Pub Date : 2022-02-22DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.25.32
Z. Shams, T. Javed, A. Zubair, M. Waqas, S. Ali, Anusha Ahmed
In this study, gas-fired kitchens of 54 bungalows and 25 apartments were studied using stationary indoor carbon monoxide (CO) monitoring. The levels of CO were measured in each kitchen for a period of 24 h with a 1 min resolution using data logger EL-USB-CO300. Hourly, 8 h and 24 h, CO means for all the kitchens were calculated. Hourly and 24 h CO means of kitchens for bungalows were 3.72±6.26 ppm and 3.72±3.16 ppm, respectively, while those apartments have 3.74±6.96 ppm and 3.74±2.17 ppm, respectively. 8 h CO means of night, day and evening in the kitchens of bungalows were 2.62±3.22 ppm, 4.85±4.66 ppm and 3.53±3.30 ppm, respectively, while in apartments 2.13±2.02 ppm, 3.79±3.86 ppm and 5.29±4.17 ppm. The mean difference between the 8 h CO concentrations during the evening in bungalows and apartments was 1.76±0.87 ppm (P<0.01). 20% of kitchens apartment and 16.67% of bungalows which exceeded the WHO guidelines for daily exposure limit.
在这项研究中，使用固定式室内一氧化碳(CO)监测仪对54间平房和25间公寓的燃气厨房进行了研究。使用EL-USB-CO300数据记录仪以1分钟分辨率测量每个厨房内24小时的CO水平。每小时，8小时和24小时，计算所有厨房的CO平均值。平房厨房每小时和24小时的CO平均值分别为3.72±6.26 ppm和3.72±3.16 ppm，而公寓厨房的CO平均值分别为3.74±6.96 ppm和3.74±2.17 ppm。平房厨房8 h CO均值夜间、白天和晚上分别为2.62±3.22 ppm、4.85±4.66 ppm和3.53±3.30 ppm，公寓厨房8 h CO均值分别为2.13±2.02 ppm、3.79±3.86 ppm和5.29±4.17 ppm。平房与公寓夜间8 h CO浓度的平均差异为1.76±0.87 ppm (P<0.01)。20%的厨房公寓和16.67%的平房超过了世界卫生组织的每日接触限值。
{"title":"Carbon Monoxide Concentrations in Kitchens of Gas-fired Burners, Karachi, Pakistan","authors":"Z. Shams, T. Javed, A. Zubair, M. Waqas, S. Ali, Anusha Ahmed","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.25.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.25.32","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, gas-fired kitchens of 54 bungalows and 25 apartments were studied using stationary indoor carbon monoxide (CO) monitoring. The levels of CO were measured in each kitchen for a period of 24 h with a 1 min resolution using data logger EL-USB-CO300. Hourly, 8 h and 24 h, CO means for all the kitchens were calculated. Hourly and 24 h CO means of kitchens for bungalows were 3.72±6.26 ppm and 3.72±3.16 ppm, respectively, while those apartments have 3.74±6.96 ppm and 3.74±2.17 ppm, respectively. 8 h CO means of night, day and evening in the kitchens of bungalows were 2.62±3.22 ppm, 4.85±4.66 ppm and 3.53±3.30 ppm, respectively, while in apartments 2.13±2.02 ppm, 3.79±3.86 ppm and 5.29±4.17 ppm. The mean difference between the 8 h CO concentrations during the evening in bungalows and apartments was 1.76±0.87 ppm (P<0.01). 20% of kitchens apartment and 16.67% of bungalows which exceeded the WHO guidelines for daily exposure limit.","PeriodicalId":228754,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126014524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-22DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.64.73
Sheikh Asrar Ahmad, S. Hussain, Hina Aziz, Muhammad Riaz
Cadmium (Cd) is toxic even in the very trace amounts and shows adverse effects on the human being and his environment. Current studies were performed to evaluate the Cd concentration in soil of Lahore (Pakistan) and the results were compared with those reported from other cities of Pakistan. The metal concentration evaluated by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GFAAS). Cd concen- tration was found to be 1.39-20.82 µg/L, 1.38-93.60 µg/L, 2.42-94.60 µg/L, 2.25-93.98 µg/L and 1.15-8.14 µg/L in GT road, Misri shah, river Ravi, fertilized land of Raiwind side and unfertilized land of Raiwind side, respectively. The higher Cd concentration (2.42-94.60 µg/L) at "River Ravi" as compared to the other investigated areas (1.15-93.98 µg/L) is owed to the dumping of untreated waste from all industrial, sewage, domestic and agricultural zones in "River Ravi". The fertilized land was found to possess higher amount of Cd as compared to the unfertilized land. The awareness in farmers and the periodic monitoring of soil are important to eradicate the sources of Cd poisoning.
