We test the capability of an inverse scattering algorithm for imaging noisy seismic data. The algorithm does not require a velocity model or any other a priori information about the medium under investigation. We use three different geometries which capture different types of one-dimensional media with variable velocity. We show that the algorithm can precisely locate the interfaces and discover the correct velocity changes at those interfaces under moderate noise condition. When the signal to noise ratio is too small, the data is de-noised using a threshold filter and then imaged with excellent results.
{"title":"Imaging Noisy Seismic Data using a One Dimensional Inverse Scattering Algorithm","authors":"Bogdan G. Nita, Christopher W Smith","doi":"10.33697/AJUR.2015.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33697/AJUR.2015.022","url":null,"abstract":"We test the capability of an inverse scattering algorithm for imaging noisy seismic data. The algorithm does not require a velocity model or any other a priori information about the medium under investigation. We use three different geometries which capture different types of one-dimensional media with variable velocity. We show that the algorithm can precisely locate the interfaces and discover the correct velocity changes at those interfaces under moderate noise condition. When the signal to noise ratio is too small, the data is de-noised using a threshold filter and then imaged with excellent results.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73559327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
English and Irish ivy (Hedera helix and H. hibernica) are invasive lianas which have become especially intrusive in the Pacific Northwest, as evidenced by their invasion of many areas in Forest Park, Portland, OR. The most common strategy for ivy control is currently manual removal, though the potential consequences of this method have not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of manual ivy removal with respect to its influence on native plant diversity, abundance, species richness, and evenness by comparing these parameters in 1-m2 plots manually cleared of ivy to paired control plots. Prior to plot establishment, evidence of deer herbivory of ivy was observed at this site. Four weeks after manual removal, treated plots were less diverse and hosted a lower abundance of native plants than control plots. Ten weeks after ivy removal, treated and control plots were equally diverse, and treated plots showed greater abundance of plant cover than controls. This trend persisted at twenty-six weeks after treatment. Treated and control plots were not significantly different in species richness or evenness at any time. These results suggest that manual ivy removal temporarily disturbs native plant life, but the negative effects are overcome as quickly as ten weeks after treatment, at which time native plants are more successful. Manual removal as a method to control ivy in this region appears effective within one growing season
{"title":"Effect of Manual Ivy Removal on Seedling Recruitment in Forest Park, Portland, OR","authors":"K. Stanley, D. W. Taylor","doi":"10.33697/AJUR.2015.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33697/AJUR.2015.021","url":null,"abstract":"English and Irish ivy (Hedera helix and H. hibernica) are invasive lianas which have become especially intrusive in the Pacific Northwest, as evidenced by their invasion of many areas in Forest Park, Portland, OR. The most common strategy for ivy control is currently manual removal, though the potential consequences of this method have not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of manual ivy removal with respect to its influence on native plant diversity, abundance, species richness, and evenness by comparing these parameters in 1-m2 plots manually cleared of ivy to paired control plots. Prior to plot establishment, evidence of deer herbivory of ivy was observed at this site. Four weeks after manual removal, treated plots were less diverse and hosted a lower abundance of native plants than control plots. Ten weeks after ivy removal, treated and control plots were equally diverse, and treated plots showed greater abundance of plant cover than controls. This trend persisted at twenty-six weeks after treatment. Treated and control plots were not significantly different in species richness or evenness at any time. These results suggest that manual ivy removal temporarily disturbs native plant life, but the negative effects are overcome as quickly as ten weeks after treatment, at which time native plants are more successful. Manual removal as a method to control ivy in this region appears effective within one growing season","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"25 1","pages":"31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82232376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maize, bean, and squash have been intercropped for thousands of years, sustaining Maya Indians and Native American tribes with bountiful harvests. Today it is widely recognized that this associated intercropping system derives much of its success from symbiotic bacteria (e.g. Rhizobium). These bacteria colonize the roots of leguminous plants, allowing them to fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. However, the effect of this intercropping practice on the microbial community, independent of the effect of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, is not well understood. Therefore, a study was designed to model the effects of simultaneously intercropping bean and corn on the abundance of aerobic heterotrophic, free-living nitrogen-fixing, and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as well as plant growth and fecundity markers. In parallel, the benefits mediated by rhizobia were evaluated by inoculating a duplicate set of treatments with N-Dure, a rhizobia-containing inoculum. Native American varieties of pole-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and corn (Zea mays mays L.) were planted in monoculture and biculture treatments. All cultivations were maintained under greenhouse conditions for 52 days with daily watering and no additional fertilizer or microbial amendments. Although a significant increase in weight per plant was noted for the inoculated biculture when compared to either the inoculated bean or corn monocultures (p 0.05), the abundance of heterotrophic and free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria did not show a significant change from the related controls, with or without inoculation. However, symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as measured by root nodulation, increased significantly (p 0.05) for the inoculated biculture and single planting. Thus, these data confirm that corn benefited from this associated intercropping system as shown by an increase in plant biomass that can be attributed to Rhizobium. However, neither the legume-bacteria symbiotic relationship nor the increase in plant biodiversity resulting from this intercropping practice appears to have had significant effects on the abundance of the two common soil-associated bacterial groups evaluated, though further research would be necessary to fully assess the changes to heterotrophic bacterial diversity at the species level.
