaminidase release and cytokine mRNA expression similar to those observed during initial stimulation. Moreover, expression of Fc RI on BMMCs 24 h after initial stimulation was similar to that measured before initial stimulation. Changes in morphology of the plasma membrane and colocalization of granules and plasma membrane were observed after initial stimulation. BMMCs returned to normal 120 min after the initial stimulation. These phenomena were also observed in BMMCs after re-stimulation. BMMC chymase content decreased 20 min after stimulation but returned to near normal 24 h after stimula- tion. These findings suggest that mast cell functions can be maintained and that these cells can be repeatedly degranulated after Fc RI-mediated stimulation.
肥大细胞来源于造血干细胞，在过敏反应中起重要作用。与其他颗粒细胞类型相比，肥大细胞寿命较长。由于Fcri诱导的肥大细胞脱颗粒后个体肥大细胞的反应尚不清楚，因此本研究的目的是分析再刺激后个体肥大细胞的形态学变化。为了观察血浆和颗粒膜动力学，将AcGFP-actb(-actin)和dsred -单体(DRM)- CD63融合构建物引入骨髓源性肥大细胞(BMMCs)。在BMMCs中引入AcGFP-CD63和DRM-Cma1 (mMCP-5)。再次刺激导致-己糖氨酸酶释放和细胞因子mRNA表达增加，与初始刺激时观察到的相似。此外，初始刺激后24 h BMMCs上FcRI的表达与初始刺激前相似。在初始刺激后，观察到质膜形态的变化以及颗粒和质膜的共定位。初始刺激后120分钟bmcs恢复正常。这些现象在再刺激后的bmcs中也观察到了。刺激后20 min BMMC酶含量下降，24 h后恢复到接近正常水平。这些发现表明，肥大细胞功能可以维持，这些细胞可以在Fcri介导的刺激后反复脱颗粒。
{"title":"Dynamics of Plasma and Granule Membrane in Murine Bone Marrow- Derived Mast Cells after Re-stimulation","authors":"M. Kaneko, Arisa Yamada","doi":"10.2174/1874838401508010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874838401508010014","url":null,"abstract":"Mast cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells and play important roles in allergic responses. Mast cells are long-lived compared with other granular cell types. Since the response of the individual mast cell after Fc RI-induced degranulation is unclear, the aim of this study was to analyze morphological changes in individual mast cells after re- stimulation. To observe plasma and granule membrane dynamics, AcGFP-actb ( -actin) and DsRed-monomer (DRM)- CD63 fusion constructs were introduced into bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Furthermore, AcGFP-CD63 and DRM-Cma1 (mMCP-5) were introduced into BMMCs. Re-stimulation resulted in increased -hexosaminidase release and cytokine mRNA expression similar to those observed during initial stimulation. Moreover, expression of Fc RI on BMMCs 24 h after initial stimulation was similar to that measured before initial stimulation. Changes in morphology of the plasma membrane and colocalization of granules and plasma membrane were observed after initial stimulation. BMMCs returned to normal 120 min after the initial stimulation. These phenomena were also observed in BMMCs after re-stimulation. BMMC chymase content decreased 20 min after stimulation but returned to near normal 24 h after stimula- tion. These findings suggest that mast cell functions can be maintained and that these cells can be repeatedly degranulated after Fc RI-mediated stimulation.","PeriodicalId":22835,"journal":{"name":"The Open Allergy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87037933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-31DOI: 10.2174/1874838401508010007
C. Ricci, L. Lasmar, P. Pitrez, R.F. Mascarenhas, P. Camargos
Background: In problematic severe asthma (PSA), inflammatory phenotypes can by identified by assessing cel- lularity in induced sputum (IS) samples. However, there have been few studies employing sputum induction (SI) in pedi- atric patients. Objective: To assess the success rate, safety and tolerability of SI, as well as IS sample cellularity, in pediatric PSA pa- tients. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 44 pediatric PSA patients. We collected IS samples using inha- lations of nebulized saline solution. On the basis of the post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1, % of predicted), we administered nebulization with 4.5% hypertonic saline (for patients with an FEV1 � 60%) or 0.9% isotonic saline (for those with an FEV1 50%. Results: The observed success rate was 75% (95% CI: 60-86). Most of the patients provided satisfactory samples, al- though multiple SI sessions were required in some cases (27%). In comparison with the IS samples containing > 20% squamous cells, those containing � 20% showed significantly more neutrophils (P = 0.02) and eosinophils (P = 0.03). The most common adverse events were mild wheezing (in 14%) and salty taste (in 9%). In 8% of the sessions, there was a � 20% decrease in FEV1. Conclusion: In our sample of pediatric patients with PSA, sputum induction was safe and generally well tolerated, sug- gesting that it could be useful in the assessment of inflammatory processes in such patients.
