Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.42
Xiaolan Fu, J. Hou
Innovation can be achieved via various channels, and the effectiveness of each channel depends on the stage of development as well as the local social-economic settings. Based on the concept that innovation is not only limited to invention but also characterized as a learning and adopting process, this chapter discusses the important role of foreign technology sources in China’s innovation path. Different types of foreign knowledge sources are reviewed, including trade, technology licensing, inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI), internationalization of research and development (R&D), global value chain, and returnees. The discussion highlights the complementary effect between foreign knowledge sources and indigenous innovation efforts in fostering technological upgrading in China. To maximize the benefits from innovation and accelerate catching up, the explicit and well-focused encouragement of indigenous innovation and acquisitions of foreign knowledge must work in parallel.
{"title":"Foreign Technology Transfers in China","authors":"Xiaolan Fu, J. Hou","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.42","url":null,"abstract":"Innovation can be achieved via various channels, and the effectiveness of each channel depends on the stage of development as well as the local social-economic settings. Based on the concept that innovation is not only limited to invention but also characterized as a learning and adopting process, this chapter discusses the important role of foreign technology sources in China’s innovation path. Different types of foreign knowledge sources are reviewed, including trade, technology licensing, inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI), internationalization of research and development (R&D), global value chain, and returnees. The discussion highlights the complementary effect between foreign knowledge sources and indigenous innovation efforts in fostering technological upgrading in China. To maximize the benefits from innovation and accelerate catching up, the explicit and well-focused encouragement of indigenous innovation and acquisitions of foreign knowledge must work in parallel.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78448962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.30
Hengyuan Zhu, Qing Wang
Market demand is an important force to shape innovations, especially in a latecomer economy with a huge population like China. Drawing on the demand-side perspective on innovation (DSPI), this chapter investigates the market demand and consumer characteristics in China and their strategic impact on firms’ innovation activities and performance. This chapter stresses the importance of a demand-side approach for studying innovation in China and explores the characteristics of market demand and the interaction with innovation in the context of the past forty years of rapid economic growth and technological advancements. Managerial and policy implementation of market demand on innovation are also discussed.
{"title":"Market Demand, Consumer Characteristics, and Innovation in Chinese Firms","authors":"Hengyuan Zhu, Qing Wang","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.30","url":null,"abstract":"Market demand is an important force to shape innovations, especially in a latecomer economy with a huge population like China. Drawing on the demand-side perspective on innovation (DSPI), this chapter investigates the market demand and consumer characteristics in China and their strategic impact on firms’ innovation activities and performance. This chapter stresses the importance of a demand-side approach for studying innovation in China and explores the characteristics of market demand and the interaction with innovation in the context of the past forty years of rapid economic growth and technological advancements. Managerial and policy implementation of market demand on innovation are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78332654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.20
Can Huang, Naubahar Sharif
This chapter provides background on China’s intellectual property rights (IPR) system. It explains the surge in patenting activity in China over the past two decades. Given the central role played by universities and public research organizations, the chapter details the legislative progress made in management of intellectual property with respect to technology transferred from these two key actors in China’s innovation system. The chapter also outlines the challenges that still remain with regard to management of intellectual property and patent licensing on the part of Chinese universities and public research organizations. Finally, the chapter documents the most recent legislative changes in China’s IPR system in order to strengthen it further.
{"title":"Intellectual Property Rights Protection","authors":"Can Huang, Naubahar Sharif","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.20","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides background on China’s intellectual property rights (IPR) system. It explains the surge in patenting activity in China over the past two decades. Given the central role played by universities and public research organizations, the chapter details the legislative progress made in management of intellectual property with respect to technology transferred from these two key actors in China’s innovation system. The chapter also outlines the challenges that still remain with regard to management of intellectual property and patent licensing on the part of Chinese universities and public research organizations. Finally, the chapter documents the most recent legislative changes in China’s IPR system in order to strengthen it further.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89372767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.41
Xiaolan Fu, Bruce Mckern, Jin Chen, Ximing Yin
The Handbook of China Innovation, through the contributions of more than sixty leading scholars in the field of China innovation and development studies, attempts to provide a contemporary, authoritative, and critical assessment of the current state of knowledge on the topic of innovation in China. This concluding section, summarizes the main findings of this Handbook, based on the insights from each of the chapters and addresses the question of whether China will become a global innovation superpower. It considers China’s past, present, and future innovation prospects from the perspectives of macroeconomic policy, institutions, microeconomic policies, and managerial initiatives, considering the roles played by both the state and the private sectors and by both domestic and international actors.
