Pub Date : 1999-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10295925.1999.9631214
C. Ham, J. Theron
The development of community forestry in South Africa, with emphasis on woodlots, is reviewed and discussed. Until the beginning of the 1990's rural people showed little or no interest in woodlots, despite efforts of government over many decades. The main reasons for failure are discussed: Insufficient local participation in projects; although it was assumed there was a major need for fuelwood amongst rural people, they did not perceive it as one of their important needs; the complex social, political and economical issues of rural people were not considered. Therefore, the objectives of woodlot development must be reassessed, i.e. not merely providing poles and fuelwood to rescue indigenous vegetation, but become an integral part of rural development programmes and contribute to the RDP. Furthermore, small-grower schemes can be economically beneficial for the growers and create work opportunities for others. A brief review of the rural energy use and electrification is given. Fuelwood deficits are especi...
{"title":"Community Forestry and Woodlot Development in South Africa: The Past, Present and Future","authors":"C. Ham, J. Theron","doi":"10.1080/10295925.1999.9631214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10295925.1999.9631214","url":null,"abstract":"The development of community forestry in South Africa, with emphasis on woodlots, is reviewed and discussed. Until the beginning of the 1990's rural people showed little or no interest in woodlots, despite efforts of government over many decades. The main reasons for failure are discussed: Insufficient local participation in projects; although it was assumed there was a major need for fuelwood amongst rural people, they did not perceive it as one of their important needs; the complex social, political and economical issues of rural people were not considered. Therefore, the objectives of woodlot development must be reassessed, i.e. not merely providing poles and fuelwood to rescue indigenous vegetation, but become an integral part of rural development programmes and contribute to the RDP. Furthermore, small-grower schemes can be economically beneficial for the growers and create work opportunities for others. A brief review of the rural energy use and electrification is given. Fuelwood deficits are especi...","PeriodicalId":228456,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Forestry Journal","volume":"18 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120912742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10295925.1999.9631209
Antti Erkkilä, Satu Löfman
Forest cover in northern Namibia was estimated by analysing Landsat MSS images from 1973, 1981 and 1989 as well as Landsat TM images from 1992 and 1996. Aerial photography from 1970 and 1992 was used as reference data for the classification. The spectral separation of sample areas was best for the Landsat images of 1981 and 1992, and lowest for the Landsat image of 1973. The accuracy of classifying training-set pixels was substantial when only non-forest and forest areas were classified, and moderate when the classification involved six different biomass densities. In the eastern part of the test area, which is dominated by Tree Savanna and Woodland, there was a clear decrease in forest area between 1981 and 1992, the annual change being −0,5%. The factors which may have affected the classification of satellite images include problems in reference data, seasonal differences in vegetation, differences in weather conditions, abundance of mixed pixels as well Colophospermum mopane, a tree species with a dist...
{"title":"Forest Cover Change in the Ohangwena Region, Northern Namibia: a Case Study Based on Multitemporal Landsat Images and Aerial Photography","authors":"Antti Erkkilä, Satu Löfman","doi":"10.1080/10295925.1999.9631209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10295925.1999.9631209","url":null,"abstract":"Forest cover in northern Namibia was estimated by analysing Landsat MSS images from 1973, 1981 and 1989 as well as Landsat TM images from 1992 and 1996. Aerial photography from 1970 and 1992 was used as reference data for the classification. The spectral separation of sample areas was best for the Landsat images of 1981 and 1992, and lowest for the Landsat image of 1973. The accuracy of classifying training-set pixels was substantial when only non-forest and forest areas were classified, and moderate when the classification involved six different biomass densities. In the eastern part of the test area, which is dominated by Tree Savanna and Woodland, there was a clear decrease in forest area between 1981 and 1992, the annual change being −0,5%. The factors which may have affected the classification of satellite images include problems in reference data, seasonal differences in vegetation, differences in weather conditions, abundance of mixed pixels as well Colophospermum mopane, a tree species with a dist...","PeriodicalId":228456,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Forestry Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131987270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10295925.1999.9631215
S. Kapp, C. S. Price, P. Turner, H. Vermaas
A feasibility study was conducted to assess the potential application of an integrated manufacturing planning and control (MPC) system within the South African sawmill industry. Implementation of such a system could enhance the international competitiveness of the sawmill industry through improved supply chain co-ordination. Potential benefits include higher turnover, lower manufacturing cost and improved customer service. Profit improvements of between 2–7% on turnover have been reported from commercial applications internationally.