{"title":"Effect of Native American Bean-corn Biculture Planting on Free-living Bacterial Abundance and Plant Growth","authors":"H. Miller, J. Fiene, T. L. Marsh","doi":"10.33697/AJUR.2015.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33697/AJUR.2015.023","url":null,"abstract":"Maize, bean, and squash have been intercropped for thousands of years, sustaining Maya Indians and Native American tribes with bountiful harvests. Today it is widely recognized that this associated intercropping system derives much of its success from symbiotic bacteria (e.g. Rhizobium). These bacteria colonize the roots of leguminous plants, allowing them to fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. However, the effect of this intercropping practice on the microbial community, independent of the effect of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, is not well understood. Therefore, a study was designed to model the effects of simultaneously intercropping bean and corn on the abundance of aerobic heterotrophic, free-living nitrogen-fixing, and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as well as plant growth and fecundity markers. In parallel, the benefits mediated by rhizobia were evaluated by inoculating a duplicate set of treatments with N-Dure, a rhizobia-containing inoculum. Native American varieties of pole-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and corn (Zea mays mays L.) were planted in monoculture and biculture treatments. All cultivations were maintained under greenhouse conditions for 52 days with daily watering and no additional fertilizer or microbial amendments. Although a significant increase in weight per plant was noted for the inoculated biculture when compared to either the inoculated bean or corn monocultures (p 0.05), the abundance of heterotrophic and free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria did not show a significant change from the related controls, with or without inoculation. However, symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as measured by root nodulation, increased significantly (p 0.05) for the inoculated biculture and single planting. Thus, these data confirm that corn benefited from this associated intercropping system as shown by an increase in plant biomass that can be attributed to Rhizobium. However, neither the legume-bacteria symbiotic relationship nor the increase in plant biodiversity resulting from this intercropping practice appears to have had significant effects on the abundance of the two common soil-associated bacterial groups evaluated, though further research would be necessary to fully assess the changes to heterotrophic bacterial diversity at the species level.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73705801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Point Spread Function (PSF) photometry of open star clusters Melotte 72 and NGC 2158 was performed using g and r band data from the Sloan digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 7. Instrumental magnitudes of stars in both bands were transformed into calibrated magnitudes using standard equation. Color-Magnitude (CM) diagrams were produced and compared with the SDSS isochrones for AB stellar system for different ages and/or metallicities. The objective of this study was to determine the physical parameters (age, distance, metallicity, reddening) of open clusters from CM diagrams. The best fit isochrones were used to estimate cluster parameters. The observed parameters were then compared with the WEBDA data base.
{"title":"Point-Spread Function (PSF) Photometric Analysis of Open Clusters: Melotte 72 & NGC 2158","authors":"M. Mirza, Zain Rahim","doi":"10.33697/AJUR.2015.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33697/AJUR.2015.024","url":null,"abstract":"Point Spread Function (PSF) photometry of open star clusters Melotte 72 and NGC 2158 was performed using g and r band data from the Sloan digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 7. Instrumental magnitudes of stars in both bands were transformed into calibrated magnitudes using standard equation. Color-Magnitude (CM) diagrams were produced and compared with the SDSS isochrones for AB stellar system for different ages and/or metallicities. The objective of this study was to determine the physical parameters (age, distance, metallicity, reddening) of open clusters from CM diagrams. The best fit isochrones were used to estimate cluster parameters. The observed parameters were then compared with the WEBDA data base.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81714972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We enhance the category of rings and the category of idempotented rings to 2-categories. After doing this, we prove an equivalence of 1-categories and 2-categories between the category of rings and the category of small preadditive categories with one object and between the category of idempotented rings and the category of small preadditive categories with finitely many objects. Under these equivalences, we demonstrate some analogues between notions in category theory and ring theory.