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Xiaolan Fu, Bruce Mckern, Jin Chen, Ximing Yin","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.41","url":null,"abstract":"The Handbook of China Innovation, through the contributions of more than sixty leading scholars in the field of China innovation and development studies, attempts to provide a contemporary, authoritative, and critical assessment of the current state of knowledge on the topic of innovation in China. This concluding section, summarizes the main findings of this Handbook, based on the insights from each of the chapters and addresses the question of whether China will become a global innovation superpower. It considers China’s past, present, and future innovation prospects from the perspectives of macroeconomic policy, institutions, microeconomic policies, and managerial initiatives, considering the roles played by both the state and the private sectors and by both domestic and international actors.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"4 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79814681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.28
Peter J. Williamson
This chapter traces the evolution of Chinese innovation strategies starting with cost innovation, accelerated innovation, and its roots in Shanzhai and concluding with digital innovation, which is at the leading edge of Chinese innovation. The distinctive features and antecedents of each of these Chinese approaches to innovation are explained and illustrated. Cost innovation involves using Chinese cost advantage in radically new ways to offer customers around the world dramatically more for less. Accelerated innovation is achieved by re-engineering innovation processes to increase the pace of innovation while reducing costs. The genesis of these capabilities to accelerate innovation can be traced back to Shanzhai: the practice of rapidly copying competitors’ products. Finally, digital innovation by Chinese companies using big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence algorithms is explored.
{"title":"Chinese Cost Innovation, the Shanzhai Phenomenon, and Accelerated Innovation","authors":"Peter J. Williamson","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.28","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter traces the evolution of Chinese innovation strategies starting with cost innovation, accelerated innovation, and its roots in Shanzhai and concluding with digital innovation, which is at the leading edge of Chinese innovation. The distinctive features and antecedents of each of these Chinese approaches to innovation are explained and illustrated. Cost innovation involves using Chinese cost advantage in radically new ways to offer customers around the world dramatically more for less. Accelerated innovation is achieved by re-engineering innovation processes to increase the pace of innovation while reducing costs. The genesis of these capabilities to accelerate innovation can be traced back to Shanzhai: the practice of rapidly copying competitors’ products. Finally, digital innovation by Chinese companies using big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence algorithms is explored.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80284263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.43
Xiaolan Fu, Bruce Mckern, Jin Chen
In this final chapter, the editors present a set of ideas arising from the analysis in the Handbook and other research, drawing implications and suggesting policies oriented toward positive developments in innovation for China and other countries. Implications for government and business are discussed and areas for future research are identified. The chapter groups the implications of the research under three headings that identify key groups of stakeholders.
{"title":"Policy and Managerial Implications for China and Other Countries","authors":"Xiaolan Fu, Bruce Mckern, Jin Chen","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.43","url":null,"abstract":"In this final chapter, the editors present a set of ideas arising from the analysis in the Handbook and other research, drawing implications and suggesting policies oriented toward positive developments in innovation for China and other countries. Implications for government and business are discussed and areas for future research are identified. The chapter groups the implications of the research under three headings that identify key groups of stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"139 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86621187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.35
P. Li, Shihao Zhou, M. Yang
Traditionally, Chinese companies have been viewed as underdogs in global competition, but many Chinese latecomers have actually caught up and become major players in the global market in the past decade. This begs the question about this puzzle. Based on the authors’ case evidence, the central theme of this chapter is that many successful corporate underdogs share a pattern with two salient features. First, these firms tend to have stretch goals, that is, seemingly impossible goals given their available capabilities. Second, such firms tend to behave in a way similar to the notion of bricolage in terms of “making do by applying combinations of the resources at hand to new problems and opportunities.” By focusing on the question of how stretch goals and exploratory bricolage work together in the context of China, this chapter identifies the bricolage pattern with both theoretical and practical implications for both scholars and practitioners within and beyond China.
{"title":"The Puzzle of the Underdog’s Victory","authors":"P. Li, Shihao Zhou, M. Yang","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.35","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, Chinese companies have been viewed as underdogs in global competition, but many Chinese latecomers have actually caught up and become major players in the global market in the past decade. This begs the question about this puzzle. Based on the authors’ case evidence, the central theme of this chapter is that many successful corporate underdogs share a pattern with two salient features. First, these firms tend to have stretch goals, that is, seemingly impossible goals given their available capabilities. Second, such firms tend to behave in a way similar to the notion of bricolage in terms of “making do by applying combinations of the resources at hand to new problems and opportunities.” By focusing on the question of how stretch goals and exploratory bricolage work together in the context of China, this chapter identifies the bricolage pattern with both theoretical and practical implications for both scholars and practitioners within and beyond China.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83571017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.18
S. Walcott
Science parks were envisioned as an economic development institution from their inception, designed to provide employment that is particularly geared toward a highly educated labor force. Funds generally come from government sources at the early stage. The intention of science park development is to jump-start businesses that could benefit from research generated by a nearby university or research institution. This chapter reviews the development of science parks and high-technology zones in China with a focus on their impact on regional and national innovation. Discussion includes the industrial and technological focus of such zones, the relevance of specialization, and issues of effective implementation.
