Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.18356/9789210055413c011
Andrés Álvarez, D. Leon, M. Medellin, A. Zambrano, Hernando Zuleta
The COVID-19 pandemic poses complex policy challenges. The main challenge is to prevent a massive contagion that will collapse the health system while avoiding an increase in poverty and the destruction of the fabric of economic life. The need to respond to this challenge raises an additional concern: the fiscal viability of the measures required to reduce the harmful effects on public health and mitigate the economic losses generated by isolation measures.
{"title":"Coronavirus in Colombia: Vulnerability and Policy Options","authors":"Andrés Álvarez, D. Leon, M. Medellin, A. Zambrano, Hernando Zuleta","doi":"10.18356/9789210055413c011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210055413c011","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic poses complex policy challenges. The main challenge is to prevent a massive contagion that will collapse the health system while avoiding an increase in poverty and the destruction of the fabric of economic life. The need to respond to this challenge raises an additional concern: the fiscal viability of the measures required to reduce the harmful effects on public health and mitigate the economic losses generated by isolation measures.","PeriodicalId":22887,"journal":{"name":"The Socio-Economic Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75634924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.18356/9789210055413c012
Rodrigo Barraza, R. Barrientos, Xenia Díaz, Rafael Pleitez, Víctor Tablas
This document offers an insight on the vulnerability of households in El Salvador in light of the COVID-19 shock, based on the scope of multidimensional poverty. Preexisting poverty conditions that determine some households to be more at risk than others facing the pandemic are identified using the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). The MPI lists six deprivations that account for these risks: access to drinking water, access to health services, overcrowding, access to sanitation, underemployment and access to social security. It is estimated that 85.5% of households suffers from one of the aforementioned deprivations. Additionally, four groups of households with characteristics that present elements of risk or disadvantage facing COVID-19 are identified, these are: multidimensionally poor; dependents on remittances; households with people over 60 who are dependent, and households with women head. These households should be prioritized in the response to the current emergency; thus, we recommend immediate and early responses denominated resilience packages..
{"title":"COVID-19 and Vulnerability: a Multidimensional Poverty Perspective in El Salvador","authors":"Rodrigo Barraza, R. Barrientos, Xenia Díaz, Rafael Pleitez, Víctor Tablas","doi":"10.18356/9789210055413c012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210055413c012","url":null,"abstract":"This document offers an insight on the vulnerability of households in El Salvador in light of the COVID-19 shock, based on the scope of multidimensional poverty. Preexisting poverty conditions that determine some households to be more at risk than others facing the pandemic are identified using the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). The MPI lists six deprivations that account for these risks: access to drinking water, access to health services, overcrowding, access to sanitation, underemployment and access to social security. It is estimated that 85.5% of households suffers from one of the aforementioned deprivations. Additionally, four groups of households with characteristics that present elements of risk or disadvantage facing COVID-19 are identified, these are: multidimensionally poor; dependents on remittances; households with people over 60 who are dependent, and households with women head. These households should be prioritized in the response to the current emergency; thus, we recommend immediate and early responses denominated resilience packages..","PeriodicalId":22887,"journal":{"name":"The Socio-Economic Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78003821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.18356/9789210055413c005
D. Barraez, Ana María Chirinos-Leañez
We briefly describe the macroeconomic performance before the spread of the coronavirus (COVID-19), which is mainly characterized by severe economic depression, economic and financial sanctions by the Trump administration, and tight fiscal space that constrains to undertake additional measures. We estimate three economic scenarios based on different oil price assumptions for 2020. The negative effects of the quarantine on the economy are estimated using the two biggest shocks faced by Venezuela in its recent history. We emphasize the relevance of foreign currency and external financing to mitigate the pandemic’s impact. Finally, we discuss the economic measures taken by the government.