{"title":"Cadmium Investigations in Lahore Soil and Other Regions of Pakistan","authors":"Sheikh Asrar Ahmad, S. Hussain, Hina Aziz, Muhammad Riaz","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.64.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.64.73","url":null,"abstract":"Cadmium (Cd) is toxic even in the very trace amounts and shows adverse effects on the human being and his environment. Current studies were performed to evaluate the Cd concentration in soil of Lahore (Pakistan) and the results were compared with those reported from other cities of Pakistan. The metal concentration evaluated by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GFAAS). Cd concen- tration was found to be 1.39-20.82 µg/L, 1.38-93.60 µg/L, 2.42-94.60 µg/L, 2.25-93.98 µg/L and 1.15-8.14 µg/L in GT road, Misri shah, river Ravi, fertilized land of Raiwind side and unfertilized land of Raiwind side, respectively. The higher Cd concentration (2.42-94.60 µg/L) at \"River Ravi\" as compared to the other investigated areas (1.15-93.98 µg/L) is owed to the dumping of untreated waste from all industrial, sewage, domestic and agricultural zones in \"River Ravi\". The fertilized land was found to possess higher amount of Cd as compared to the unfertilized land. The awareness in farmers and the periodic monitoring of soil are important to eradicate the sources of Cd poisoning. \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":228754,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125948382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-22DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.59.63
A. Panhwar, Khalida Faryal, A. Kandhro, N. Brohi, Kamran Ahmed, Mansoor Iqbal
The study was designed to treat the effluent from sugarcane sector. The use of fresh water in sugarcane industry and result huge amount of waste water is not a secret to anyone. The use of chemicals in large quantities has caused a great risk and damage to the groundwater, soil, and aquaculture and ultimately leads to the destruction of our environment. Treatment of industrial sugarcane wastewater is not an easy task it has becomes a challenging task for environmental scientist. The purpose of our study is treatment, time saving and reuse for irrigation purpose. Coagulation with alum, ferric chloride, ferrous sulphate with combination of activated charcoal technique was used. The results of the study disclosed that COD and BOD were in huge amount and were successfully treated. Results of COD and BOD removal efficiencies were 51 and 28 mg/L, 76 and 42 mg/L, 90 and 52 mg/L by using alum, ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate respectively with combination of activated charcoal. After treatment, the effluent was very clear and met the requirements of National Environmental Quality Standards. Subsequently, using coagulation with combination of adsorption technique proved very effective, time saving, harmless technique for industrial sugarcane wastewater treatment.
{"title":"Treatment of Sugarcane Industry Waste Water by Combination of Chemical Coagulation and Activated Carbon","authors":"A. Panhwar, Khalida Faryal, A. Kandhro, N. Brohi, Kamran Ahmed, Mansoor Iqbal","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.59.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.59.63","url":null,"abstract":"The study was designed to treat the effluent from sugarcane sector. The use of fresh water in sugarcane industry and result huge amount of waste water is not a secret to anyone. The use of chemicals in large quantities has caused a great risk and damage to the groundwater, soil, and aquaculture and ultimately leads to the destruction of our environment. Treatment of industrial sugarcane wastewater is not an easy task it has becomes a challenging task for environmental scientist. The purpose of our study is treatment, time saving and reuse for irrigation purpose. Coagulation with alum, ferric chloride, ferrous sulphate with combination of activated charcoal technique was used. The results of the study disclosed that COD and BOD were in huge amount and were successfully treated. Results of COD and BOD removal efficiencies were 51 and 28 mg/L, 76 and 42 mg/L, 90 and 52 mg/L by using alum, ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate respectively with combination of activated charcoal. After treatment, the effluent was very clear and met the requirements of National Environmental Quality Standards. Subsequently, using coagulation with combination of adsorption technique proved very effective, time saving, harmless technique for industrial sugarcane wastewater treatment. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":228754,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127525968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-22DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.9.24
Rizwan Qamar, A. Mushtaq, A. Ullah, Zaeem Uddin Ali
The importance of a lead-acid battery in our daily life needs no explanation. Automotive batteries in their dominant part were made with hard rubber holders and heavy plates and the service life was two years. On the other hand, in stationary batteries, open Planet style cells were still being used and got an additional arrangement of positive plates once the primary set was exhausted. The world has improved significantly from that point forward, both in structure and innovation. Still, the lead-corrosive battery for rechargeable frameworks has not changed, despite there is no indication that it tends to be supplanted close to term by secondary battery framework. So, it is advantageous to take a gander at enhancements in the innovation of battery creation that have occurred essentially in the course of the most recent ten years. Thyristor innovation and micro-processor control take into account strategies that one could dream about in previous times. From a car battery to a UPS inverter, we daily need the services of a lead-acid battery. Considering these aspects, the current research is an effort to provide such solutions so, that the working life of the lead-acid battery increases by not increasing its manufacturing cost. It was found that the two added substances methane sulfonic acid (MSA) and aminomethyl sulfonic acid (AMSA) to lead-acid batteries can enhance the electro-chemical performance and thermal stability of which MSA shows the best impact.