{"title":"Science Parks and High-Tech Zones","authors":"S. Walcott","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.18","url":null,"abstract":"Science parks were envisioned as an economic development institution from their inception, designed to provide employment that is particularly geared toward a highly educated labor force. Funds generally come from government sources at the early stage. The intention of science park development is to jump-start businesses that could benefit from research generated by a nearby university or research institution. This chapter reviews the development of science parks and high-technology zones in China with a focus on their impact on regional and national innovation. Discussion includes the industrial and technological focus of such zones, the relevance of specialization, and issues of effective implementation.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88393707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.11
Jin Chen, Liying Wang
Technology and capital are two fundamental factors in economic growth; each and every technological and industrial revolution has gone hand in hand with new financial patterns since the First Industrial Revolution in Britain. As a latecomer, China is firmly committed to science and technology (S&T) innovation through innovative financial services. First, by combining fiscal and taxation policies with market capital, China has put in place its own financing system for S&T innovation. Second, fiscal and taxation policies play a fundamental and guiding role. Third, myriad innovative business models, such as “investment-lending-guarantee,” provide examples of diverse ways to support S&T activities through financial innovation. Fourth, corporate internal finance has become an important player in S&T innovation. Fifth, digital financial platforms have been playing an increasingly important role and created some new challenges. Sixth, much room is left for the capital market to play an even bigger role in S&T innovation.
{"title":"Financing for Innovation in China","authors":"Jin Chen, Liying Wang","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.11","url":null,"abstract":"Technology and capital are two fundamental factors in economic growth; each and every technological and industrial revolution has gone hand in hand with new financial patterns since the First Industrial Revolution in Britain. As a latecomer, China is firmly committed to science and technology (S&T) innovation through innovative financial services. First, by combining fiscal and taxation policies with market capital, China has put in place its own financing system for S&T innovation. Second, fiscal and taxation policies play a fundamental and guiding role. Third, myriad innovative business models, such as “investment-lending-guarantee,” provide examples of diverse ways to support S&T activities through financial innovation. Fourth, corporate internal finance has become an important player in S&T innovation. Fifth, digital financial platforms have been playing an increasingly important role and created some new challenges. Sixth, much room is left for the capital market to play an even bigger role in S&T innovation.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86039078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.21
Jin Chen, Qingqian Wu
The conflict between traditional Chinese culture and Western cultures has long been one between an archaic, outdated culture and a modern, new culture. Traditional Chinese culture is deemed synonymous with backwardness, decrepitude, and decadence and doomed with the passage of time, particularly since social Darwinism swept across the late Qing Dynasty and captured the spiritual world of Chinese intellectuals. Despite differences in culture types, both traditional Chinese culture and Western culture contribute to innovative buildup. It is of great significance to deeply explore the innovative factors in traditional Chinese culture and to explore both the modernization road and innovation modes with Chinese characteristics. This chapter analyzes and explores the innovative factors and values in Chinese traditional culture from the aspects of traditional modes of thinking, traditional ideas and beliefs, traditional organizations and institutions, and traditional implementations and technologies.
{"title":"Innovation Elements in Traditional Chinese Culture","authors":"Jin Chen, Qingqian Wu","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.21","url":null,"abstract":"The conflict between traditional Chinese culture and Western cultures has long been one between an archaic, outdated culture and a modern, new culture. Traditional Chinese culture is deemed synonymous with backwardness, decrepitude, and decadence and doomed with the passage of time, particularly since social Darwinism swept across the late Qing Dynasty and captured the spiritual world of Chinese intellectuals. Despite differences in culture types, both traditional Chinese culture and Western culture contribute to innovative buildup. It is of great significance to deeply explore the innovative factors in traditional Chinese culture and to explore both the modernization road and innovation modes with Chinese characteristics. This chapter analyzes and explores the innovative factors and values in Chinese traditional culture from the aspects of traditional modes of thinking, traditional ideas and beliefs, traditional organizations and institutions, and traditional implementations and technologies.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83955573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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