Pub Date : 2009-05-07DOI: 10.2174/1874196700902010038
V. K. Evstafyev
The paper presents a solution to the two-century old problem of how solar activity influences biological objects on Earth. It gives a description of the modern state of the kT-problem, which for a long time has been the most difficult obstacle in the way of explaining solar activity effects. Based on recent advances in spin chemistry, magnetoplasticity physics, and physics of critical conditions, it is shown that a "molecular target" sensitive to weak electromagnetic fields and corresponding radio emissions of the Sun has spin dynamics in non-equilibrium and is near the lower critical point of dividing into layers. A way is proposed as to how solar activity can have an influence on Earth's molecular, including biological, processes through a "transparency window" of the Earth's atmosphere at the 80Mhz frequency.
{"title":"How Solar Activity Influences Earth's Molecular Processes","authors":"V. K. Evstafyev","doi":"10.2174/1874196700902010038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196700902010038","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a solution to the two-century old problem of how solar activity influences biological objects on Earth. It gives a description of the modern state of the kT-problem, which for a long time has been the most difficult obstacle in the way of explaining solar activity effects. Based on recent advances in spin chemistry, magnetoplasticity physics, and physics of critical conditions, it is shown that a \"molecular target\" sensitive to weak electromagnetic fields and corresponding radio emissions of the Sun has spin dynamics in non-equilibrium and is near the lower critical point of dividing into layers. A way is proposed as to how solar activity can have an influence on Earth's molecular, including biological, processes through a \"transparency window\" of the Earth's atmosphere at the 80Mhz frequency.","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79371187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-23DOI: 10.2174/1874196700902010032
J. Delong, D. Hanson
Population level metabolic rates are by definition the sum of the individual metabolic rates within a population. Several studies have used estimates of individual metabolic rates to scale up metabolic activity of individuals to popula- tions or whole communities. However, for aquatic single-celled organisms, individual metabolic rate is related to per- capita resource availability, and accounting for this fact is essential for obtaining accurate estimates of population- or community-level metabolism. We frame the problem with a simple model of resource division that predicts per capita metabolic rate should decline with increasing density. We allow the magnitude of density-dependence to be adjusted by intraspecific competition, from perfectly dependent to completely independent of density. Our results demonstrate that per-capita metabolic rate of single-celled eukaryotes is indeed inversely related to density via the per-capita availability of resources, and this has a significant effect on population-level metabolic rates. Suppression of individual metabolic rate occurred up to an order of magnitude, and although this magnitude of suppression has been seen in starved protists, our results indicate that a broad continuum of density-dependence governs the resource-dependent variability in metabolic rates for these organisms. The species we used cover a range of resource acquisition modes and phylogenies, suggesting that density-dependence of metabolic rate may be widespread in aquatic unicells.
{"title":"Density-Dependent Individual and Population-Level Metabolic Rates in a Suite of Single-Celled Eukaryotes","authors":"J. Delong, D. Hanson","doi":"10.2174/1874196700902010032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196700902010032","url":null,"abstract":"Population level metabolic rates are by definition the sum of the individual metabolic rates within a population. Several studies have used estimates of individual metabolic rates to scale up metabolic activity of individuals to popula- tions or whole communities. However, for aquatic single-celled organisms, individual metabolic rate is related to per- capita resource availability, and accounting for this fact is essential for obtaining accurate estimates of population- or community-level metabolism. We frame the problem with a simple model of resource division that predicts per capita metabolic rate should decline with increasing density. We allow the magnitude of density-dependence to be adjusted by intraspecific competition, from perfectly dependent to completely independent of density. Our results demonstrate that per-capita metabolic rate of single-celled eukaryotes is indeed inversely related to density via the per-capita availability of resources, and this has a significant effect on population-level metabolic rates. Suppression of individual metabolic rate occurred up to an order of magnitude, and although this magnitude of suppression has been seen in starved protists, our results indicate that a broad continuum of density-dependence governs the resource-dependent variability in metabolic rates for these organisms. The species we used cover a range of resource acquisition modes and phylogenies, suggesting that density-dependence of metabolic rate may be widespread in aquatic unicells.","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72891674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-01DOI: 10.2174/1874196700902010027
S. Sharma, Balwinder Singh, A. Nagpal, G. Virk, A. A. Zaidi
Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV) is known to cause serious disease problem in Kinnow (Citrus nobilis LourC. deliciosa Tenora). This paper reports the various methods viz. Bioassay, ELISA and RT-PCR for indexing of ICRSV. Bioassay was performed on Chenopodium amaranticolor, Cucumis sativus, Nicotiana glutinosa, N. tabacum, Pe- tunia hybrida and Phaseolus vulgaris. However necrotic local lesions were observed only in case of Chenopodium ama- ranticolor and Phaseolus vulgaris. Infected trees were also found positive by indirect ELISA. RT-PCR of the infected plants showed an amplification of 539 bp fragment corresponding to coat protein gene and gene for nucleic acid binding protein.