{"title":"The Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Venezuela: the Urgency of External Financing","authors":"D. Barraez, Ana María Chirinos-Leañez","doi":"10.18356/9789210055413c005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210055413c005","url":null,"abstract":"We briefly describe the macroeconomic performance before the spread of the coronavirus (COVID-19), which is mainly characterized by severe economic depression, economic and financial sanctions by the Trump administration, and tight fiscal space that constrains to undertake additional measures. We estimate three economic scenarios based on different oil price assumptions for 2020. The negative effects of the quarantine on the economy are estimated using the two biggest shocks faced by Venezuela in its recent history. We emphasize the relevance of foreign currency and external financing to mitigate the pandemic’s impact. Finally, we discuss the economic measures taken by the government.","PeriodicalId":22887,"journal":{"name":"The Socio-Economic Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81746919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.18356/9789210055413c009
By Manuel Mera
{"title":"Social and Economic Impact of the COVID-19 and Policy Options in Jamaica","authors":"By Manuel Mera","doi":"10.18356/9789210055413c009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210055413c009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22887,"journal":{"name":"The Socio-Economic Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83122024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-29DOI: 10.18356/9789210055390c011
D. Gutiérrez, Guillermina Martín, Hugo Nopo
The Coronavirus pandemic has spread throughout the world and Latin America has not been able to escape from its health, economic and social impacts. The economic shutdown as a result of a combination of stringent measures (selfquarantines, mandatory quarantines, limited capacity of people in commercial stores, factories and offices, border closures, etc.), is generating profound economic and social impacts. In the labor market this means shocks to both supply and demand. Within households, this means an increase in the unpaid workload that falls disproportionately on women, further limiting their availability of time to carry out productive activities. The impacts and deepness of the crisis are different for women and men, so generalized formulas must be avoided as they can widen gender gaps. In this paper we explore the impacts of the crisis on employment in sixteen countries of the region. Additionally, we analyze gender impacts with four lenses: young people, people living in poverty, rural people and heads of household. We present a set of policy options aimed at integrating the gender approach in all the cycle of the socio-economic response to the pandemic and in the post-pandemic. Emphasizing that solutions must be cross-cutting, we propose policies in three main areas: homes, work and the spaces between work and home. Thus, socio-economic recovery policies will not only help to ease the impact in the short term, but also to make progress in equal opportunities for women and men in the medium and long term.
{"title":"The Coronavirus and the Challenges for Women’s Work in Latin America","authors":"D. Gutiérrez, Guillermina Martín, Hugo Nopo","doi":"10.18356/9789210055390c011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210055390c011","url":null,"abstract":"The Coronavirus pandemic has spread throughout the world and Latin America has not been able to escape from its health, economic and social impacts. The economic shutdown as a result of a combination of stringent measures (selfquarantines, mandatory quarantines, limited capacity of people in commercial stores, factories and offices, border closures, etc.), is generating profound economic and social impacts. In the labor market this means shocks to both supply and demand. Within households, this means an increase in the unpaid workload that falls disproportionately on women, further limiting their availability of time to carry out productive activities. The impacts and deepness of the crisis are different for women and men, so generalized formulas must be avoided as they can widen gender gaps. In this paper we explore the impacts of the crisis on employment in sixteen countries of the region. Additionally, we analyze gender impacts with four lenses: young people, people living in poverty, rural people and heads of household. We present a set of policy options aimed at integrating the gender approach in all the cycle of the socio-economic response to the pandemic and in the post-pandemic. Emphasizing that solutions must be cross-cutting, we propose policies in three main areas: homes, work and the spaces between work and home. Thus, socio-economic recovery policies will not only help to ease the impact in the short term, but also to make progress in equal opportunities for women and men in the medium and long term.","PeriodicalId":22887,"journal":{"name":"The Socio-Economic Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"350 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77785725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-29DOI: 10.18356/9789210055390c006
{"title":"Suggestions for the Emergency","authors":"","doi":"10.18356/9789210055390c006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210055390c006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22887,"journal":{"name":"The Socio-Economic Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85267765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-29DOI: 10.18356/9789210055390c013
Arachu Castro, Samuel Z. Stone