{"title":"A feasibility study on the development of an integrated manufacturing planning and control system in the south african sawmill industry","authors":"S. Kapp, C. S. Price, P. Turner, H. Vermaas","doi":"10.1080/10295925.1999.9631215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10295925.1999.9631215","url":null,"abstract":"A feasibility study was conducted to assess the potential application of an integrated manufacturing planning and control (MPC) system within the South African sawmill industry. Implementation of such a system could enhance the international competitiveness of the sawmill industry through improved supply chain co-ordination. Potential benefits include higher turnover, lower manufacturing cost and improved customer service. Profit improvements of between 2–7% on turnover have been reported from commercial applications internationally.","PeriodicalId":228456,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Forestry Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126481720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10295925.1998.9631199
J. Zwolinski
The pressure on land use and efficient land management is growing rapidly with increasing human population and the desire to improve the standards of living. When rural poverty deepens or industrial profits are derived from land abuse, natural resources are usually exploited beyond their regenerative capacity. Therefore, foresters and land managers must acquire the necessary knowledge and skills, and strengthen scientific and technological capacity to remain custodians of forest lands. South African forestry research has lost the necessary momentum to meet the challenges of the reformed society and new trends in natural resource management. The damaging impact of low funding has been substantially worsened by insufficient custodian efforts (‘low research culture’). It is of strategic importance for the country to reactivate effective forestry research. The priorities for restitution of industrial forestry research are proposed as follows: (i) review new trends in forestry and increase the scope for indust...
{"title":"Function and needs of industrial forestry research to optimise land management in South Africa","authors":"J. Zwolinski","doi":"10.1080/10295925.1998.9631199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10295925.1998.9631199","url":null,"abstract":"The pressure on land use and efficient land management is growing rapidly with increasing human population and the desire to improve the standards of living. When rural poverty deepens or industrial profits are derived from land abuse, natural resources are usually exploited beyond their regenerative capacity. Therefore, foresters and land managers must acquire the necessary knowledge and skills, and strengthen scientific and technological capacity to remain custodians of forest lands. South African forestry research has lost the necessary momentum to meet the challenges of the reformed society and new trends in natural resource management. The damaging impact of low funding has been substantially worsened by insufficient custodian efforts (‘low research culture’). It is of strategic importance for the country to reactivate effective forestry research. The priorities for restitution of industrial forestry research are proposed as follows: (i) review new trends in forestry and increase the scope for indust...","PeriodicalId":228456,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Forestry Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129739875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10295925.1998.9631196
Andrew E. Marx
A learning organisation is an organisation that supports a philosophy in which a learning culture and the extension of learning forms a cornerstone. the results thereof are continual adaptation and renewal of the existing situation. During the process of learning, which is aimed at the future, the existing paradigms are questioned and a strong notion for creativity starts to appear. A philosphy, however, is not enough to establish a learning organisation. It will only happen when philosophy is operationalised into action and activities. To be able to achieve this certain skills are required, viz. idea generation, problem solving, experimentation, learning frm previous experience, and the ability to distribute knowledge quickly and effectively through the organisation. The ideas and innovation management programme (IIM programme) is an ideal instrument by which the trained skills, which are necessary for a learning organisation, can be used. A good administered IIM programme creates the right climate and w...
{"title":"A message to learning organisations: ‘Please, ideas and innovation management!!’","authors":"Andrew E. Marx","doi":"10.1080/10295925.1998.9631196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10295925.1998.9631196","url":null,"abstract":"A learning organisation is an organisation that supports a philosophy in which a learning culture and the extension of learning forms a cornerstone. the results thereof are continual adaptation and renewal of the existing situation. During the process of learning, which is aimed at the future, the existing paradigms are questioned and a strong notion for creativity starts to appear. A philosphy, however, is not enough to establish a learning organisation. It will only happen when philosophy is operationalised into action and activities. To be able to achieve this certain skills are required, viz. idea generation, problem solving, experimentation, learning frm previous experience, and the ability to distribute knowledge quickly and effectively through the organisation. The ideas and innovation management programme (IIM programme) is an ideal instrument by which the trained skills, which are necessary for a learning organisation, can be used. A good administered IIM programme creates the right climate and w...","PeriodicalId":228456,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Forestry Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131938808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10295925.1998.9631202
A. Mushaka
The Forestry Commission of Zimbabwe has been implementing a Rural Afforestation Project since 1983. The main species promoted were the eucalypts, especially Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehnh). A survey of twenty-seven woodlots of E. camaldulensis with ages between I and 10 years was conducted across agro-ecological regions I to V whose annual precipitation range from I 000 mm to below 650 mm of erratic rainfall respectively. The objective was to establish the growth performance on-farm and relationships with soil and foliar nutrients. Growth was very variable, ranging from below I at Chiredzi, Zaka, Mwenezi and Bikita (all in agro-ecological regions IV and V) to almost 14 m3/ha/a at Makoni, which is in agro-ecological region I. Ten of the eleven woodlots in agro-ecological region IV and V had mean annual increments below 2,0 m3/ha/a. No relationships were established between growth parameters and soil pH, phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium. Growth was highly correlated to the mean annual rainfall of a site....