已知印度柑橘环斑病毒(ICRSV)在Kinnow (citrus nobilis LourC)引起严重的疾病问题。deliciosa Tenora)。本文报道了ICRSV的生物测定、ELISA和RT-PCR等方法。对苋菜、黄瓜、烟叶、烟草、黄豌豆和菜豆进行了生物测定。然而，局部坏死病变仅见于有色藜和寻常Phaseolus。间接酶联免疫吸附试验也发现感染树木呈阳性。对侵染植株进行RT-PCR检测，扩增出539bp的外壳蛋白基因和核酸结合蛋白基因对应片段。
{"title":"Indexing tools for Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV).","authors":"S. Sharma, Balwinder Singh, A. Nagpal, G. Virk, A. A. Zaidi","doi":"10.2174/1874196700902010027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196700902010027","url":null,"abstract":"Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV) is known to cause serious disease problem in Kinnow (Citrus nobilis LourC. deliciosa Tenora). This paper reports the various methods viz. Bioassay, ELISA and RT-PCR for indexing of ICRSV. Bioassay was performed on Chenopodium amaranticolor, Cucumis sativus, Nicotiana glutinosa, N. tabacum, Pe- tunia hybrida and Phaseolus vulgaris. However necrotic local lesions were observed only in case of Chenopodium ama- ranticolor and Phaseolus vulgaris. Infected trees were also found positive by indirect ELISA. RT-PCR of the infected plants showed an amplification of 539 bp fragment corresponding to coat protein gene and gene for nucleic acid binding protein.","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74442184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-27DOI: 10.2174/1874196700902010020
Mariya Zaturenskaya, L. Jason, S. Torres-Harding, W. Tryon
Participants with chronic fatigue syndrome were categorized into subtypes based on actigraphy and illness self- report symptom severity data. Each method identified two groups of patients, one with severe and one with less severe manifestations of the illness. For both subtypes, those in the more severe category had more physical functioning problems than those in the less severe categories. However, for the illness self-report symptom group, those in the more severe category had significantly more impairment in sleep, anxiety, depression, and pain, and more concurrent psychiatric status and Fibromyalgia than those in the less severe category. In contrast, those in the more severe actigraphy subtype group in comparison to the less severe group had more impairment in quality of life and cortisol readings. These findings suggest that CFS subtypes based on symptom severity and amount of activity identify different groups of patients with varying types of impairments.
{"title":"Subgrouping in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Based on Actigraphy and Illness Severity","authors":"Mariya Zaturenskaya, L. Jason, S. Torres-Harding, W. Tryon","doi":"10.2174/1874196700902010020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196700902010020","url":null,"abstract":"Participants with chronic fatigue syndrome were categorized into subtypes based on actigraphy and illness self- report symptom severity data. Each method identified two groups of patients, one with severe and one with less severe manifestations of the illness. For both subtypes, those in the more severe category had more physical functioning problems than those in the less severe categories. However, for the illness self-report symptom group, those in the more severe category had significantly more impairment in sleep, anxiety, depression, and pain, and more concurrent psychiatric status and Fibromyalgia than those in the less severe category. In contrast, those in the more severe actigraphy subtype group in comparison to the less severe group had more impairment in quality of life and cortisol readings. These findings suggest that CFS subtypes based on symptom severity and amount of activity identify different groups of patients with varying types of impairments.","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91409363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-02-13DOI: 10.2174/1874196700902010010
C. S. Carvalho, G. R. Figueiredo, E. Melo
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the genesis of secretory organelles of Toxoplasma gondii and lipid traffic to the vacuole. This study used anti-Golgi agents to demonstrate the importance of Golgi in Toxoplasma development. Monensin, Brefeldin A, Retinoic Acid and Okadaic Acid reduced the infection, leading to parasite elimination. Mon, BFA and RA affected secretory organelles and the Golgi Complex of the parasites, with faster parasite elimination in the presence of Monensin; in addition, the vesicular transit of host cell C6-NBD-ceramide metabolites was interrupted, but the GC of host cells was preserved. Our results suggest that several targets in the secretory pathway are affected in the intracellular Toxoplasma rather than in the host cells, resulting in interruption of parasite development and its elimination from the intracellular medium.