The COVID-19 pandemic has unexpectedly transformed the access and the organization of health services for an indeterminate time, circumventing the efforts made in recent years to improve women, children, and adolescent health indicators in Latin America and the Caribbean. In most countries, the segmentation of health services, the concentration of human resources and medical technology in some urban hospitals, the under-financing of primary health care and epidemiological surveillance, and the lack of coordination between the different levels of care weaken the coordination of national response actions. Maintaining essential health services for women, children, and adolescents while mitigating the pandemic’s impact represents an unprecedented challenge. This report presents estimates of the effects of the reduction of health services coverage on achieving or maintaining the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’s Goal 3 targets – reducing maternal, neonatal, and under-5 mortality and guaranteeing universal access to sexual and reproductive health services. The pandemic and its response make it challenging to reach or sustain these targets, even though the region was well on track to achieve them. Urgent priorities oriented towards achieving women, children, and adolescent health equity during and after the pandemic require to 1) increase public spending on health and social policies to control the pandemic and to favor social and economic reactivation and reconstruction, 2) restore and rebuild essential health services, and 3) strengthen the primary health care strategy. UNDP Latin America and the Caribbean #COVID19 | POLICY DOCUMENTS SERIES
{"title":"Challenges Posed by the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Health of Women, Children, and Adolescents in Latin America and the Caribbean","authors":"Arachu Castro, Samuel Z. Stone","doi":"10.18356/9789210055390c013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210055390c013","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has unexpectedly transformed the access and the organization of health services for an indeterminate time, circumventing the efforts made in recent years to improve women, children, and adolescent health indicators in Latin America and the Caribbean. In most countries, the segmentation of health services, the concentration of human resources and medical technology in some urban hospitals, the under-financing of primary health care and epidemiological surveillance, and the lack of coordination between the different levels of care weaken the coordination of national response actions. Maintaining essential health services for women, children, and adolescents while mitigating the pandemic’s impact represents an unprecedented challenge. This report presents estimates of the effects of the reduction of health services coverage on achieving or maintaining the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’s Goal 3 targets – reducing maternal, neonatal, and under-5 mortality and guaranteeing universal access to sexual and reproductive health services. The pandemic and its response make it challenging to reach or sustain these targets, even though the region was well on track to achieve them. Urgent priorities oriented towards achieving women, children, and adolescent health equity during and after the pandemic require to 1) increase public spending on health and social policies to control the pandemic and to favor social and economic reactivation and reconstruction, 2) restore and rebuild essential health services, and 3) strengthen the primary health care strategy. UNDP Latin America and the Caribbean #COVID19 | POLICY DOCUMENTS SERIES","PeriodicalId":22887,"journal":{"name":"The Socio-Economic Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81653039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-29DOI: 10.18356/9789210055390c012
D. León, J. Cárdenas, Guillermina Martín
More than 144 million students in Latin America and the Caribbean have missed nearly five months of school due to public health measures taken by governments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The health crisis has meant a triple shock for children and adolescents, with the prolonged closure of schools, confinement due to lockdown measures and the loss of economic security in households. This triple shock has both shortand long-term repercussions that put the development of an entire generation at risk. Although governments throughout the region have implemented distance learning strategies intended to maintain a degree of continuity in children’s and adolescents’ learning and well-being, these solutions have been unevenly implemented and may even further exacerbate the education gaps that existed in the region before the pandemic. Addressing this educational emergency requires governments to focus on guaranteeing children’s and adolescents’ learning and well-being, working on four priority areas: 1) planning for the urgent reopening of schools; 2) developing a strategy to ensure learning for all students, in the new context where not all instruction will be in person; 3) preserving school’s protective role and providing services that have been disrupted; and 4) ensuring the emotional well-being of the educational community (teachers, families and students). Implementing these measures promptly requires the protection of education budgets in the region, promoting cooperation between countries, and coordination between the education sector and other sectors. This crisis could be an opportunity to rethink the current education system and build one that closes existing inequalities and enables all children and adolescents in the region to reach their full potential. Achieving this will require a long-term vision for managing the current emergency, with investment in rebuilding an education system that ensures access to learning for all students, particularly the most vulnerable. * Associate Professor, Escuela de Gobierno Alberto Lleras Camargo de la Universidad de los Andes (Alberto Lleras Camargo School of Government, The University of the Andes). Contact: sagarcia@uniandes.edu.co The author would like to thank Marcela Meléndez, María Laura Alzúa, Felipe Barrera, Adriana Camacho, Mariana Coolican, Ruth Custode, Yannig Dussart, Ariel Fiszbein, Luis Enrique García, Pablo Jaramillo, Hugo Ñopo, Maria Paula Reinbold, Claudio Santibanez, Miguel Urquiola and Denise Vaillant for their comments and suggestions for the drafting of this document. She would also like to thank Lucas Marín for his support in gathering information and analysing data, and for his comments on this document, and Freddy Carrillo for his support in gathering information.