{"title":"Category Theoretic Interpretation of Rings","authors":"Edward Poon, Alistair Savage","doi":"10.33697/AJUR.2015.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33697/AJUR.2015.020","url":null,"abstract":"We enhance the category of rings and the category of idempotented rings to 2-categories. After doing this, we prove an equivalence of 1-categories and 2-categories between the category of rings and the category of small preadditive categories with one object and between the category of idempotented rings and the category of small preadditive categories with finitely many objects. Under these equivalences, we demonstrate some analogues between notions in category theory and ring theory.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88944789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Historical Context for Undergraduate Research: The Contribution of Wilhelm von Humboldt","authors":"D. Vampola","doi":"10.33697/AJUR.2015.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33697/AJUR.2015.019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79899258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a previous study we showed that the shortened MUC1 mucin peptide GVTSAPD could bind monoclonal antibody (mAb). We proceeded on to make a cyclic peptide of the same sequence to see if it would be more effective in binding antibody. We were able to synthesize and isolate two different cyclic mucin peptides: 1) a monomer cyclic peptide with sequence GVTSAPD which we did not study due to difficulties in achieving homogeneity, and 2) a dimer cyclic peptide with sequence GVTSAPDGVTSAPD that was successfully isolated and studied. We describe here the results of the dimer cyclic peptide-antibody interactions obtained by Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (STDNMR). The results indicated that the protons of all residues experienced STD effects, notably being more pronounced at Pro, Val, Ala and Asp compared to the linear peptide GVTSAPD. The Pro residue exhibited STD peaks for all its side chain protons with stronger intensity at ProHγ while Ala, Val and Thr are localized to methyl groups.
{"title":"Synthesis of a MUC1 Mucin Cyclic Dimer Peptide and Its Antibody Binding Properties as Revealed by STD-NMR","authors":"C. Her, T. Yang","doi":"10.33697/AJUR.2015.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33697/AJUR.2015.025","url":null,"abstract":"In a previous study we showed that the shortened MUC1 mucin peptide GVTSAPD could bind monoclonal antibody (mAb). We proceeded on to make a cyclic peptide of the same sequence to see if it would be more effective in binding antibody. We were able to synthesize and isolate two different cyclic mucin peptides: 1) a monomer cyclic peptide with sequence GVTSAPD which we did not study due to difficulties in achieving homogeneity, and 2) a dimer cyclic peptide with sequence GVTSAPDGVTSAPD that was successfully isolated and studied. We describe here the results of the dimer cyclic peptide-antibody interactions obtained by Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (STDNMR). The results indicated that the protons of all residues experienced STD effects, notably being more pronounced at Pro, Val, Ala and Asp compared to the linear peptide GVTSAPD. The Pro residue exhibited STD peaks for all its side chain protons with stronger intensity at ProHγ while Ala, Val and Thr are localized to methyl groups.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79976271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Hart, Caroline Chow, Patricia L. Stan, Daniel King
There are several techniques of monitoring essential tremors, but there is not yet a standard method developed for the field. A quantitative way to track effects of medication and/or lifestyle treatment would be beneficial for future research in prevention or regression of essential tremors. The two methods evaluated are acoustic tremor monitoring (ATM) and rhythmic spirals (RS). The novel ATM measurement quantifies frequency and amplitude quickly and cost effectively. The tremor patient holds a microphone close to a speaker playing a single frequency tone. The Doppler Effect caused by the shaking microphone distorts the sound recording, and the encoded tremor information can be retrieved by using the Fast-Fourier Transform algorithm. The second method, RS, can be used by patients at home to measure frequency. The RS method is similar to the classic Archimedes spirals, but uses a different form and is timed which allows for the calculation of tremor frequency. The RS and ATM methods produce statistically similar frequency measurements, although ATM has greater precision.