{"title":"Golgi-Disturbing Agents Lead to the Elimination of Intracellular Toxoplasma gondii","authors":"C. S. Carvalho, G. R. Figueiredo, E. Melo","doi":"10.2174/1874196700902010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196700902010010","url":null,"abstract":"The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the genesis of secretory organelles of Toxoplasma gondii and lipid traffic to the vacuole. This study used anti-Golgi agents to demonstrate the importance of Golgi in Toxoplasma development. Monensin, Brefeldin A, Retinoic Acid and Okadaic Acid reduced the infection, leading to parasite elimination. Mon, BFA and RA affected secretory organelles and the Golgi Complex of the parasites, with faster parasite elimination in the presence of Monensin; in addition, the vesicular transit of host cell C6-NBD-ceramide metabolites was interrupted, but the GC of host cells was preserved. Our results suggest that several targets in the secretory pathway are affected in the intracellular Toxoplasma rather than in the host cells, resulting in interruption of parasite development and its elimination from the intracellular medium.","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91473196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-21DOI: 10.2174/1874196700902010001
Kamakshi Balakrishnan, N. Krishnan, B. Rao
Human Rad52 (hRad52) and Rad51 (hRad51) proteins are important components of homologous recombination machinery involved in DNA double strand break repair. hRad52 subunits oligomerize to form rings, which are further believed to stack one over another giving rise to higher order structures. Such structures bind the ends of duplex DNA to bring about DNA end joining. hRad51 exists in the native state as oligomeric rings and monomerizes to interact with the DNA. In our current study, we report disruption and solubilization of hRad52 aggregates and higher order aggregation of hRad51 molecules at high salt (KCl) concentration. Computational analysis of the crystal structure available for N-terminal 212 amino acids of hRad52 protein reveal a dense unique distribution of salt bridges, not only between adjacent but also between penultimate subunit neighbors which perhaps contribute to stabilization of hRad52 oligomeric rings. Our results suggest that disruption of inter-subunit salt bridges and thereby perturbation of interaction between individual monomers as the underlying mechanism for salt mediated monomerization of hRad52 protein. The crystal structure of Rad51 on the other hand lacks such dense salt-bridge connectivity suggesting that salt-mediated monomerization is a feature of proteins with dense salt-bridge networks. Salt brings together the hydrophobic surface residues of hRad51 in a process termed as "salting out" resulting in aggregation of hRad51 molecules. Given the functional relevance of oligomeric hRad52 and monomeric hRad51 in homologous recombination mediated repair, our findings imply that salt regulates the oligomerization status of these repair proteins, and thereby, their functions respectively.
{"title":"Salt Modulates Oligomerization Properties of hRad51 and hRad52 Proteins","authors":"Kamakshi Balakrishnan, N. Krishnan, B. Rao","doi":"10.2174/1874196700902010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196700902010001","url":null,"abstract":"Human Rad52 (hRad52) and Rad51 (hRad51) proteins are important components of homologous recombination machinery involved in DNA double strand break repair. hRad52 subunits oligomerize to form rings, which are further believed to stack one over another giving rise to higher order structures. Such structures bind the ends of duplex DNA to bring about DNA end joining. hRad51 exists in the native state as oligomeric rings and monomerizes to interact with the DNA. In our current study, we report disruption and solubilization of hRad52 aggregates and higher order aggregation of hRad51 molecules at high salt (KCl) concentration. Computational analysis of the crystal structure available for N-terminal 212 amino acids of hRad52 protein reveal a dense unique distribution of salt bridges, not only between adjacent but also between penultimate subunit neighbors which perhaps contribute to stabilization of hRad52 oligomeric rings. Our results suggest that disruption of inter-subunit salt bridges and thereby perturbation of interaction between individual monomers as the underlying mechanism for salt mediated monomerization of hRad52 protein. The crystal structure of Rad51 on the other hand lacks such dense salt-bridge connectivity suggesting that salt-mediated monomerization is a feature of proteins with dense salt-bridge networks. Salt brings together the hydrophobic surface residues of hRad51 in a process termed as \"salting out\" resulting in aggregation of hRad51 molecules. Given the functional relevance of oligomeric hRad52 and monomeric hRad51 in homologous recombination mediated repair, our findings imply that salt regulates the oligomerization status of these repair proteins, and thereby, their functions respectively.","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79834900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.2174/1874196700902010141