{"title":"Manufacturing of Electrochemical Cell and Enhanced its Efficiency by Adding Additive in Electrolyte","authors":"Rizwan Qamar, A. Mushtaq, A. Ullah, Zaeem Uddin Ali","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.9.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.9.24","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of a lead-acid battery in our daily life needs no explanation. Automotive batteries in their dominant part were made with hard rubber holders and heavy plates and the service life was two years. On the other hand, in stationary batteries, open Planet style cells were still being used and got an additional arrangement of positive plates once the primary set was exhausted. The world has improved significantly from that point forward, both in structure and innovation. Still, the lead-corrosive battery for rechargeable frameworks has not changed, despite there is no indication that it tends to be supplanted close to term by secondary battery framework. So, it is advantageous to take a gander at enhancements in the innovation of battery creation that have occurred essentially in the course of the most recent ten years. Thyristor innovation and micro-processor control take into account strategies that one could dream about in previous times. From a car battery to a UPS inverter, we daily need the services of a lead-acid battery. Considering these aspects, the current research is an effort to provide such solutions so, that the working life of the lead-acid battery increases by not increasing its manufacturing cost. It was found that the two added substances methane sulfonic acid (MSA) and aminomethyl sulfonic acid (AMSA) to lead-acid batteries can enhance the electro-chemical performance and thermal stability of which MSA shows the best impact. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":228754,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121750640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-22DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.33.40
K. M. Malik, Mahboob Ali Rind, N. Jalbani, A. Panhwar, Shahid Bhutto, Iftikhar Ahmed, Amber . Rasheed, D. R. Hashmi, Humaira Khan
A rapid vortex assisted-cloud point extraction (VA-CPE) method was developed to separate cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) in accordance with important parameters. Cd and Pb was determined in personnel care products (PCPs) by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETAAS), however Cu and Zn was determined by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). Triton X-100 and xylenol orange were used as a chelating agent. The important factors including pH, Ligand Volume (LV), Vortex Time (Vt), Centrifuge Time (Ct), Centrifuge (rpm) and volume of Triton X-100 as well as volume of chloroform and concentration of surfactant were optimized. The Certified Reference Material (CRM) (wheat flour-1567 a) and standard addition recovery test was used to analyze the accuracy of proposed method. Detection limits (LODs) of metals like, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were 0.001 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L, 0.05 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L respectively. The method has been successfully applied to real samples.