{"title":"Relationships between growth, mineral nutrition and site factors for Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehnh) planted in some communal areas of Zimbabwe","authors":"A. Mushaka","doi":"10.1080/10295925.1998.9631202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10295925.1998.9631202","url":null,"abstract":"The Forestry Commission of Zimbabwe has been implementing a Rural Afforestation Project since 1983. The main species promoted were the eucalypts, especially Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehnh). A survey of twenty-seven woodlots of E. camaldulensis with ages between I and 10 years was conducted across agro-ecological regions I to V whose annual precipitation range from I 000 mm to below 650 mm of erratic rainfall respectively. The objective was to establish the growth performance on-farm and relationships with soil and foliar nutrients. Growth was very variable, ranging from below I at Chiredzi, Zaka, Mwenezi and Bikita (all in agro-ecological regions IV and V) to almost 14 m3/ha/a at Makoni, which is in agro-ecological region I. Ten of the eleven woodlots in agro-ecological region IV and V had mean annual increments below 2,0 m3/ha/a. No relationships were established between growth parameters and soil pH, phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium. Growth was highly correlated to the mean annual rainfall of a site....","PeriodicalId":228456,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Forestry Journal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133333343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10295925.1998.9631200
P. Wilson
Propagation, generally by stem cuttings, is part of clonal forestry. Approaches to the common technical problems (especially variation in initial survival and rooting ability of cuttings) are open to criticism, hindering progress. For example, the concept of rooting promotors and inhibitors has led to undue emphasis on the ultimate mechanism of adventitious rooting, and the application of the term ‘juvenility’ to propagation is confusing and largely erroneous. The actually important (if local) sources of variation determining propagation ability deserve more study. Limited generalities are required for predicting and improving propagation ability, and for developing efficient propagation systems, in practice.
{"title":"The discipline of forest tree propagation","authors":"P. Wilson","doi":"10.1080/10295925.1998.9631200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10295925.1998.9631200","url":null,"abstract":"Propagation, generally by stem cuttings, is part of clonal forestry. Approaches to the common technical problems (especially variation in initial survival and rooting ability of cuttings) are open to criticism, hindering progress. For example, the concept of rooting promotors and inhibitors has led to undue emphasis on the ultimate mechanism of adventitious rooting, and the application of the term ‘juvenility’ to propagation is confusing and largely erroneous. The actually important (if local) sources of variation determining propagation ability deserve more study. Limited generalities are required for predicting and improving propagation ability, and for developing efficient propagation systems, in practice.","PeriodicalId":228456,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Forestry Journal","volume":"362 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115904604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10295925.1998.9631195
J. Zwolinski, M. Hensley, K. Monnik
This study deals with a unique reconstruction of pine growth on various sites of the North East Cape Forests (NECF), thus providing information of strategic importance to the regional afforestation. The reconstruction of growth was possible in a number of plantations established by the former land owners in areas perceived to be marginal for industrial tree planting. In total, 21 survey sites were demarcated in stands of Pinus elliottii (14 sites), P. patula (6 sites) and P. radiata (I site). This study involved (i) determination of tree dimensions and tree condition, (ii) collection of dendrochronological information through stem analysis, (iii) detailed surveys of soils and other site characteristics, (iv) monthly measurements of soil water status at some of the sites, (v) data analysis with the major objectives to define the current yield, mean annual increment (MAI), and timber yield and MAI at harvesting age of 18 years, (vi) modelling of the growth-site relationships to predict site index (SI 18) an...