Alexandra A Herzlich, Xiaoyan Ding, Defen Shen, Robert J Ross, Jingsheng Tuo, Chi-Chao Chan
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play a role in oxidative stress and VEGF regulation, which are closely related to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). PPAR γ expression and its downstream molecules were examined in fat-1 mice (transgenic mice that convert n-6 to n-3 fatty acids), Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) mice (an AMD model), ARPE19 cells (a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line, RPE, a cell type with a critical role in AMD), and human eyes with and without AMD. PPAR α, β, and γ, VEGF and receptors were determined by immunohistochemistry in the mice models, humans, and ARPE19 cells. Transcripts of PPARs, VEGF, MMP-9 and HO-1 were determined by RQ-PCR. PPARs were constitutively expressed in normal neuroretina and RPE of humans and mice. PPAR γ expression was increased in fat-1 and Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) mice. VEGF was decreased in fat-1 mice but increased in Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) mice. VEGF receptors were stable. VEGF, MMP9 and HO-1 transcript levels were increased in ARPE19 cells under H(2)O(2) - induced oxidative stress. Human AMD retinas exhibited higher PPAR γ. The findings of increased expression of PPAR γ and its downstream proteins (VEGF, MMP9, and HO-1) in H(2)O(2)-treated ARPE19 cells, Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) mice, and human AMD eyes, but decreased VEGF in fat-1 mice, suggest that PPAR γ may play a role in AMD.
{"title":"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Expression in Murine Models and Humans with Age-related Macular Degeneration.","authors":"Alexandra A Herzlich, Xiaoyan Ding, Defen Shen, Robert J Ross, Jingsheng Tuo, Chi-Chao Chan","doi":"10.2174/1874196700902010141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196700902010141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play a role in oxidative stress and VEGF regulation, which are closely related to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). PPAR γ expression and its downstream molecules were examined in fat-1 mice (transgenic mice that convert n-6 to n-3 fatty acids), Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) mice (an AMD model), ARPE19 cells (a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line, RPE, a cell type with a critical role in AMD), and human eyes with and without AMD. PPAR α, β, and γ, VEGF and receptors were determined by immunohistochemistry in the mice models, humans, and ARPE19 cells. Transcripts of PPARs, VEGF, MMP-9 and HO-1 were determined by RQ-PCR. PPARs were constitutively expressed in normal neuroretina and RPE of humans and mice. PPAR γ expression was increased in fat-1 and Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) mice. VEGF was decreased in fat-1 mice but increased in Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) mice. VEGF receptors were stable. VEGF, MMP9 and HO-1 transcript levels were increased in ARPE19 cells under H(2)O(2) - induced oxidative stress. Human AMD retinas exhibited higher PPAR γ. The findings of increased expression of PPAR γ and its downstream proteins (VEGF, MMP9, and HO-1) in H(2)O(2)-treated ARPE19 cells, Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) mice, and human AMD eyes, but decreased VEGF in fat-1 mice, suggest that PPAR γ may play a role in AMD.</p>","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2998287/pdf/nihms-212029.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29531164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-10-28DOI: 10.2174/1874196700801010035
R. Jarret
Variability within eight cpDNA introns including trnS-trnfM, trnL-trnT, trnH-psbA, trnF-trnL, trnD-trnT, trnC- rpoB, rps16 and matK, and the nuclear waxy introns was examined in seven species of Capsicum (C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. pubescens, C. chacoense and C. rhomboideum) in order to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing these loci for DNA barcoding within the C. annuum complex. Numerous insertions/deletions (indels) and substitutions were detected in all cpDNA introns. However, none was sufficient to differentiate the individual members of the C. annuum complex (C. annuum, C. chinense and C. frutescens). Variation within trnL-trnT, trnF-trnL and trnH-psbA enabled the differentiation of the complex from the other taxa examined. In contrast, single base indels and substitutions within the waxy introns permitted the differentiation of all taxa within the plant materials examined. The use of trnH-psbA or trnL-trnT, and the waxy introns is proposed for barcoding members of the C. annuum complex.