{"title":"Sputum Induction in Children and Adolescents with Problematic Severe Asthma: Success Rate, Safety and Tolerability","authors":"C. Ricci, L. Lasmar, P. Pitrez, R.F. Mascarenhas, P. Camargos","doi":"10.2174/1874838401508010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874838401508010007","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In problematic severe asthma (PSA), inflammatory phenotypes can by identified by assessing cel- lularity in induced sputum (IS) samples. However, there have been few studies employing sputum induction (SI) in pedi- atric patients. Objective: To assess the success rate, safety and tolerability of SI, as well as IS sample cellularity, in pediatric PSA pa- tients. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 44 pediatric PSA patients. We collected IS samples using inha- lations of nebulized saline solution. On the basis of the post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1, % of predicted), we administered nebulization with 4.5% hypertonic saline (for patients with an FEV1 � 60%) or 0.9% isotonic saline (for those with an FEV1 50%. Results: The observed success rate was 75% (95% CI: 60-86). Most of the patients provided satisfactory samples, al- though multiple SI sessions were required in some cases (27%). In comparison with the IS samples containing > 20% squamous cells, those containing � 20% showed significantly more neutrophils (P = 0.02) and eosinophils (P = 0.03). The most common adverse events were mild wheezing (in 14%) and salty taste (in 9%). In 8% of the sessions, there was a � 20% decrease in FEV1. Conclusion: In our sample of pediatric patients with PSA, sputum induction was safe and generally well tolerated, sug- gesting that it could be useful in the assessment of inflammatory processes in such patients.","PeriodicalId":22835,"journal":{"name":"The Open Allergy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82573046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-31DOI: 10.2174/1874838401508010001
A. Bakiri, E. Mingomataj, Alkerta Ibranji
We have witnessed a dramatic increase in the prevalence of respiratory allergies during the last decades. The role of infections in the prevalence of respiratory allergic diseases is attributed to the antagonism between: a) induction of T helper (Th) 1 immune response by human organism; and b) manipulation of the human immune response toward Th2 profile by common infective agents in order to increase their surviving opportunity. This review proposes an important role of massive antibiotics exposure during neonatal and early childhood on the increasing epidemiological trend. It is be- lieved that the antibiotics exposure during early childhood has also provided better surviving opportunity for atopic indi- viduals with an inadequate immune defense against common infections, deviating therefore the genetic background of general population toward Th2 profile. Taking this into account, we suggest that Th2 profile frequency (and consequently atopic phenotype prevalence) can be increased along an individual lifespan after initial massive antibiotic introduction, until the entire population is exposed to them during childhood. This hypothesis may explain findings on epidemiological surveys, which report a prevalent increase among adults in industrialized countries between 1970s and 2000s, while in re- cently-developed countries this trend begun only at the end of 1980s. These arguments may lead to the conclusion that in- fections will manipulate the human immunity along generations, whereas actual antibiotics can increase the prevalence of respiratory allergies among a population only along an individual longevity. These findings may be beneficial in the de- velopment of future strategies for management of respiratory allergic or infective pathologies.