{"title":"Site conditions and growth of pines at the North East Cape Forests","authors":"J. Zwolinski, M. Hensley, K. Monnik","doi":"10.1080/10295925.1998.9631195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10295925.1998.9631195","url":null,"abstract":"This study deals with a unique reconstruction of pine growth on various sites of the North East Cape Forests (NECF), thus providing information of strategic importance to the regional afforestation. The reconstruction of growth was possible in a number of plantations established by the former land owners in areas perceived to be marginal for industrial tree planting. In total, 21 survey sites were demarcated in stands of Pinus elliottii (14 sites), P. patula (6 sites) and P. radiata (I site). This study involved (i) determination of tree dimensions and tree condition, (ii) collection of dendrochronological information through stem analysis, (iii) detailed surveys of soils and other site characteristics, (iv) monthly measurements of soil water status at some of the sites, (v) data analysis with the major objectives to define the current yield, mean annual increment (MAI), and timber yield and MAI at harvesting age of 18 years, (vi) modelling of the growth-site relationships to predict site index (SI 18) an...","PeriodicalId":228456,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Forestry Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115955410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10295925.1998.9631197
C. Nyakanda, O. Chivinge, P. Ngwenya
Two-year old eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis L.) was undersown with maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid R201 during the 1996/97 growing season at Domboshawa Training Centre. Undersowing E. camaldulensis with maize significantly (P > 0,05) reduced weed numbers but not weed biomass. There was no competition for soil moisture between E. camaldulensis and maize. Lack of weeding in the first year significantly reduced eucalyptus growth (P > 0,05). Undersowing of maize to E. camaldulensis also reduced eucalyptus growth in the second year although this reduction was less severe compared to that caused by lack of weeding in the first year. Furthermore, in maize, grain and stover yields were not reduced by undersowing maize to two-year old eucalyptus. This suggests that farmers can successfully produce maize under Eucalyptus in the second year, as well as in the first year; and that Eucalyptus undersown with annual crops will benefit from the weeding and other management activities intended for the annual crop.
{"title":"Maize growth and weed dynamics under two-year old Eucalyptus stands","authors":"C. Nyakanda, O. Chivinge, P. Ngwenya","doi":"10.1080/10295925.1998.9631197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10295925.1998.9631197","url":null,"abstract":"Two-year old eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis L.) was undersown with maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid R201 during the 1996/97 growing season at Domboshawa Training Centre. Undersowing E. camaldulensis with maize significantly (P > 0,05) reduced weed numbers but not weed biomass. There was no competition for soil moisture between E. camaldulensis and maize. Lack of weeding in the first year significantly reduced eucalyptus growth (P > 0,05). Undersowing of maize to E. camaldulensis also reduced eucalyptus growth in the second year although this reduction was less severe compared to that caused by lack of weeding in the first year. Furthermore, in maize, grain and stover yields were not reduced by undersowing maize to two-year old eucalyptus. This suggests that farmers can successfully produce maize under Eucalyptus in the second year, as well as in the first year; and that Eucalyptus undersown with annual crops will benefit from the weeding and other management activities intended for the annual crop.","PeriodicalId":228456,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Forestry Journal","volume":"15 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114019257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10295925.1998.9631201
P. Wilson
Micropropagation in vitro and stem cuttings propagation are comparable since, in both, shoots develop normally from pre-existing buds while roots have to arise adventitiously. The percentage of propagation papers in Forestry Abstracts on micropropagation has steadily increased over the last 15 years to at least 80% of the total, even though virtually all commercial propagation in forestry is by stem cuttings. The often-cited advantages of micropropagation (including rapid multiplication) are shown to be insubstantial, at least for many applications, indicating that research priorities are out of balance.
{"title":"In vitro in vacuo","authors":"P. Wilson","doi":"10.1080/10295925.1998.9631201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10295925.1998.9631201","url":null,"abstract":"Micropropagation in vitro and stem cuttings propagation are comparable since, in both, shoots develop normally from pre-existing buds while roots have to arise adventitiously. The percentage of propagation papers in Forestry Abstracts on micropropagation has steadily increased over the last 15 years to at least 80% of the total, even though virtually all commercial propagation in forestry is by stem cuttings. The often-cited advantages of micropropagation (including rapid multiplication) are shown to be insubstantial, at least for many applications, indicating that research priorities are out of balance.","PeriodicalId":228456,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Forestry Journal","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123630599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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