{"title":"DNA Barcoding in a Crop Genebank: The Capsicum annuum Species Complex","authors":"R. Jarret","doi":"10.2174/1874196700801010035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196700801010035","url":null,"abstract":"Variability within eight cpDNA introns including trnS-trnfM, trnL-trnT, trnH-psbA, trnF-trnL, trnD-trnT, trnC- rpoB, rps16 and matK, and the nuclear waxy introns was examined in seven species of Capsicum (C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. pubescens, C. chacoense and C. rhomboideum) in order to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing these loci for DNA barcoding within the C. annuum complex. Numerous insertions/deletions (indels) and substitutions were detected in all cpDNA introns. However, none was sufficient to differentiate the individual members of the C. annuum complex (C. annuum, C. chinense and C. frutescens). Variation within trnL-trnT, trnF-trnL and trnH-psbA enabled the differentiation of the complex from the other taxa examined. In contrast, single base indels and substitutions within the waxy introns permitted the differentiation of all taxa within the plant materials examined. The use of trnH-psbA or trnL-trnT, and the waxy introns is proposed for barcoding members of the C. annuum complex.","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88596160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-08-21DOI: 10.2174/1874196700801010027
Vincenzo Giansanti, A. Scovassi
Tissue homeostasis is ensured by the correct balance between cell proliferation and death, the latter mainly occurring through a multi-step program, named apoptosis, which ultimately leads to the breakdown of cellular DNA and proteins. Apoptosis is activated under physiological developmental conditions, during metamorphosis and atrophy of tissues and organs, sexual differentiation and cell turnover, and can also be triggered by various external stimuli, including DNA damage, growth factor deprivation and metabolic stress. The main features of apoptosis will be described in detail. Although apoptosis is recognised as the main type of programmed cell death, cells may die by alternative mechanisms, e.g. autophagy and necrosis. Their properties will be discussed in this review.
{"title":"Cell Death: A One-Way Journey to the Graveyard","authors":"Vincenzo Giansanti, A. Scovassi","doi":"10.2174/1874196700801010027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196700801010027","url":null,"abstract":"Tissue homeostasis is ensured by the correct balance between cell proliferation and death, the latter mainly occurring through a multi-step program, named apoptosis, which ultimately leads to the breakdown of cellular DNA and proteins. Apoptosis is activated under physiological developmental conditions, during metamorphosis and atrophy of tissues and organs, sexual differentiation and cell turnover, and can also be triggered by various external stimuli, including DNA damage, growth factor deprivation and metabolic stress. The main features of apoptosis will be described in detail. Although apoptosis is recognised as the main type of programmed cell death, cells may die by alternative mechanisms, e.g. autophagy and necrosis. Their properties will be discussed in this review.","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82811245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-08-08DOI: 10.2174/1874196700801010021
G. Borkow, D. Marco, M. Ovadia
The venom of the viper Echis carinatus sochureki suppresses the hemolytic activity of Sendai virus on human erythrocytes, when pre-incubated with the virions prior to their binding to cells. A fraction (C1), with an IC50 of 1.25 �g/ml, was isolated from the venom. Fraction C1 possesses strong azocollase, azocaseinase and gelatinase activity. The proteolytic and anti-hemolytic potency of C1 depends on the period and temperature of incubation. Its antiviral activity is inhibited by Sodium-EDTA but not by PMSF. SDS PAGE of Sendai virus incubated with fraction C1 shows disappearance of several of the virion high molecular weight bands. We suggest that inhibition of the hemolytic activity of the virions is probably a result of the cleavage of viral surface proteins, such as the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein found on the virion envelope that mediates the absorption of the virus to cells.
{"title":"Isolation and Partial Characterization of an Antiviral Proteolytic Fraction from the Venom of Echis Carinatus Sochureki","authors":"G. Borkow, D. Marco, M. Ovadia","doi":"10.2174/1874196700801010021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196700801010021","url":null,"abstract":"The venom of the viper Echis carinatus sochureki suppresses the hemolytic activity of Sendai virus on human erythrocytes, when pre-incubated with the virions prior to their binding to cells. A fraction (C1), with an IC50 of 1.25 �g/ml, was isolated from the venom. Fraction C1 possesses strong azocollase, azocaseinase and gelatinase activity. The proteolytic and anti-hemolytic potency of C1 depends on the period and temperature of incubation. Its antiviral activity is inhibited by Sodium-EDTA but not by PMSF. SDS PAGE of Sendai virus incubated with fraction C1 shows disappearance of several of the virion high molecular weight bands. We suggest that inhibition of the hemolytic activity of the virions is probably a result of the cleavage of viral surface proteins, such as the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein found on the virion envelope that mediates the absorption of the virus to cells.","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78190680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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