{"title":"Vortex-Assisted and Cloud Point Extraction of Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Zinc in Different Personal Care Product Samples","authors":"K. M. Malik, Mahboob Ali Rind, N. Jalbani, A. Panhwar, Shahid Bhutto, Iftikhar Ahmed, Amber . Rasheed, D. R. Hashmi, Humaira Khan","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.33.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.33.40","url":null,"abstract":"A rapid vortex assisted-cloud point extraction (VA-CPE) method was developed to separate cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) in accordance with important parameters. Cd and Pb was determined in personnel care products (PCPs) by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETAAS), however Cu and Zn was determined by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). Triton X-100 and xylenol orange were used as a chelating agent. The important factors including pH, Ligand Volume (LV), Vortex Time (Vt), Centrifuge Time (Ct), Centrifuge (rpm) and volume of Triton X-100 as well as volume of chloroform and concentration of surfactant were optimized. The Certified Reference Material (CRM) (wheat flour-1567 a) and standard addition recovery test was used to analyze the accuracy of proposed method. Detection limits (LODs) of metals like, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were 0.001 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L, 0.05 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L respectively. The method has been successfully applied to real samples.","PeriodicalId":228754,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115159256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-22DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.80.86
M. Iqbal, G. Mahar
In an industrial process, productivity is a basic concern. A combination of production input, namely employment, labour cost, energy and raw material cost, result in value addition expressed as value- added. The effective role of each input in the manufacturing process can be assessed through the influence of variables involved. Pearson's correlation coefficients show various degrees of effects through interrelationships of variables and bring out the outstanding or relatively more important role of one or more variables (inputs) in specific combinations in the manufacturing process. The paper in hand analyses the interrelationship of structuring variables in the major groups of manufacturing in Karachi using Pearson's correlation measurement techniques. The role of the variables has been assessed through sets of ten correlations in each of the six major industrial categories. The results of the analyses show the leading or the dominant contribution of the variables towards value addition and productivity. In the case of the textile industry, strong correlations are indicated between Value Added (VA) and 'Other Cost' (OC) and Average Daily Employment (ADE) and Employment Cost (EC) and also VA and ADE. For chemical and chemical products strong correlation exist between VA and OC, OC and IC (industrial cost) and ADE and EC. In respect of the wearing apparel category, a strong correlation occur between OC and IC, VA and OC, ADE and EC. Basic metal industry shows strong correlation in all ten sets of relationships, thus every variable exercising an equal influence. The food and beverage group has only two strong correlations that are VA and OC, IC, and OC. In the case of motor vehicles and trailers, strong relationships are indicated by all sets of correlation ship.
{"title":"Significance and Role of Industrial Inputs in Productivity of Large-scale Manufacturing in Karachi: A Correlation Analysis","authors":"M. Iqbal, G. Mahar","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.80.86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.80.86","url":null,"abstract":"In an industrial process, productivity is a basic concern. A combination of production input, namely employment, labour cost, energy and raw material cost, result in value addition expressed as value- added. The effective role of each input in the manufacturing process can be assessed through the influence of variables involved. Pearson's correlation coefficients show various degrees of effects through interrelationships of variables and bring out the outstanding or relatively more important role of one or more variables (inputs) in specific combinations in the manufacturing process. The paper in hand analyses the interrelationship of structuring variables in the major groups of manufacturing in Karachi using Pearson's correlation measurement techniques. The role of the variables has been assessed through sets of ten correlations in each of the six major industrial categories. The results of the analyses show the leading or the dominant contribution of the variables towards value addition and productivity. In the case of the textile industry, strong correlations are indicated between Value Added (VA) and 'Other Cost' (OC) and Average Daily Employment (ADE) and Employment Cost (EC) and also VA and ADE. For chemical and chemical products strong correlation exist between VA and OC, OC and IC (industrial cost) and ADE and EC. In respect of the wearing apparel category, a strong correlation occur between OC and IC, VA and OC, ADE and EC. Basic metal industry shows strong correlation in all ten sets of relationships, thus every variable exercising an equal influence. The food and beverage group has only two strong correlations that are VA and OC, IC, and OC. In the case of motor vehicles and trailers, strong relationships are indicated by all sets of correlation ship. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":228754,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130513657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-22DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.41.46
Rizwan Qamar, A. Mushtaq, A. Ullah, Zaeem Uddin Ali
Water is one of the most vital substances on Earth. Sustainment of life on this planet depends greatly on the availability of water. Water consumption is used not only for drinking but for purposes like agricultural irrigation, industrial raw material and domestic household purposes. Hence, the quality of water is an important matter. Solar de-salination is a technique that uses the Sun's radiant energy to de- salinate water. Due to its energy requirement, de-salinating seawater is generally more costly than freshwater, water obtained through bore wells also called Brackish water from rivers or groundwater. However, these sources may not be available in most of the places, like barren lands or may not be easily extractable, maybe even not a sustainable long term solution. The technique selected based on the evapouration and condensation rates to increase the efficiency, one must implement measures to enhance the evapouration and condensation rates of the capability. De-salination is a costly process majorly depending on its high energy requirements when as input power the whole system of de-salination either as fuel and electricity, following the century old traditions, modern day engineers have come up with a solution of harvesting the Sun's energy, hence the advent of solar de-salination of water.