{"title":"Methods for Essential Tremor Assessment: Acoustic Tremor Monitoring (ATM) and Rhythmic Spirals (RS) Methods","authors":"E. Hart, Caroline Chow, Patricia L. Stan, Daniel King","doi":"10.33697/ajur.2015.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33697/ajur.2015.026","url":null,"abstract":"There are several techniques of monitoring essential tremors, but there is not yet a standard method developed for the field. A quantitative way to track effects of medication and/or lifestyle treatment would be beneficial for future research in prevention or regression of essential tremors. The two methods evaluated are acoustic tremor monitoring (ATM) and rhythmic spirals (RS). The novel ATM measurement quantifies frequency and amplitude quickly and cost effectively. The tremor patient holds a microphone close to a speaker playing a single frequency tone. The Doppler Effect caused by the shaking microphone distorts the sound recording, and the encoded tremor information can be retrieved by using the Fast-Fourier Transform algorithm. The second method, RS, can be used by patients at home to measure frequency. The RS method is similar to the classic Archimedes spirals, but uses a different form and is timed which allows for the calculation of tremor frequency. The RS and ATM methods produce statistically similar frequency measurements, although ATM has greater precision.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"19 1","pages":"93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83880025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V1I1.13717
R. Dhoot, Vishnu J. Alse
Obesity trends show that the prevalence of obesity is increasing drastically and that younger age groups are increasingly at risk. The purposes of this study were to determine if there are discernable differences between behaviors of high school students and college students and also between college students of normal weight and college students who are overweight/obese. This IRB-approved study surveyed approximately 80 high school seniors and 80 Indiana University students of various class standings. The study was developed from a survey published in 1989 in Seventeen Magazine called “May Obesity Survey.” The questions collected data related to age, BMI, and lifestyle, including physical activity levels, stress, and behavior. The software SPSS was used to perform statistical analysis. The findings showed a positive correlation (p<.001, r=.616) between students’ self-reported weight category and actual BMI (calculated by reported height and weight). College students with healthy BMIs exercise 4-6 times/week, while overweight and obese students exercise 1-3 times/week Χ 2 (3) =8.95, p<.05. In addition, college students of normal weight are three times more likely to perform exercises of moderate to high intensity, such as strength training. A significant positive correlation was also found between the number of hours college students spent during weekends watching television, using a computer, or playing video games and body weight Χ 2 (3) =8.75, p< .05. Equal numbers of normal weight and overweight/obese college students report desire to improve their health. One of the primary findings indicates that students are either not aware of their true weight status or willing to admit it to others. Therefore, increased education about the BMI index and consequences of excess weight may be the first step in fighting college obesity.
{"title":"Weight-Related Lifestyle Behaviors and Attitudes in High School and College Students","authors":"R. Dhoot, Vishnu J. Alse","doi":"10.14434/IUJUR.V1I1.13717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/IUJUR.V1I1.13717","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity trends show that the prevalence of obesity is increasing drastically and that younger age groups are increasingly at risk. The purposes of this study were to determine if there are discernable differences between behaviors of high school students and college students and also between college students of normal weight and college students who are overweight/obese. This IRB-approved study surveyed approximately 80 high school seniors and 80 Indiana University students of various class standings. The study was developed from a survey published in 1989 in Seventeen Magazine called “May Obesity Survey.” The questions collected data related to age, BMI, and lifestyle, including physical activity levels, stress, and behavior. The software SPSS was used to perform statistical analysis. The findings showed a positive correlation (p<.001, r=.616) between students’ self-reported weight category and actual BMI (calculated by reported height and weight). College students with healthy BMIs exercise 4-6 times/week, while overweight and obese students exercise 1-3 times/week Χ 2 (3) =8.95, p<.05. In addition, college students of normal weight are three times more likely to perform exercises of moderate to high intensity, such as strength training. A significant positive correlation was also found between the number of hours college students spent during weekends watching television, using a computer, or playing video games and body weight Χ 2 (3) =8.75, p< .05. Equal numbers of normal weight and overweight/obese college students report desire to improve their health. One of the primary findings indicates that students are either not aware of their true weight status or willing to admit it to others. Therefore, increased education about the BMI index and consequences of excess weight may be the first step in fighting college obesity.","PeriodicalId":22986,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Undergraduate Research","volume":"PP 1","pages":"50-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84853723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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