{"title":"Role of Antibiotics and Infection-Host Interactions in the Prevalence ofRespiratory Atopy: Experience and Perspective","authors":"A. Bakiri, E. Mingomataj, Alkerta Ibranji","doi":"10.2174/1874838401508010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874838401508010001","url":null,"abstract":"We have witnessed a dramatic increase in the prevalence of respiratory allergies during the last decades. The role of infections in the prevalence of respiratory allergic diseases is attributed to the antagonism between: a) induction of T helper (Th) 1 immune response by human organism; and b) manipulation of the human immune response toward Th2 profile by common infective agents in order to increase their surviving opportunity. This review proposes an important role of massive antibiotics exposure during neonatal and early childhood on the increasing epidemiological trend. It is be- lieved that the antibiotics exposure during early childhood has also provided better surviving opportunity for atopic indi- viduals with an inadequate immune defense against common infections, deviating therefore the genetic background of general population toward Th2 profile. Taking this into account, we suggest that Th2 profile frequency (and consequently atopic phenotype prevalence) can be increased along an individual lifespan after initial massive antibiotic introduction, until the entire population is exposed to them during childhood. This hypothesis may explain findings on epidemiological surveys, which report a prevalent increase among adults in industrialized countries between 1970s and 2000s, while in re- cently-developed countries this trend begun only at the end of 1980s. These arguments may lead to the conclusion that in- fections will manipulate the human immunity along generations, whereas actual antibiotics can increase the prevalence of respiratory allergies among a population only along an individual longevity. These findings may be beneficial in the de- velopment of future strategies for management of respiratory allergic or infective pathologies.","PeriodicalId":22835,"journal":{"name":"The Open Allergy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77527456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-19DOI: 10.2174/1874838401407010010
Yan Xia, A. Tanaka, K. Oida, A. Matsuda, H. Jang, Y. Amagai, S. Ishizaka, H. Matsuda
Background: Abnormality in skin sensitivity may be responsible for unbearable itch in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Objectives: We evaluated reactivity of NC/Tnd mice, a model for human AD, against various experimental stimulations. Methods: Several behavioral tests were performed after external stimuli were applied to NC/Tnd mice. Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) reactivity of neuronal cells collected from the dorsal root ganglions (DRG) was analyzed with a Ca ++ influx test. Finally, we evaluated suppressive effect of capsaicin on atopic itch of NC/Tnd mice. Results: Pain responses to heat, acidic stimulation, and capsaicin injection, which are transduced through TRPV1, were decreased in NC/Tnd mice, when compared to two standard strains BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The reactivity of the primary neurons isolated from DRG to capsaicin was markedly reduced in NC/Tnd mice. Topical application of histamine evoked scratching in NC/Tnd mice as well as other two strains; however, the scratching intensities induced by non- histamine pruritogens were significantly lower in NC/Tnd mice comparing to the two strains. In conventional NC/Tnd mice with AD, topical application of capsaicin reduced the scratching behavior. Conclusion: TRPV1 is associated with both pain and itch sensation; however, abnormalities in TRPV1 reactivity may in- volve in severe itch in NC/Tnd mice.
{"title":"Distinct Reactivity of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Subtype 1 in a Murine Model of Atopic Dermatitis with Serious Scratching","authors":"Yan Xia, A. Tanaka, K. Oida, A. Matsuda, H. Jang, Y. Amagai, S. Ishizaka, H. Matsuda","doi":"10.2174/1874838401407010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874838401407010010","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Abnormality in skin sensitivity may be responsible for unbearable itch in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Objectives: We evaluated reactivity of NC/Tnd mice, a model for human AD, against various experimental stimulations. Methods: Several behavioral tests were performed after external stimuli were applied to NC/Tnd mice. Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) reactivity of neuronal cells collected from the dorsal root ganglions (DRG) was analyzed with a Ca ++ influx test. Finally, we evaluated suppressive effect of capsaicin on atopic itch of NC/Tnd mice. Results: Pain responses to heat, acidic stimulation, and capsaicin injection, which are transduced through TRPV1, were decreased in NC/Tnd mice, when compared to two standard strains BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The reactivity of the primary neurons isolated from DRG to capsaicin was markedly reduced in NC/Tnd mice. Topical application of histamine evoked scratching in NC/Tnd mice as well as other two strains; however, the scratching intensities induced by non- histamine pruritogens were significantly lower in NC/Tnd mice comparing to the two strains. In conventional NC/Tnd mice with AD, topical application of capsaicin reduced the scratching behavior. Conclusion: TRPV1 is associated with both pain and itch sensation; however, abnormalities in TRPV1 reactivity may in- volve in severe itch in NC/Tnd mice.","PeriodicalId":22835,"journal":{"name":"The Open Allergy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76435271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-08DOI: 10.2174/1874838401407010001
S. Thomsen
Evidence of the effect of clinical interventions in allergology, and in medicine as a whole, can be hierarchically grouped based on the research design producing the evidence. The most weight is given to systematic reviews and meta- analyses, and to randomised controlled trials. These trial designs are superior to non-randomised controlled trials and co- hort studies, which in turn are superior to case-control studies. The least weight is given to case-studies and anecdotal evi- dence. Herein, the principles of evidence-based medicine and clinical study designs are reviewed in the context of exam- ples from the allergology literature.