{"title":"COVID-19 and Primary and Secondary Education: The Impact of the Crisis and Public Policy Implications for Latin America and the Caribbean","authors":"D. León, J. Cárdenas, Guillermina Martín","doi":"10.18356/9789210055390c012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210055390c012","url":null,"abstract":"More than 144 million students in Latin America and the Caribbean have missed nearly five months of school due to public health measures taken by governments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The health crisis has meant a triple shock for children and adolescents, with the prolonged closure of schools, confinement due to lockdown measures and the loss of economic security in households. This triple shock has both shortand long-term repercussions that put the development of an entire generation at risk. Although governments throughout the region have implemented distance learning strategies intended to maintain a degree of continuity in children’s and adolescents’ learning and well-being, these solutions have been unevenly implemented and may even further exacerbate the education gaps that existed in the region before the pandemic. Addressing this educational emergency requires governments to focus on guaranteeing children’s and adolescents’ learning and well-being, working on four priority areas: 1) planning for the urgent reopening of schools; 2) developing a strategy to ensure learning for all students, in the new context where not all instruction will be in person; 3) preserving school’s protective role and providing services that have been disrupted; and 4) ensuring the emotional well-being of the educational community (teachers, families and students). Implementing these measures promptly requires the protection of education budgets in the region, promoting cooperation between countries, and coordination between the education sector and other sectors. This crisis could be an opportunity to rethink the current education system and build one that closes existing inequalities and enables all children and adolescents in the region to reach their full potential. Achieving this will require a long-term vision for managing the current emergency, with investment in rebuilding an education system that ensures access to learning for all students, particularly the most vulnerable. * Associate Professor, Escuela de Gobierno Alberto Lleras Camargo de la Universidad de los Andes (Alberto Lleras Camargo School of Government, The University of the Andes). Contact: sagarcia@uniandes.edu.co The author would like to thank Marcela Meléndez, María Laura Alzúa, Felipe Barrera, Adriana Camacho, Mariana Coolican, Ruth Custode, Yannig Dussart, Ariel Fiszbein, Luis Enrique García, Pablo Jaramillo, Hugo Ñopo, Maria Paula Reinbold, Claudio Santibanez, Miguel Urquiola and Denise Vaillant for their comments and suggestions for the drafting of this document. She would also like to thank Lucas Marín for his support in gathering information and analysing data, and for his comments on this document, and Freddy Carrillo for his support in gathering information.","PeriodicalId":22887,"journal":{"name":"The Socio-Economic Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75605316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-29DOI: 10.18356/9789210055390c009
D. León, J. Cárdenas
This document explores the challenges for the region in terms of a possible sustainability agenda that could emerge as lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. Economic recovery after the ravages of the virus will be one of the greatest challenges that humanity has ever faced. However, we have an opportunity in front of us of a throbbing economic recovery in a more sustainable path. The document is divided into three sections1. The first section includes a compilation of the immediate impacts that the pandemic and government measures have had on household and firms behavior, and how they have been reflected in some environmental indicators that are observable today. Building on that prepandemic baseline, and reflecting on the lessons associated with these shocks, we focus on a series of public policy recommendations that might be explored to take as much as possible advantage of this sudden disruption. This window of opportunity for reconfiguring economic and social activities might be supported by eventual changes in individual preferences and by the ways in which production factors are organized to generate goods and services that have had environmental impacts on the wellbeing of the population and ecosystems. This is an opportunity to take advantage of this crisis, given that we have already had to endure the costs of seeing the pandemic’s impact on economic activities affecting the environment, by exploring the possibility of doing things differently when reactivating the economy. By following a more sustainable path, we will be able to reap the social benefits of continuing with better preferences, consumption patterns, and better technologies that can keep environmental costs low.
{"title":"Lessons from COVID-19 for a Sustainability Agenda in Latin America and the Caribbean","authors":"D. León, J. Cárdenas","doi":"10.18356/9789210055390c009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210055390c009","url":null,"abstract":"This document explores the challenges for the region in terms of a possible sustainability agenda that could emerge as lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. Economic recovery after the ravages of the virus will be one of the greatest challenges that humanity has ever faced. However, we have an opportunity in front of us of a throbbing economic recovery in a more sustainable path. The document is divided into three sections1. The first section includes a compilation of the immediate impacts that the pandemic and government measures have had on household and firms behavior, and how they have been reflected in some environmental indicators that are observable today. Building on that prepandemic baseline, and reflecting on the lessons associated with these shocks, we focus on a series of public policy recommendations that might be explored to take as much as possible advantage of this sudden disruption. This window of opportunity for reconfiguring economic and social activities might be supported by eventual changes in individual preferences and by the ways in which production factors are organized to generate goods and services that have had environmental impacts on the wellbeing of the population and ecosystems. This is an opportunity to take advantage of this crisis, given that we have already had to endure the costs of seeing the pandemic’s impact on economic activities affecting the environment, by exploring the possibility of doing things differently when reactivating the economy. By following a more sustainable path, we will be able to reap the social benefits of continuing with better preferences, consumption patterns, and better technologies that can keep environmental costs low.","PeriodicalId":22887,"journal":{"name":"The Socio-Economic Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85882306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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