Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781483380810.n238
{"title":"Ethnographic Approaches in Research","authors":"","doi":"10.4135/9781483380810.n238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483380810.n238","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22890,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83017790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781483380810.n465
{"title":"Positive Psychology and Wellness","authors":"","doi":"10.4135/9781483380810.n465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483380810.n465","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22890,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders","volume":"292 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83437960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781483380810.n259
{"title":"Frequency Compression and Transposition","authors":"","doi":"10.4135/9781483380810.n259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483380810.n259","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22890,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78835763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781483380810.n43
{"title":"Anatomy of the Human Larynx","authors":"","doi":"10.4135/9781483380810.n43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483380810.n43","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22890,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86582808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781483380810.n453
C. Bowen
All children make predictable pronunciation errors (not really 'errors' at all, when you stop to think about it) when they are learning to talk like adults. These 'errors' are called phonological processes, or phonological deviations. In Table 2 are the common phonological processes found in children's speech while they are learning the adult sound-system of English. EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION Context sensitive voicing "Pig" is pronounced and "big" "Car" is pronounced as "gar" A voiceless sound is replaced by a voiced sound. In the examples given, Word-final devoicing "Red" is pronounced as "ret" "Bag" is pronounced as "bak" A final voiced consonant in a word is replaced by a voiceless consonant. Final consonant deletion "Home" is pronounced a "hoe" "Calf" is pronounced as "cah" The final consonant in the word is omitted. In these examples, /m/ is omitted (or deleted) from "home" and /f/ is omitted from "calf". Velar fronting "Kiss" is pronounced as "tiss" "Give" is pronounced as "div" "Wing" is pronounced as "win" A velar consonant, that is a sound that is normally made with the middle of the tongue in contact with the palate towards the back of the mouth, is replaced with consonant produced at the front of the mouth. Hence /k/ is replaced by /t/, /g/ is replaced by /d/, and 'ng' is replaced by /n/. Palatal fronting "Ship" is pronounced as "sip" "Measure" is pronounced as "mezza" The fricative consonants 'sh' and 'zh' are replaced by fricatives that are made further forward on the palate, towards the front teeth. 'sh' is replaced by /s/, and 'zh' is replaced by /z/. Consonant harmony "Cupboard" is pronounced as "pubbed" "dog" is pronounced as "gog" The pronunciation of the whole word is influenced by the presence of a particular sound in the word. In these examples: (1) the /b/ in "cupboard" causes the /k/ to be replaced /p/, which is the voiceless cognate of /b/, and (2) the /g/ in "dog" causes /d/ to be replaced by /g/. Weak syllable deletion Telephone is pronounced as "teffone" "Tidying" is pronounced as "tying" Syllables are either stressed or unstressed. In "telephone" and "tidying" the second syllable is "weak" or unstressed. In this phonological process, weak syllables are omitted when the child says the word.
{"title":"Phonological Processes","authors":"C. Bowen","doi":"10.4135/9781483380810.n453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483380810.n453","url":null,"abstract":"All children make predictable pronunciation errors (not really 'errors' at all, when you stop to think about it) when they are learning to talk like adults. These 'errors' are called phonological processes, or phonological deviations. In Table 2 are the common phonological processes found in children's speech while they are learning the adult sound-system of English. EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION Context sensitive voicing \"Pig\" is pronounced and \"big\" \"Car\" is pronounced as \"gar\" A voiceless sound is replaced by a voiced sound. In the examples given, Word-final devoicing \"Red\" is pronounced as \"ret\" \"Bag\" is pronounced as \"bak\" A final voiced consonant in a word is replaced by a voiceless consonant. Final consonant deletion \"Home\" is pronounced a \"hoe\" \"Calf\" is pronounced as \"cah\" The final consonant in the word is omitted. In these examples, /m/ is omitted (or deleted) from \"home\" and /f/ is omitted from \"calf\". Velar fronting \"Kiss\" is pronounced as \"tiss\" \"Give\" is pronounced as \"div\" \"Wing\" is pronounced as \"win\" A velar consonant, that is a sound that is normally made with the middle of the tongue in contact with the palate towards the back of the mouth, is replaced with consonant produced at the front of the mouth. Hence /k/ is replaced by /t/, /g/ is replaced by /d/, and 'ng' is replaced by /n/. Palatal fronting \"Ship\" is pronounced as \"sip\" \"Measure\" is pronounced as \"mezza\" The fricative consonants 'sh' and 'zh' are replaced by fricatives that are made further forward on the palate, towards the front teeth. 'sh' is replaced by /s/, and 'zh' is replaced by /z/. Consonant harmony \"Cupboard\" is pronounced as \"pubbed\" \"dog\" is pronounced as \"gog\" The pronunciation of the whole word is influenced by the presence of a particular sound in the word. In these examples: (1) the /b/ in \"cupboard\" causes the /k/ to be replaced /p/, which is the voiceless cognate of /b/, and (2) the /g/ in \"dog\" causes /d/ to be replaced by /g/. Weak syllable deletion Telephone is pronounced as \"teffone\" \"Tidying\" is pronounced as \"tying\" Syllables are either stressed or unstressed. In \"telephone\" and \"tidying\" the second syllable is \"weak\" or unstressed. In this phonological process, weak syllables are omitted when the child says the word.","PeriodicalId":22890,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87847373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781483380810.n373