{"title":"Solar De-salination of Water","authors":"Rizwan Qamar, A. Mushtaq, A. Ullah, Zaeem Uddin Ali","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.41.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.41.46","url":null,"abstract":"Water is one of the most vital substances on Earth. Sustainment of life on this planet depends greatly on the availability of water. Water consumption is used not only for drinking but for purposes like agricultural irrigation, industrial raw material and domestic household purposes. Hence, the quality of water is an important matter. Solar de-salination is a technique that uses the Sun's radiant energy to de- salinate water. Due to its energy requirement, de-salinating seawater is generally more costly than freshwater, water obtained through bore wells also called Brackish water from rivers or groundwater. However, these sources may not be available in most of the places, like barren lands or may not be easily extractable, maybe even not a sustainable long term solution. The technique selected based on the evapouration and condensation rates to increase the efficiency, one must implement measures to enhance the evapouration and condensation rates of the capability. De-salination is a costly process majorly depending on its high energy requirements when as input power the whole system of de-salination either as fuel and electricity, following the century old traditions, modern day engineers have come up with a solution of harvesting the Sun's energy, hence the advent of solar de-salination of water. \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":228754,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124862622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-22DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.1.8
S. Raza, Sikandar Khan, Ata-ur- Rahman, M. Raza, F. Wahid
Radiation based sterilization is a common tool for microbial inactivation in different products on a commercial scale. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of gamma radiation on cephradine antibiotic in the solid-state to enhance its biological response. Cephradine drug in powder form was treated with different doses (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kGy) of the cobalt-60 source in a Gamma cell-220 at a current rate of 8.5 gray/h. The effect of radiation doses on antibiotic was assessed with the help of different analytical techniques such as FT-IR, UV, XRD, SEM and HPLC. The UV spectra of radiated cephradine show some changes in the absorption peak by increasing the intensity of radiations while only slight changes were observed in the other peaks. The crystallinity of antibiotics was tested by the XRD and SEM, it shows a little morphological change. The FT-IR data disclosed significant changes in the absorption bands. The HPLC analysis showed reports an insignificant change which revealed that the radiolytic products are not formed. The radiated cephradine exposes a remarkable antibacterial activity against bacteria; indicating the enhancement of a biological response. In summary, a slight change was observed in cephradine drug with the radiation but the drug was chemically stable.
{"title":"Enhancement of Physico-chemical and Biological Activities of Antibiotic Cephradine by Gamma Irradiation","authors":"S. Raza, Sikandar Khan, Ata-ur- Rahman, M. Raza, F. Wahid","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Radiation based sterilization is a common tool for microbial inactivation in different products on a commercial scale. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of gamma radiation on cephradine antibiotic in the solid-state to enhance its biological response. Cephradine drug in powder form was treated with different doses (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kGy) of the cobalt-60 source in a Gamma cell-220 at a current rate of 8.5 gray/h. The effect of radiation doses on antibiotic was assessed with the help of different analytical techniques such as FT-IR, UV, XRD, SEM and HPLC. The UV spectra of radiated cephradine show some changes in the absorption peak by increasing the intensity of radiations while only slight changes were observed in the other peaks. The crystallinity of antibiotics was tested by the XRD and SEM, it shows a little morphological change. The FT-IR data disclosed significant changes in the absorption bands. The HPLC analysis showed reports an insignificant change which revealed that the radiolytic products are not formed. The radiated cephradine exposes a remarkable antibacterial activity against bacteria; indicating the enhancement of a biological response. In summary, a slight change was observed in cephradine drug with the radiation but the drug was chemically stable. \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":228754,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131459996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-22DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.74.79
Muhammad Sadiq, Abdul Majid, A. Naveed, Muhammad Arif, M. Asif, A. Khattak
Provision of routing mechanism is the elemental concern in adhoc networks. Various routing protocols have been devised and are in use. Quest for the best is in progress and have highlighted certain limitations associated to every protocol. Assessments of routing protocols by their performance in the usage of bandwidth, route selection, delay, packet delivery ratio and throughput have been the main concerns for researchers. Mobility of nodes is a very charming characteristic of adhoc networks, however, it has an allied issue that its nodes are mostly limited battery powered. Routing protocols have a definite influence on the overall energy consumption of the nodes. Energy consumption is an equally important concern to be addressed in evaluating the existing or developing new routing protocols. This research will evaluate two well-known routing protocols AOVD and DSDV on basis of energy consumption. The affects of nodes mobility on the energy consumption levels of these routing protocols will remain the main focus. All the simulations will be made in NS 2.35, and will have these two different scenarios i.e. adhoc network with static nodes and adhoc network with mobile nodes.