{"title":"Evidence-based Medicine and Clinical Study Designs: Examples of Applications for Allergy Research","authors":"S. Thomsen","doi":"10.2174/1874838401407010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874838401407010001","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence of the effect of clinical interventions in allergology, and in medicine as a whole, can be hierarchically grouped based on the research design producing the evidence. The most weight is given to systematic reviews and meta- analyses, and to randomised controlled trials. These trial designs are superior to non-randomised controlled trials and co- hort studies, which in turn are superior to case-control studies. The least weight is given to case-studies and anecdotal evi- dence. Herein, the principles of evidence-based medicine and clinical study designs are reviewed in the context of exam- ples from the allergology literature.","PeriodicalId":22835,"journal":{"name":"The Open Allergy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80820793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-09-20DOI: 10.2174/1874838420130904002
Toshiyuki Yamamoto
Erlotinib is low molecular-weight quinazolin derivatives which selectively inhibit the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) tyrosine kinase activity of the intracellular domain, block autophosphorylation and the subsequent sig- naling cascades. EGF-R is expressed on basal keratinocytes, sebocytes, the outer root sheath of hairs, and endothelial cells in the skin, and plays important roles in the regulation of differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, attachment and migra- tion of keratinocytes, inflammation, and wound healing. Therefore, inhibition of EGF-R causes a number of cutaneous adverse reactions. Among them, severe skin lesions are very stressful, and impair quality of life of patients. Moreover, they even bring disadvantages such as drug withdrawal or interruption. Several review papers describe representative or common skin lesions which appear either during the first a few weeks or at later phases. Common skin manifestations in- clude papular and pustular follicular eruptions (acneiform eruption), xerosis, paronychia, pruritus, and abnormalities of hairs; however, other than those eruptions, several unusual lesions are also induced. Early intervention of dermatologists and management of skin lesions are quite important, because discontinuance of the drug is unfavorable for patients with clinical benefits for cancers. In this brief review, various cutaneous manifestations seen in Japanese patients treated with erlotinib (Tarceva) are shown, and current management of representative severe conditions is also described.
{"title":"Erlotinib-induced Adverse Skin Reactions","authors":"Toshiyuki Yamamoto","doi":"10.2174/1874838420130904002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874838420130904002","url":null,"abstract":"Erlotinib is low molecular-weight quinazolin derivatives which selectively inhibit the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) tyrosine kinase activity of the intracellular domain, block autophosphorylation and the subsequent sig- naling cascades. EGF-R is expressed on basal keratinocytes, sebocytes, the outer root sheath of hairs, and endothelial cells in the skin, and plays important roles in the regulation of differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, attachment and migra- tion of keratinocytes, inflammation, and wound healing. Therefore, inhibition of EGF-R causes a number of cutaneous adverse reactions. Among them, severe skin lesions are very stressful, and impair quality of life of patients. Moreover, they even bring disadvantages such as drug withdrawal or interruption. Several review papers describe representative or common skin lesions which appear either during the first a few weeks or at later phases. Common skin manifestations in- clude papular and pustular follicular eruptions (acneiform eruption), xerosis, paronychia, pruritus, and abnormalities of hairs; however, other than those eruptions, several unusual lesions are also induced. Early intervention of dermatologists and management of skin lesions are quite important, because discontinuance of the drug is unfavorable for patients with clinical benefits for cancers. In this brief review, various cutaneous manifestations seen in Japanese patients treated with erlotinib (Tarceva) are shown, and current management of representative severe conditions is also described.","PeriodicalId":22835,"journal":{"name":"The Open Allergy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79836165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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