Wolfgang Kayser
Barely two pages into Bulgakov's Master and Margarita, the Devil appears and proceeds to play a substantial role in the text. The part played by the secret police, however, is somehow hidden, though it is nearly as important--almost all of the characters are arrested in the course of the novel. Bulgakov achieves this by describing the actions of the secret police in Aesopian language that masks the identity of the agents (in both senses) involved Bugakov avails himself of the many grammatical, syntactic, and lexical devices avai able in the Russian language to achieve such masking, the narrative goal of which is to cause the reader to hesitate between a supernatural and a natural explanation for the events described. Such hesitation lies at the root of the fantastic as described by Todorov2, which when the effect produced on the reader is markedly disorienting or ominous, opens into the grotesque Confronted with an event which cannot be explained by the laws of the familiar world, the characters are faced with a choice: either the events described are an illusion of the senses or they are really supernatural In the first case the laws of the familiar world stand firm; in the second, new laws unknown to us hold sway. According to Todorov's definition, "the fantastic occupies the duration of this uncertainty."3 Basically there is a vacillation or a confusion of two realities: familiar everyday reality and the reality of dreams, of insanity, of the supernatural All three "other realities" play an important part in Bulgakov's novel.
{"title":"Masking","authors":"Wolfgang Kayser","doi":"10.4135/9781483380810.n373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483380810.n373","url":null,"abstract":"Barely two pages into Bulgakov's Master and Margarita, the Devil appears and proceeds to play a substantial role in the text. The part played by the secret police, however, is somehow hidden, though it is nearly as important--almost all of the characters are arrested in the course of the novel. Bulgakov achieves this by describing the actions of the secret police in Aesopian language that masks the identity of the agents (in both senses) involved Bugakov avails himself of the many grammatical, syntactic, and lexical devices avai able in the Russian language to achieve such masking, the narrative goal of which is to cause the reader to hesitate between a supernatural and a natural explanation for the events described. Such hesitation lies at the root of the fantastic as described by Todorov2, which when the effect produced on the reader is markedly disorienting or ominous, opens into the grotesque Confronted with an event which cannot be explained by the laws of the familiar world, the characters are faced with a choice: either the events described are an illusion of the senses or they are really supernatural In the first case the laws of the familiar world stand firm; in the second, new laws unknown to us hold sway. According to Todorov's definition, \"the fantastic occupies the duration of this uncertainty.\"3 Basically there is a vacillation or a confusion of two realities: familiar everyday reality and the reality of dreams, of insanity, of the supernatural All three \"other realities\" play an important part in Bulgakov's novel.","PeriodicalId":22890,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders","volume":"214 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85879992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781483380810.n449
{"title":"Phonetics","authors":"","doi":"10.4135/9781483380810.n449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483380810.n449","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22890,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87382456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781483380810.n626
{"title":"Temporal Fine Structure","authors":"","doi":"10.4135/9781483380810.n626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483380810.n626","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22890,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87469596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781483380810.n341
B. Sands, Hilde Gunnink
{"title":"Languages of Africa","authors":"B. Sands, Hilde Gunnink","doi":"10.4135/9781483380810.n341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483380810.n341","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22890,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83609036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781483380810.n329
{"title":"Labeling of Communication Disorders","authors":"","doi":"10.4135/9781483380810.n329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483380810.n329","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22890,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78896718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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