{"title":"Effects of Nodes Mobility on the Energy Consumption of Routing Protocols (AODV, DSDV) in Adhoc Networks","authors":"Muhammad Sadiq, Abdul Majid, A. Naveed, Muhammad Arif, M. Asif, A. Khattak","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.74.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.74.79","url":null,"abstract":" Provision of routing mechanism is the elemental concern in adhoc networks. Various routing protocols have been devised and are in use. Quest for the best is in progress and have highlighted certain limitations associated to every protocol. Assessments of routing protocols by their performance in the usage of bandwidth, route selection, delay, packet delivery ratio and throughput have been the main concerns for researchers. Mobility of nodes is a very charming characteristic of adhoc networks, however, it has an allied issue that its nodes are mostly limited battery powered. Routing protocols have a definite influence on the overall energy consumption of the nodes. Energy consumption is an equally important concern to be addressed in evaluating the existing or developing new routing protocols. This research will evaluate two well-known routing protocols AOVD and DSDV on basis of energy consumption. The affects of nodes mobility on the energy consumption levels of these routing protocols will remain the main focus. All the simulations will be made in NS 2.35, and will have these two different scenarios i.e. adhoc network with static nodes and adhoc network with mobile nodes. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":228754,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115134790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-22DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.47.58
Rizwan Qamar, A. Mushtaq, A. Ullah, Zaeem Uddin Ali
Water is one of the essential resources in the world. Without water, the world cannot survive. Earth is covered by 71% water and 2.5 % coverd by freshwater. Out of 7 billion peoples, only 1.2 billion peoples are getting fresh water for drinking. The scarcity of water exerts strong effects around the world. The world is working to develop appropriate, cost-effective methods to provide high purified water for drinking purposes. Water contains suspended particles, micro-organisms, bacteria, organic and inorganic compounds as impurities. For purification, lots of methods are available which are widely used all around the world. This research is based on the research and development of water treatment plants which is cost- effective and provides safe drinking water for household purposes. Solar de-salination is one of the best energy efficient methods used for water treatment. In this process, solar energy is utilized to purify saline water. Minerals and salts were quickly removed as a brine solution and vapors condensed and collected to get the product. The energy requirement is low as compare to other methods. The construction of the plant was simple and cheap. This process removes 99.5 % of salts from the water. This research is successful in achieving the objectives and goals of getting potable water that meets the standards of WHO. This research also focuses on a large scale for water treatment as it is cost-effective and can reduce the shortage of freshwater around the world.
{"title":"Manufacturing of Small Scale Water Treatment Plant for Household","authors":"Rizwan Qamar, A. Mushtaq, A. Ullah, Zaeem Uddin Ali","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.47.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.65.1.2022.47.58","url":null,"abstract":"Water is one of the essential resources in the world. Without water, the world cannot survive. Earth is covered by 71% water and 2.5 % coverd by freshwater. Out of 7 billion peoples, only 1.2 billion peoples are getting fresh water for drinking. The scarcity of water exerts strong effects around the world. The world is working to develop appropriate, cost-effective methods to provide high purified water for drinking purposes. Water contains suspended particles, micro-organisms, bacteria, organic and inorganic compounds as impurities. For purification, lots of methods are available which are widely used all around the world. This research is based on the research and development of water treatment plants which is cost- effective and provides safe drinking water for household purposes. Solar de-salination is one of the best energy efficient methods used for water treatment. In this process, solar energy is utilized to purify saline water. Minerals and salts were quickly removed as a brine solution and vapors condensed and collected to get the product. The energy requirement is low as compare to other methods. The construction of the plant was simple and cheap. This process removes 99.5 % of salts from the water. This research is successful in achieving the objectives and goals of getting potable water that meets the standards of WHO. This research also focuses on a large scale for water treatment as it is cost-effective and can reduce the shortage of freshwater around the world.","PeriodicalId":228754,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123170347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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